1499Health behaviours as risk factors of COVID-19 incidence in South Korea

Abstract Background Personal health behaviours, which rely on community characteristics, could affect individual vulnerability on disease infection. Due to insufficient study to examine health behaviours as risk factors of COVID-19 infection, we conducted municipal level spatial analysis to investigate association between health behaviours and COVID-19 incidence. Methods We extracted cumulative COVID-19 incidence data from January 20th 2020 to February 25th 2021, health behaviours, health condition, socio-economic factors, and covariates in municipal level from publicly available dataset. We chose variables, which were standardized, considering multicollinearity (VIF<10). Further, we employed bayesian hierarchical negative binomial model with intrinsic conditional autoregressive (iCAR) and Besag, York and Mollié (BYM) model, and used deviance information criterion (DIC) for final model selection. Results The mean cumulative COVID-19 incidence per 10,000 population among 229 municipality was 13.73 (Standard deviation=11.43). iCAR model (DIC=2,825.3) outperformed BYM model (DIC=14,009.4). The results of iCAR model highlighted that incidence was associated with dental hygiene practice (incidence risk ratios [IRR]=0.92, 95% Credible Interval [CI]=0.85–1.00), whether tried to be thin (IRR=1.10, 95% CI = 1.00–1.20), proportion of medical personnel (IRR=1.09, 95% CI = 1.01–1.17), and volume of public transportation (IRR=1.19, 95% CI = 1.05–1.35), even after adjusting for various confounding factors. Conclusions Municipality with lower cumulative incidence was likely to have more people who practiced to keep dental hygiene and less people who tried to be thin. Key messages Municipal level spatial analysis resulted that health behaviours were associated with COVID-19 incidence in South Korea.

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Identifying Municipal Risk Factors for Leftist Guerrilla Violence in Colombia

Peace Economics Peace Science and Public Policy ◽

10.1515/peps-2017-0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jennifer S. Holmes ◽

Agustin Palao Mendizabal ◽

David Saucedo De La Fuente ◽

Kristjan Mets ◽

Alvaro Cárdenas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Negative Binomial Distribution ◽

Binomial Distribution ◽

Public Services ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Policy Action ◽

Mining Sector ◽

The Poor ◽

Rugged Topography ◽

Municipal Level

AbstractThis study examines determinants of leftist violence at the municipal level in Colombia from 2000 through 2010. A multilevel GLMM model with a negative binomial distribution is used to take advantage of the information available at the municipal and department level. Surprisingly, inequality was not a significant covariate of violence, and agricultural GDP tended to reduce, instead of increase, guerrilla violence. The main risk factors identified include physical characteristics such as rugged topography and prior violence, but also factors that are candidates for policy action, such as unemployment, incorporation of the poor into public services, repression, and the energy and mining sector. These findings suggest interventions to decrease risks of guerrilla violence beyond merely strengthening the state. While repression tends to escalate violence, targeted policies to provide health benefits to those currently underserved, and securing mining and oil operations can effectively reduce the risk of violence.

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Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020604 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 604

Author(s):

Bayarmagnai Weinstein ◽

Alan R. da Silva ◽

Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas ◽

Tanima Bose ◽

Gwang Jin Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Healthcare Access ◽

Principal Component ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Population Mobility ◽

Theoretical Frameworks ◽

South Korean ◽

Socioeconomic Risk ◽

Socioeconomic Risk Factors

COVID-19 has severely impacted socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. To support pandemic control strategies, geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) mapped COVID-19 risk related to epidemiological and socioeconomic risk factors using South Korean incidence data (20 January 2020 to 1 July 2020). We constructed COVID-19-specific socioeconomic and epidemiological themes using established social theoretical frameworks and created composite indexes through principal component analysis. The risk of COVID-19 increased with higher area morbidity, risky health behaviours, crowding, and population mobility, and with lower social distancing, healthcare access, and education. Falling COVID-19 risks and spatial shifts over three consecutive time periods reflected effective public health interventions. This study provides a globally replicable methodological framework and precision mapping for COVID-19 and future pandemics.

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Effects of Behavioral Risk Factors and Social-Environmental Factors on Non-Communicable Diseases in South Korea: A National Survey Approach

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020612 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 612

Author(s):

Nam Jeong Jeong ◽

Eunil Park ◽

Angel P. del Pobil

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

South Korea ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Behavioral Risk Factors ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Path Analyses ◽

Social Environmental ◽

Social Environmental Factors

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the major health threats in the world. Thus, identifying the factors that influence NCDs is crucial to monitor and manage diseases. This study investigates the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs as well as the effects of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors using an integrated research model. This study used a dataset from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. After filtering incomplete responses, 5462 valid responses remained. Items including one’s social-environmental factors (household income, education level, and region), behavioral factors (alcohol use, tobacco use, and physical activity), and NCDs histories were used for analyses. To develop a comprehensive index of each factor that allows comparison between different concepts, the researchers assigned scores to indicators of the factors and calculated a ratio of the scores. A series of path analyses were conducted to determine the extent of relationships among NCDs and risk factors. The results showed that social-environmental factors have notable effects on stroke, myocardial infarction, angina, diabetes, and gastric, liver, colon, lung, and thyroid cancers. The results indicate that the effects of social-environmental and behavioral risk factors on NCDs vary across the different types of diseases. The effects of social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors significantly affected NCDs. However, the effect of social-environmental factors on behavioral risk factors was not supported. Furthermore, social-environmental factors and behavioral risk factors affect NCDs in a similar way. However, the effects of behavioral risk factors were smaller than those of social-environmental factors. The current research suggests taking a comprehensive view of risk factors to further understand the antecedents of NCDs in South Korea.

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610 Self-Reported Sleep and Circadian Characteristics Predict Future Substance Use: A Longitudinal Analysis from the NCANDA Study

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsab072.608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. A240-A240

Author(s):

Brant Hasler ◽

Jessica Graves ◽

Meredith Wallace ◽

Stephanie Claudatos ◽

Fiona Baker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Substance Use ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Daytime Sleepiness ◽

Parental Education ◽

Negative Binomial ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Random Effect ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Introduction Growing evidence indicates that sleep characteristics predict later substance use and related problems during adolescence and young adulthood. However, most prior studies have assessed a limited range of sleep characteristics, studied only a narrow age span, and included relatively few follow-up assessments. Here, we used multiple years of data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) study, which spans the adolescent period with an accelerated longitudinal design, to examine whether multiple sleep characteristics in any year predict substance use the following year. Methods The sample included 831 participants (423 females; age 12–21 years at baseline) from NCANDA. Sleep variables included the previous year’s circadian preference, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, timing of midsleep (weekday and weekend), and sleep duration (weekday and weekend). Each sleep variable’s association with the subsequent year’s substance use (cannabis use or alcohol binge severity) across years 1–5 was tested separately using generalized linear mixed models (zero-inflated Negative Binomial for cannabis; ordinal for binge severity) with age, sex, race, visit, parental education, previous year’s substance use (yes/no) as covariates and subject as a random effect. Results With regard to cannabis use, greater eveningness and shorter weekday sleep duration predicted an increased risk for additional days of cannabis use the following year, while greater eveningness and later weekend midsleep predicted a greater likelihood of any cannabis use the following year. With regard to alcohol binge severity, greater eveningness, greater daytime sleepiness, and shorter sleep duration (weekday and weekend) all predicted an increased risk for more severe alcohol bingeing the following year. Post-hoc stratified analyses indicated that some of these associations may differ between high school-age and college-age participants. Conclusion Our findings extend prior work, indicating that eveningness and later sleep timing, as well as shorter sleep duration, especially on weekdays, are risk factors for future cannabis use and alcohol misuse. These results underscore a need for greater attention to sleep characteristics as potential risk factors for substance use in adolescents and young adults and may inform future areas of intervention. Support (if any) Grants from NIH: R01AA025626 (Hasler) and U01AA021690 (Clark) and UO1 AA021696 (Baker & Colrain)

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Vitamin D status and associated metabolic risk factors among North Korean refugees in South Korea: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009140 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. e009140 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kyeong Jin Kim ◽

Yoon Jung Kim ◽

Sun Hwa Kim ◽

Jee Hyun An ◽

Hye Jin Yoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Vitamin D ◽

South Korea ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Metabolic Risk Factors ◽

Metabolic Risk ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

North Korean Refugees

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Genotypes of Blastocystis sp. among elderly health checkup people in South Korea with a questionnaire on risk factors

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07274-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Taehee Chang ◽

Bong-Kwang Jung ◽

Hyejoo Shin ◽

Sooji Hong ◽

Seungwan Ryoo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South Korea ◽

Health Checkup ◽

Blastocystis Sp ◽

Elderly Health

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Deep Spinal Infection after Outpatient Epidural Injections for Pain: A Retrospective Sample Cohort Study Using a Claims Database in South Korea

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0000000000003770 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chang-Soon Lee ◽

Young Jae Park ◽

Jee Youn Moon ◽

Yong-Chul Kim

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South Korea ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Epidural Injection ◽

Spinal Infection ◽

Single Shot ◽

Epidural Injections ◽

Spinal Infections

Background Deep spinal infection is a devastating complication after epidural injection. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of deep spinal infection primarily after outpatient single-shot epidural injection for pain. Secondarily, this study assessed the national trends of the procedure and risk factors for said infection. Methods Using South Korea’s National Health Insurance Service sample cohort database, the 10-yr national trend of single-shot epidural injections for pain and the incidence rate of deep spinal infection after the procedure with its risk factors were determined. New-onset deep spinal infections were defined as those occurring within 90 days of the most recent outpatient single-shot epidural injection for pain, needing hospitalization for at least 1 night, and receiving at least a 4-week course of antibiotics. Results The number of outpatient single-shot epidural injections per 1,000 persons in pain practice doubled from 40.8 in 2006 to 84.4 in 2015 in South Korea. Among the 501,509 injections performed between 2007 and 2015, 52 cases of deep spinal infections were detected within 90 days postprocedurally (0.01% per injection). In multivariable analysis, age of 65 yr or more (odds ratio, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.62 to 5.5; P = 0.001), living in a rural area (odds ratio, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.0; P < 0.001), complicated diabetes (odds ratio, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.30 to 6.7; P = 0.005), multiple epidural injections (three times or more) within the previous 90 days (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.22 to 4.2; P = 0.007), and recent use of immunosuppressants (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.00 to 6.7; P = 0.025) were significant risk factors of the infection postprocedurally. Conclusions The incidence of deep spinal infection after outpatient single-shot epidural injections for pain is very rare within 90 days of the procedure (0.01%). The data identify high-risk patients and procedure characteristics that may inform healthcare provider decision-making. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

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Spatial analysis of the regional variation of hypertensive disease mortality and its socio-economic correlates in South Korea

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2016.420 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Seong-Yong Park ◽

Jin-Mi Kwak ◽

Eun-Won Seo ◽

Kwang-Soo Lee

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

South Korea ◽

Local Governments ◽

Regional Variation ◽

Least Square ◽

Hypertensive Disease ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Disease Mortality

This paper presents a cross-sectional study based on the cause of death statistics in 2011 extracted from all 229 local governments in South Korea. The standardised hypertensive disease mortality rate (SHDMR) was defined by age- and sex-adjusted mortality by hypertensive diseases distinguished by International Classification of Disease- 10 (ICD-10). Variables taken into account were the number of doctors per 100,000 persons, the proportion with higher education (including university students and high school graduates), the number of recipients of basic livelihood support per 100,000 persons, the annual national health insurance premium per capita and the proportion of persons classified as high-risk drinkers. Ordinary least square (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were applied to identify the potential associations. The statistical analysis was conducted with SAS ver. 9.3, while ArcGIS ver. 10.0 was utilised for the spatial analysis. The OLS results showed that the number of basic livelihood recipients per 100,000 persons had a significant positive association with the SHDMR, and the proportion with higher education had a significant negative one. GWR coefficients varied depending on region investigated and some regional variables had various directions. GWR showed higher adjusted R2 than that of OLS. It was found that the SHDMR was affected by socio-economic status, but as the effects observed were not consistent in all regions of the country, the development of health policies will need to consider the potential for regional variation.

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