scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Psychiatric Sequelae: A Review of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary G Hornick ◽  
Margaret E Olson ◽  
Arun L Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Monoamine Synthesis ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Psychiatric Sequelae

Abstract From the earliest days of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been reports of significant neurological and psychological symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This narrative review is designed to examine the potential psychoneuroendocrine pathogenic mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 elicits psychiatric sequelae, as well as to posit potential pharmacologic strategies to address and reverse these pathologies. Following a brief overview of neurological and psychological sequelae from previous viral pandemics, we address mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 could enter or otherwise elicit changes in the CNS. We then examine the hypothesis that COVID-19-induced psychiatric disorders result from challenges to the neuroendocrine system, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis and monoamine synthesis, physiological mechanisms that are only further enhanced by the pandemic-induced social environment of fear, isolation, and socioeconomic pressure. Finally, we evaluate several FDA-approved therapeutics in the context of COVID-19-induced psychoneuroendocrine disorders.

What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders?

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kendler ◽  
P. Zachar ◽  
C. Craver
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Different Cultures

This essay explores four answers to the question ‘What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders?’Essentialist kindsare classes whose members share an essence from which their defining features arise. Although elegant and appropriate for some physical (e.g. atomic elements) and medical (e.g. Mendelian disorders) phenomena, this model is inappropriate for psychiatric disorders, which are multi-factorial and ‘fuzzy’.Socially constructed kindsare classes whose members are defined by the cultural context in which they arise. This model excludes the importance of shared physiological mechanisms by which the same disorder could be identified across different cultures. Advocates ofpractical kindsput off metaphysical questions about ‘reality’ and focus on defining classes that are useful. Practical kinds models for psychiatric disorders, implicit in the DSM nosologies, do not require that diagnoses be grounded in shared causal processes. If psychiatry seeks to tie disorders to etiology and underlying mechanisms, a model first proposed for biological species,mechanistic property cluster(MPC)kinds, can provide a useful framework. MPC kinds are defined not in terms of essences but in terms of complex, mutually reinforcing networks of causal mechanisms. We argue that psychiatric disorders are objectively grounded features of the causal structure of the mind/brain. MPC kinds are fuzzy sets defined by mechanisms at multiple levels that act and interact to produce the key features of the kind. Like species, psychiatric disorders are populations with central paradigmatic and more marginal members. The MPC view is the best current answer to ‘What kinds of things are psychiatric disorders?’

scholarly journals Psychological Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: Insights into Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Long COVID-19

Biology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Angel Yun-Kuan Thye ◽  
Jodi Woan-Fei Law ◽  
Loh Teng-Hern Tan ◽  
Priyia Pusparajah ◽  
Hooi-Leng Ser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Sequelae

There is growing evidence of studies associating COVID-19 survivors with increased mental health consequences. Mental health implications related to a COVID-19 infection include both acute and long-term consequences. Here we discuss COVID-19-associated psychiatric sequelae, particularly anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drawing parallels to past coronavirus outbreaks. A literature search was completed across three databases, using keywords to search for relevant articles. The cause may directly correlate to the infection through both direct and indirect mechanisms, but the underlying etiology appears more complex and multifactorial, involving environmental, psychological, and biological factors. Although most risk factors and prevalence rates vary across various studies, being of the female gender and having a history of psychiatric disorders seem consistent. Several studies will be presented, demonstrating COVID-19 survivors presenting higher rates of mental health consequences than the general population. The possible mechanisms by which the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters the brain, affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and causing these psychiatric sequelae, will be discussed, particularly concerning the SARS-CoV-2 entry via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors and the implications of the immune inflammatory signaling on neuropsychiatric disorders. Some possible therapeutic options will also be considered.

scholarly journals Alexithymia in Patients With Substance Use Disorders and Its Relationship With Psychiatric Comorbidities and Health-Related Quality of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul F. Palma-Álvarez ◽  
Elena Ros-Cucurull ◽  
Constanza Daigre ◽  
Marta Perea-Ortueta ◽  
Pedro Serrano-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidities ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Background: Alexithymia frequently correlates with several psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorder (SUD). However, most studies reporting the associations between alexithymia and psychiatric disorders have been performed in populations without SUD. This research, therefore, evaluates alexithymia in Spanish patients with SUD and the relationship among alexithymia, psychiatric comorbidities, psychological symptoms/traits, SUD variables, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL).Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 126 Spanish outpatients with SUD (75.4% males; mean age 43.72 ± 14.61 years), correlating their alexithymia levels (using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 [TAS-20]) to their psychiatric comorbidities, psychological symptoms/traits, SUD variables, and HRQoL.Results: Alexithymia was significantly higher in patients who had cannabis use disorder. Higher alexithymia scores were also related to higher levels of depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and lower HRQoL. After multivariate analysis, trait anxiety, impulsivity, and the physical component summary of the HRQoL were found to be independently related to alexithymia.Conclusions: SUD patients with higher alexithymia levels have more frequently psychiatric comorbidities, present specific psychological features, and have worse HRQoL. Hence, it is important to evaluate these factors and offer more accurate psychotherapeutic approaches for this patient population.

Psychiatric disorders after an accident: Predictors and the influence of the psychiatric condition prior to an accident

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Wrenger ◽  
Corinna Lange ◽  
Martin Langer ◽  
Gereon Heuft ◽  
Markus Burgmer
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Psychiatric Condition ◽  
Axis I Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Sequelae ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
Predictor Model ◽  
Set Up

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study is to assess prevalence and incidence of psychiatric sequelae in a sample of inpatient accident survivors. Such an attempt to assess psychiatric conditions that originate due to an accident seems to be important; this does not include psychiatric conditions already present prior to the accident.Method208 accident victims were consecutively examined over a period of 12 months using DSM-IV diagnostic assessment, CAPS, and self-evaluating questionnaires as well as ISS for injury severity. A predictor model for psychiatric disorders was set up.ResultsIncidence of newly developed Axis I disorders in our sample was 14.2% (6 months) and 12.3% (12 months). Incidence of PTSD was 5.9% (6 months) and 2.5% (12 months). Comorbidity was a general phenomenon. The psychiatric condition prior to the accident could be identified as a predictor for the development of Axis I disorders. The subjectively evaluated intensity of experienced threat to life and female gender were the main predictors for the development of PTSD.ConclusionsAccidents can lead to different psychiatric disorders. PTSD as a single diagnosis is rare. Without taking into account pre-existing disorders, the incidence may be overestimated. Two predictor models for the development of PTSD and other mental disorders are presented.

Lifestyle and neuroprogression: Diet, sleep, and exercise

2019 ◽  
pp. 207-222
Author(s):  
Adrian L. Lopresti ◽  
Peter D. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

Diet, sleep, and exercise are lifestyle factors important for the prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. These lifestyle factors can contribute to dysregulation in important physiological mechanisms associated with psychiatric disorders and influence neuroprogression. We review research highlighting the important role of these lifestyle factors for different psychiatric conditions, and examine the potential mechanisms behind their therapeutic effects, with a particular emphasis on how they may each influence neuroprogression.

scholarly journals Time-Dependent Effects of Acute Handling on the Brain Monoamine System of the Salmonid Coregonus maraena

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Martorell-Ribera ◽  
Marzia Tindara Venuto ◽  
Winfried Otten ◽  
Ronald M. Brunner ◽  
Tom Goldammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Serotonin Receptor ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Monoamine Synthesis ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Brain Monoamine ◽  
The Brain

The immediate stress response involves the activation of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems including serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline in particular areas of the fish brain. We chose maraena whitefish as a stress-sensitive salmonid species to investigate the influence of acute and chronic handling on the neurochemistry of monoamines in the brain. Plasma cortisol was quantified to assess the activation of the stress axis. In addition, we analyzed the expression of 37 genes related to the monoamine system to identify genes that could be used as markers of neurophysiological stress effects. Brain neurochemistry responded to a single handling (1 min netting and chasing) with increased serotonergic activity 3 h post-challenge. This was accompanied by a modulated expression of monoaminergic receptor genes in the hindbrain and a significant increase of plasma cortisol. The initial response was compensated by an increased monoamine synthesis at 24 h post-challenge, combined with the modulated expression of serotonin-receptor genes and plasma cortisol concentrations returning to control levels. After 10 days of repeated handling (1 min per day), we detected a slightly increased noradrenaline synthesis and a down-regulated expression of dopamine-receptor genes without effect on plasma cortisol levels. In conclusion, the changes in serotonergic neurochemistry and selected gene-expression profiles, together with the initial plasma cortisol variation, indicate an acute response and a subsequent recovery phase with signs of habituation after 10 days of daily exposure to handling. Based on the basal expression patterns of particular genes and their significant regulation upon handling conditions, we suggest a group of genes as potential biomarkers that indicate handling stress on the brain monoamine systems.

Psychological therapies in child psychiatry: issues and Prospects

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rutter
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Child Psychiatry ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Psychological Therapies ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
The Future

SynopsisDuring recent years there have been important changes in the prevailing concepts of psychiatric disorder, in views concerning the goals of treatment, and in therapeutic strategies and tactics. These changes are reviewed, together with evidence on the efficacy of psychological therapies in the treatment of child psychiatric disorders, in order to consider some of the key clinical and research issues, as well as prospects for the future.

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