scholarly journals 437Comparison of stillbirth trends in Wales and Western Australia using pooled routinely collected health data

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bailey ◽  
Sarah J Kotecha ◽  
William J Watkins ◽  
Akilew Adane ◽  
Carrington CJ Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Routinely Collected Health Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Term Births

Abstract Background As there are variations in stillbirth rates and trends, even among high income countries, international comparisons can provide insights into how reductions in stillbirths can be achieved. We compared stillbirth rates and trends over time in Wales and Western Australia (WA). Methods We pooled population-based data of all births of at least 24 weeks’ gestation occurring between 1993-2015 in Wales and WA, divided into 6 time-periods. The stillbirth rate per 1,000 births was estimated for each cohort in each time-period. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses, were performed to evaluate the interaction between cohort and time-period. relative risk (RRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for each time-period and cohort were calculated. Results The overall stillbirth rate declined by 15.9% in Wales and 40.4% in WA. Using WA and 1993-1996 as the reference group, the adjusted RRs for stillbirths at 39-41 weeks’ gestation in the most recent study period (2013-15) were 0.85 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.13) in Wales and 0.51 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.73) in WA. Conclusions The stillbirth rate disparities between Wales and WA have widened in the last two decades (especially among term births). Some of these differences may be partially explained by maternal lifestyle behaviours such as smoking, but we had insufficient population-level data to investigate their contribution. Key messages The stillbirth rate was persistently higher in Wales than WA from 1993 to 2015, with widening disparities after adjustment for important risk factors.

scholarly journals Coccidioidomycosis After Solid Organ Transplantation: A Population-Based Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S75-S76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ige George ◽  
Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Organ Transplantation ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Billing Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Disseminated Disease

Abstract Background Coccidioidomycosis is an invasive fungal infection in solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients with an incidence of 1.4–6.9% in endemic regions. There are no population-level data describing the incidence and outcomes of coccidioidomycosis in SOT recipients. Methods We assembled a large cohort of adult SOT recipients using ICD-9-CM billing data from the California State Inpatient Databases from 2004 to 2011. Demographics, comorbidities, coccidioidomycosis coded during hospitalization and inpatient death were identified. We used Cox proportional hazard multivariate analyses to identify risk factors for coccidioidomycosis and death. Results 20,602 SOT recipients were identified during the study period (median follow-up time = 1507 days). Eighty-seven patients (0.42%) with coccidioidomycosis were identified of whom 17 (20%) were coded with progressive/disseminated disease. Median time to diagnosis was 164 days (IQR 16–844) from transplantation. Fifty-one of 87 (58%) of these infections were diagnosed within the first year posttransplant and 29/87 (33.3%) were identified within the first month. Twenty-one of 87 (24%) of patients with coccidioidomycosis died compared with 1928/18587 (9.4%) of patients without coccidioidomycosis (P < 0.001). Coccidioidomycosis was independently associated with death (HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.0–4.4), after adjusting for age, type of transplantation, transplant failure/rejection, and other comorbidities (Table) (Figure). Conclusion Coccidioidomycosis resulting in hospitalization is rare in an endemic region in the current era of screening and prophylactic antifungal therapy. Preventing infection in solid organ transplant recipients is imperative because overall mortality remains high. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Population-based Carrier Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al Jumah ◽  
Saad Al Rajeh ◽  
Wafaa Eyaid ◽  
Ahmed Al-Jedai ◽  
Hajar Al Mudaiheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Carrier Screening ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Spinal Muscular Dystrophy

Spinal Muscular Dystrophy (SMA) is one of the leading causes of death in children from heritable diseases. It is reported that the incidence of SMA is higher in the Saudi population. 4198 healthy volunteers between 18 to 25 years old were included in this study of which (54.7% males vs 45.3% females). Whole blood was spotted from finger pricks onto IsoCode StixTM and genomic DNA was isolated using one triangle from the machine. Carrier frequency and population-level data were used to estimate the prevalence of SMA in the population utilizing the life table method. Results showed the presence of one copy of the SMN1 gene in 108 samples, two copies in 4090 samples, and a carrier frequency of 2.6%. Carrier figurine was twofold in females and 27% of participants were children of first-cousin marriages. The birth incidence of SMA was estimated to be 32 per 100,000 birth and the total number of people living with SMA in KSA to be 2,265 of which 188 are type I, 1,213 are type II, and 864 are type III. The SMA carrier rate of 2.6 % in Saudi subjects is slightly higher than the reported global frequency with links to the consanguineous marriages.

scholarly journals Stillbirths in Germany: On the rise, but no additional increases during the first COVID-19 lockdown

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxi Stella Kniffka ◽  
Natalie Nitsche ◽  
Roland Rau ◽  
Mine Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Prediction Interval ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Population Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Stillbirth Rate ◽  
External Funding ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Binomial Regression

AbstractBackgroundA growing body of studies on the indirect effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on stillbirths shows mixed and context-dependent evidence, even within high-income countries. We examined possible changes in the stillbirth rate in Germany during the first COVID-19 lockdown.MethodsWe used population-level data on live and stillbirths occurring between January 1995 and July 2020 and applied negative binomial regression to estimate the yearly and monthly stillbirth rate in this period. We compared the actual stillbirth rate to the expected figure for the first seven months of 2020, based on prediction intervals derived from the detected time trend.FindingsWe detected a steady increase in stillbirths in Germany since 2013, which was preceded by a declining (1995-2004), and then plateauing (2005-2012) stillbirth rate. The stillbirth rate for January 2020 through July 2020 (4·148) was slightly lower than the stillbirth rate in the same period in 2019 (4·242). Furthermore, all monthly stillbirth rates during the first half of 2020 lie inside the 95% prediction interval of expected stillbirth rates for this period. Thus, stillbirths in Germany have neither increased nor decreased during the country’s first COVID-19 lockdown period.InterpretationIn contrast to other European countries, stillbirth rates have been on the rise in Germany in the last decade. However, stillbirth rates during the first seven months of 2020 were not higher than expected. Our results suggest that stillbirth rates have neither increased nor decreased during the first-wave COVID-19 lockdown in this high-income setting. Further studies on the causes of the increasing stillbirth trend in Germany are needed, however.Funding statementNo external funding was received for this research.

Evolving Consumption Patterns in the U.S. Alcohol Market: Disaggregated Spatial Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrett Hart ◽  
Julian M. Alston
Keyword(s):  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Beverage Consumption ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data

AbstractGlobal consumption patterns for alcoholic beverages are evolving, with some convergence in per capita consumption among nations as traditionally beer-drinking nations increase their consumption of wine and, conversely, wine-consuming nations shift towards beer. This article explores regional patterns of alcoholic beverage consumption within the United States. One purpose is to see if similar patterns of spatial convergence in consumption patterns can be observed within countries as have been documented in international comparisons. A more fundamental purpose is to explore the converse question and seek to better understand the persistent differences in alcoholic beverage consumption among groups. These issues are addressed using annual U.S. national and state-level data over four decades and, for the more recent period, supermarket scanner data at finer scales of geopolitical aggregation. Socioeconomic and other demographic variables appear to play significant roles in accounting for the spatial differences in consumption patterns, although the details vary across different models and data sets. The analysis of demand using less-aggregative data for a shorter time period reveals some shortcomings in the corresponding analysis based on state-level data over a longer time period, but with poorly measured prices. These findings might extrapolate to studies making international comparisons using national aggregate data. (JEL Classifications: D12, L66)

scholarly journals Change in mammography screening attendance after removing the out-of-pocket fee: a population-based study in Sweden (2014–2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Lagerlund ◽  
Anna Åkesson ◽  
Sophia Zackrisson
Keyword(s):  
Mammography Screening ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Screening Attendance

Abstract Purpose To assess the change in mammography screening attendance in Sweden—overall and in sociodemographic groups at risk of low attendance—after removal of the out-of-pocket fee in 2016. Methods Individual-level data on all screening invitations and attendance between 2014 and 2018 were linked to sociodemographic data from Statistics Sweden. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for attendance by time period and sociodemographic factor were computed using mixed logistic regression to account for repeated measures within women. The study sample included 1.4 million women, aged 40–75, who had a mammography screening appointment in 2014–2015 and/or 2017–2018 in 14 of Sweden’s 21 health care regions. Results Overall screening attendance was 83.8% in 2014–2015 and 84.1% in 2017–2018 (+ 0.3 percentage points, 95% CI 0.2–0.4). The greatest increase in attendance was observed in non-Nordic women with the lowest income, where attendance rose from 62.9 to 65.8% (+ 2.9 points, 95% CI 2.3–3.6), and among women with four or more risk factors for low attendance, where attendance rose from 59.2 to 62.0% (+ 2.8 points, 95% CI 2.2–3.4). Conclusion Screening attendance did not undergo any important increase after implementing free screening, although attendance among some sociodemographic groups increased by almost three percentage points after the policy change.

scholarly journals Change in mammography screening attendance after removing the out-of-pocket fee: A population-based study in Sweden (2014-2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Lagerlund ◽  
Anna Åkesson ◽  
Sophia Zackrisson
Keyword(s):  
Mammography Screening ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Screening Attendance

Abstract Purpose To assess the change in mammography screening attendance in Sweden – overall and in sociodemographic groups at risk of low attendance – after removal of the out-of-pocket fee in 2016. Methods Individual-level data on all screening invitations and attendance between 2014 and 2018 were linked to sociodemographic data from Statistics Sweden. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for attendance by time-period and sociodemographic factor were computed using mixed logistic regression to account for repeated measures within women. The study sample included 1.4 million women, aged 40–75, who had a mammography screening appointment in 2014-15 and/or 2017-18 in 14 of Sweden’s 21 health care regions. Results Overall screening attendance was 83.8% in 2014-15 and 84.1% in 2017-18 (+ 0.3 percentage points, 95% CI: 0.2–0.4). The greatest increase in attendance was observed in non-Nordic women with the lowest income, where attendance rose from 62.9–65.8% (+ 2.9 points, 95% CI: 2.3–3.6), and among women with four or more risk factors for low attendance, where attendance rose from 59.2–62.0% (+ 2.8 points, 95% CI: 2.2–3.4). Conclusion Screening attendance did not undergo any important increase after implementing free screening appeared to have little effect on overall mammography screening rates, although attendance among some sociodemographic groups increased by almost three percentage points after the policy change.

scholarly journals 1315Influence of comorbidity on mortality in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis 1980-2015: A longitudinal population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Almutairi ◽  
Johannes Nossent ◽  
David Preen ◽  
Helen Keen ◽  
Charles Inderjeeth
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
General Population ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Hospital Morbidity ◽  
Rate Ratios

Abstract Background To describe temporal changes in mortality rates for patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in relation to comorbidity accrual from 1980-2015 in Western Australia (WA). Methods Using population-level linked data from WA health administrative datasets (hospital morbidity, emergency department and death data) we followed 17,125 RA patients (ICD-10-AM M05.00–M06.99, ICD-9-CM 714) from 1980- 2015. Comorbidity was ascertained using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Mortality rate ratios (MRR) were calculated per decade between the RA cohort and the WA general population by direct age standardisation method, Results During 356,069 patient-years, a total of 8955 (52%) deaths occurred in the RA cohort. The highest prevalence of comorbidity (688.6 per 1000 separations) was in the period 1991-2000 following a 1.3% average annual increase since 1980. In-hospital mortality rate was highest (26.7 deaths per 1000 separations) in the same period. After 2001, both RA comorbidity and mortality rates decreased annually by -0.5% and -4.8%, respectively, with annual changes of -4.4% to -2% and from 2011-2015, respectively. The overall mortality rate in RA patients after age adjustment was 2.5-times (95%CI: 2.52-2.65) higher than the general population between 1980-2015 and 1.5-times (95%CI: 1.39-1.81) for 2011-2015. Conclusions The annual comorbidity prevalence and mortality rates in WA have decreased significantly since 2001 reflecting improvements in the management of RA and comorbidity. Key messages The mortality rate in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients in Western Australia remains 1.5-times higher than their community.

Studying Populations of Online Communities

2019 ◽  
pp. 173-193
Author(s):  
Benjamin Mako Hill ◽  
Aaron Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Online Communities ◽  
Information Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Community Processes ◽  
Published Research

While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.

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