Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015–18 in Tunisia, Kenya and Morocco: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae collected in 2015–18 from Tunisia, Kenya and Morocco. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results S. pneumoniae isolates from Tunisia (n = 79), Kenya (n = 44) and Morocco (n = 19) and H. influenzae isolates (n = 74) from Tunisia only were collected and analysed. Low antibiotic susceptibility was observed in S. pneumoniae from Tunisia, with >90% susceptible only to the fluoroquinolones (all breakpoints), penicillin (CLSI IV and EUCAST high-dose) and ceftriaxone (CLSI, EUCAST high-dose and PK/PD breakpoints). In addition, isolate susceptibility in Kenya was >90% to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (CLSI and PK/PD breakpoints). Antibiotic activity was highest in Morocco, where ≥89.5% of pneumococci were susceptible to most antibiotics, excluding trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.4% by CLSI or PK/PD and 79%–84.2% by EUCAST), macrolides (79%–84.2% by all breakpoints) and cefaclor (0% by EUCAST and 52.6% by PK/PD). The majority (≥86.5%) of H. influenzae isolates from Tunisia were susceptible to most antibiotics by all available breakpoints, except ampicillin and amoxicillin (almost one-third were β-lactamase positive), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (51.4%–56.8%), cefaclor (1.4% by PK/PD), cefuroxime (4.1% by EUCAST), macrolides (1.4%–2.7% by PK/PD) and cefdinir (66.2% by PK/PD). The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Low antibiotic susceptibility was observed in S. pneumoniae from Tunisia, but susceptibility was higher in isolates from Kenya and highest in those from Morocco. H. influenzae from Tunisia were highly susceptible to most antibiotics. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of CA-RTIs.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015–17 in Turkey: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i88-i99

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

A Tunger ◽

B Sancak ◽

A Bıçakçıgil ◽

B Altun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Low Dose ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

High Dose ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Tract Infections ◽

First Time ◽

Higher Doses

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015–17 from Turkey. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results A total of 179 S. pneumoniae and 239 H. influenzae isolates were collected. Few (27.9%) pneumococci were penicillin susceptible by CLSI oral or EUCAST low-dose breakpoints, but by EUCAST high-dose or CLSI IV breakpoints 84.4% were susceptible. The most active antibiotics (excluding penicillin IV) by CLSI breakpoints were fluoroquinolones (98.9% of isolates susceptible), ceftriaxone (83.2%), amoxicillin (78.8%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (78.8%). Pneumococcal susceptibility to amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was lower using EUCAST low-dose breakpoints (49.7%), although susceptibility increased when using EUCAST high-dose (57.0%–58.1%) and PK/PD (78.8%–87.7%) breakpoints. Twenty-three H. influenzae isolates were β-lactamase positive, with 11 characterized as β-lactamase negative and ampicillin resistant following EUCAST criteria and 5 by CLSI criteria. Generally antibiotic susceptibility was high using CLSI breakpoints: ≥92.9% for all antibiotics except ampicillin (87% by CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (67.4% and 72% by CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively). Susceptibility using EUCAST breakpoints (where these are published) was similar, except for cefuroxime (oral) with 3.8% of isolates susceptible. PK/PD breakpoints indicated low susceptibility to macrolides (5.9%–10%) and cefaclor (13%). The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Antibiotic susceptibility of S. pneumoniae was generally low, which is in keeping with evidence of inappropriate and high antibiotic use in Turkey. H. influenzae susceptibility was high. These data are important for empirical therapy of CA-RTIs.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2016–17 in Ukraine: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i100-i111

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

E Bratus ◽

O Yuvko ◽

T Pertseva ◽

I Morrissey

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

High Dose ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

Higher Doses

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2016–17 from Ukraine. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results A total of 177 viable clinical isolates, including 78 S. pneumoniae and 99 H. influenzae, were collected. Overall, ∼98% of S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to penicillin by CLSI IV or EUCAST high-dose breakpoints and 73.1% were susceptible by CLSI oral or EUCAST low-dose IV breakpoints. Susceptibility rates of 76.9%–100% were observed for most antibiotics by all breakpoints except trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (41%–69.2%) and cefaclor, which showed the greatest difference between breakpoints: 0% by EUCAST, 28.2% by PK/PD and 73.1% by CLSI. All S. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by CLSI and PK/PD breakpoints. H. influenzae isolates were almost all β-lactamase negative (90.9%). One isolate was β-lactamase negative and ampicillin resistant (BLNAR) by CLSI and four isolates were BLNAR by EUCAST criteria. Susceptibility of isolates was high (≥90.9%) by CLSI breakpoints for all antibiotics tested except trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (61.6%). Susceptibility using EUCAST breakpoints was similar for ampicillin (90.9%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95%) but was low for cefuroxime (oral), where only 10.1% of isolates were susceptible. All S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae isolates were susceptible to the fluoroquinolones by all breakpoints. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone was also 100% for H. influenzae and ≥91% for S. pneumoniae isolates by all breakpoints. The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Antibiotic susceptibility in these respiratory tract pathogens was generally high in Ukraine. These data are important for empirical therapy choices in the treatment of CA-RTIs.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015–17 in Pakistan: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa085 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i76-i87

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

S Anwar ◽

S Nizamuddin ◽

N Malik ◽

I Morrissey

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Low Dose ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

High Dose ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

Higher Doses

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae collected in 2015–17 from Pakistan. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results A total of 94 S. pneumoniae and 122 H. influenzae isolates were collected. Susceptibility to penicillin was noted in 23.4% of the S. pneumoniae isolates by CLSI oral/EUCAST low-dose IV breakpoints, although by CLSI IV and EUCAST high-dose breakpoints all isolates were characterized as susceptible. Susceptibility to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (10.6%), macrolides (33%) and cefaclor (28.7%) was low but higher susceptibility was observed to ceftriaxone (100%), amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (98.9%), cefuroxime (oral, 97.9%), cefpodoxime (96.8%), fluoroquinolones (93.6%–96.8%) and cefdinir (76.6%) by CLSI breakpoints. However, using EUCAST breakpoints, susceptibility to cefpodoxime (70.2%) and cefuroxime (oral, 61.7%) was reduced. H. influenzae isolates were almost all β-lactamase negative (96.7%). Using CLSI breakpoints, ≥93.4% of isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested except fluoroquinolones (75.4%–77.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (41%). The proportion of isolates susceptible using EUCAST breakpoints was similar or identical for penicillins, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and the cephalosporins that have EUCAST breakpoints; the proportion of isolates susceptible using EUCAST breakpoints was similar or identical to that using CSLI breakpoints except for cefuroxime (oral), where only 1.6% of isolates were considered susceptible. Susceptibility of H. influenzae to fluoroquinolones was also lower by EUCAST breakpoints (33.6%–34.4%). The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Antibiotic susceptibility in these important respiratory tract pathogens varied in Pakistan based on different breakpoints. These data are important for empirical therapy choices in the treatment of CA-RTIs.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015–17 in the Middle East (Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia): data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa084 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i60-i75

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

E Mokaddas ◽

A Jiman-Fatani ◽

A Ageel ◽

Z Daoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

High Dose ◽

Time Period ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Tract Infections ◽

First Time ◽

Higher Doses

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015–17 from Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results A total of 139 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from four centres in Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia in 2015–17 and 55 H. influenzae isolates were collected and analysed from Saudi Arabia over the same time period. Pneumococci from all three countries were commonly non-susceptible to penicillin based on CLSI oral or low-dose IV penicillin using EUCAST breakpoints (39% in Kuwait to 57.1% in Lebanon) but by CLSI IV and EUCAST high-dose breakpoints most isolates were susceptible (∼90% in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and 100% in Lebanon). Isolates from Lebanon were highly susceptible to most other antibiotics (>90%) except cefaclor, oral cefuroxime and cefpodoxime (EUCAST breakpoints only). Overall, susceptibility was significantly lower in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia than Lebanon. Although all H. influenzae isolates (Saudi Arabia only) were β-lactamase negative, 3.6% and 12.7% were ampicillin resistant by CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively. Otherwise susceptibility was high in H. influenzae. The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Relatively low antibiotic susceptibility was observed in S. pneumoniae from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in contrast to Lebanon, where rates of susceptibility were generally higher. Isolates of H. influenzae from Saudi Arabia were susceptible to most antibiotics. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of CA-RTIs.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2015–17 in Latin America (Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica): data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i43-i59

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

J Smayevsky ◽

M S Relloso ◽

A Sucari ◽

M Pennini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Costa Rica ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Latin American ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

High Dose ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) collected in 2015–17 from Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results A total of 170 S. pneumoniae and 218 H. influenzae isolates were collected at five centres in Argentina, Chile and Costa Rica in 2015–17. Small S. pneumoniae isolate numbers from Costa Rica (n = 2) meant that these could only be included in the penicillin susceptibility analysis; they were excluded from further country analyses. Around one-third of pneumococcal isolates from Argentina and two-thirds from Chile were non-susceptible to penicillin by CLSI oral or EUCAST low-dose IV breakpoints, but most (≥89%) were susceptible by CLSI IV or EUCAST high-dose breakpoints. Amongst pneumococci from Argentina, about 80% or more were susceptible to most other antibiotics except cefaclor (all breakpoints), cefixime (PK/PD breakpoints), cefuroxime (EUCAST breakpoints) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (CLSI and PK/PD breakpoints). S. pneumoniae isolates from Chile showed significantly lower susceptibility (P < 0.05) using CLSI breakpoints compared with those from Argentina for many of the antibiotics tested. Among isolates of H. influenzae from Latin America, more than 90% were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (high dose), cefixime, cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone and fluoroquinolones, irrespective of the breakpoints used. The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. Conclusions Antibiotic susceptibility of H. influenzae isolates was generally high in the Latin American countries studied; however, susceptibility profiles varied for S. pneumoniae by country and depending on the breakpoints used, especially for cefaclor. These factors are important in decision making for empirical therapy of bacterial infections.

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Avaliação do Perfil de Sensibilidade aos Antibióticos na Infeção Urinária da Comunidade

Acta Médica Portuguesa ◽

10.20344/amp.5352 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 737 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rui Passadouro ◽

Raquel Fonseca ◽

Felícia Figueiredo ◽

Andreia Lopes ◽

Cristina Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Urinary Tract ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Urinary Tract Infections ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Activity Level ◽

E Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Tract Infections

Introduction: The urinary tract infections, after respiratory infections, are the most common in the community. The knowledge about the prevalence of microbial strains and their antibiotic susceptibility is crucial to establish an effective empirical therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from positive urine cultures performed in patients from the central region of Portugal. Material and Methods: We carried out a documental analysis of 6008 urine bacteriological exams, to be made available to physicians, most of which run through the automated system VITEK 2, bioMérieux. The majority (80%) of the urine bacteriological exams were from female. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacterial pathogen (65.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp (12%). Results: Nitrofurantoin showed high levels of activity (96%) for Escherichia coli, as well as Fosfomycin (96.6%). Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid presents an activity level of only 81.1% for the same germ. Quinolones exhibit efficacy to only 78% of the strains of Escherichia coli, below the Fosfomycin and Nitrofurantoin. Nitrofurantoin showed high levels of activity (96%) for E. coli as well as Fosfomycin (96.6%). Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid presents a level of activity of only 81.1% for the same germ. The quinolones have a efficacy for only 78% of strains of E. coli, lower than Fosfomycin. Discussion: Escherichia Coli was the most prevalent uropathogen (65.9%). High efficacy against this pathogenic agent was found for Fosfomycin (96.6%) and Nitrofurantoin (96%). Conclusion: Further antimicrobial surveillance studies should be developed, in order to formulate local empirical therapy recommendations for optimized therapeutical choices. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections.

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Results from the Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) 2016–18 in Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore and the Philippines: data based on CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ◽

10.1093/jac/dkaa082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i19-i42

Author(s):

D Torumkuney ◽

P H Van ◽

L Q Thinh ◽

S H Koo ◽

S H Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

The Philippines ◽

Small Sample ◽

Susceptibility Data ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Small Sample Sizes ◽

Tract Infections

Abstract Objectives To determine antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates collected from community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CA-RTIs) in 2016–18 in four Asian countries. Methods MICs were determined by CLSI broth microdilution and susceptibility was assessed using CLSI, EUCAST (dose-specific) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints. Results In total, 260 S. pneumoniae and 258 H. influenzae isolates were tested. Pneumococci from Vietnam (n = 161) were the least susceptible, with rates of susceptibility >90% for fluoroquinolones by CLSI breakpoints, ∼60% for amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and ceftriaxone but <14% for most other agents. Pneumococcal isolates from Cambodia (n = 48) and Singapore (n = 34) showed susceptibilities ranging from ∼30% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and oral penicillin to 100% for fluoroquinolones. Among isolates of H. influenzae from Cambodia (n = 30), the Philippines (n = 59) and Singapore (n = 80), rates of susceptibility using CLSI breakpoints were >90% for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalosporins [except cefaclor in Singapore (77.5%)], macrolides and fluoroquinolones; for isolates from Vietnam (n = 89) the rates of susceptibility were >85% only for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (95.5%), ceftriaxone (100%) and macrolides (87.6%–89.9%). Susceptibility to other antibiotics ranged from 7.9% (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) to 57.3%–59.6% (fluoroquinolones) and 70.8% (cefixime). The application of different EUCAST breakpoints for low and higher doses for some of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, penicillin, ceftriaxone, clarithromycin, erythromycin, levofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) allowed, for the first time in a SOAR study, the effect of raising the dosage on susceptibility to be quantified. A limitation of the study was the small sample sizes and only one or two sites participating per country; however, since susceptibility data are scarce in some of the participating countries any information concerning antibiotic susceptibility is of value. Conclusions Antibiotic susceptibility varied across countries and species, with isolates from Vietnam demonstrating the lowest susceptibility. Knowledge of resistance patterns can be helpful for clinicians when choosing empirical therapy options for CA-RTIs.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus Species from Clinical Samples

Journal of Internal Medicine and Emergency Research ◽

10.37191/mapsci-2582-7367-1(1)-005 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Ali

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The research was aimed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus species from clinical samples obtained from some hospitals in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. The ear swab, high vaginal swab (HVS), wound swab and urine samples from the patients attending the hospitals were collected and inoculated onto the surface of freshly prepared Nutrient agar for bacterial isolation. The bacteria isolated were identified by conventional microbiological methods namely; Gram staining, biochemical test (such as catalase, coagulase, and DNase test), mannitol salt agar and heamolysis test. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using the agar disc diffusion method. The result showed that S. aureus was highly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin 105 (68.63%), Gentamicin 102 (66.67%), Levofloxacin 95 (62.08%) and Amikacin 90 (58.82%), S. epidermidis was highly susceptible to Gentamicin 13 (61.90%), Levofloxacin 12 (57.14%) and Nitrofurantoin 11 (52.38%) while S. saprophyticus was highly susceptible to Cefoxitin 7 (77.78%), Gentamicin 6 (66.67%) and Nitrofurantoin 5 (55.56%). On the other hand, S. aureus was highly resistant to Cefuroxime 153 (100%), Ceftazidime 150 (98.04%), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 120 (78.43%) and Cloxacillin 111 (72.55%), S. epidermidis was highly resistant to Ceftazidime 20 (95.24%), Cloxacillin 19 (90.48%) then Cefoxitin, Erythromycin and Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid with 15 (71.43%) both. S. saprophyticus was highly resistant to Cefepime 9 (100%), Cloxacillin 8 (88.89%), Ceftazidime 7 (77.78%), Imipenem and Erythromycin with 6 (66.67%) respectively. There is a statistical difference in the sensitivity of the isolates against the antibiotics used at p<0.05. It is concluded that Staphylococcus species develop resistance to some classes of antibiotics.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovar Ndolo isolated from outbreaks in cattle and horses

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20180688 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carolina Pantuzza Ramos ◽

Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier ◽

Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal ◽

Elias Jorge Facury Filho ◽

Antonio Ultimo de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Domestic Animals ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Human Infections ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to describe and characterize, for the first time, two outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Ndolo in foals and calves in Brazil and compare the isolated strains with S. Ndolo previously identified in asymptomatic reptiles. The affected calves and foals presented fever, lethargy, and profuse diarrhea. Isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, characterized according to virulence genes, and fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Salmonella Ndolo was identified in fecal samples from two foals and four calves. One isolate from a calf was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and florfenicol. Strains from two other calves were resistant to oxytetracycline. All virulence genes tested were present in the isolates, and two major clusters of closely related strains were identified by ERIC-PCR, each per outbreak. This is the first report of Salmonella Ndolo infection in domestic and symptomatic animals. Previously, this serovar had been identified only in human infections. The presence of relevant virulence genes in all Salmonella Ndolo isolates and the detection of antimicrobial multi-resistant strains highlighted the importance of monitoring serovars associated with salmonellosis in domestic animals.

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Prevalence of Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and its Antibiotic Susceptibility among Healthcare Workers (HCWs) in Ukraine

International Journal of Antibiotics and Probiotics ◽

10.31405/ijap.2-1.18.03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 30-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A.G. Salmanov ◽

O.M. Verner ◽

N.G. Shelkova ◽

O.I. Nicolska ◽

V.M. Blahodatny ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Fusidic Acid ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Hospital Environment ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Hospital Acquired

BACKGROUND. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among hospital personnel is a common cause of hospital acquired infections. Emergence of drug resistant strains especially methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem in hospital environment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus its antibiotic susceptibility among healthcare workers (HCWs) in Ukraine. METHODS. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2017. The study included medical workers from 19 hospitals in different Ukrainian regions. Nasal swabs were taken from 755 randomly selected HCWs. The mean age of participants was 32.41 ± 8.29 years (range 19—74 years) with a male-to- female ratio of 0.47. The isolates were identified as S. aureus based on morphology, Gram stain, catalase test, coagulase test, and mannitol salt agar fermentation. The sensitivity patterns of S. aureus strains were determined by disk diffusion method (Kirby — Bauer). The panel of antibiotics used in sensitivity tests included: penicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, tobramicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, mupirocin, nitrofurantoin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, fosfomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin, linezolid, tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, and fusidic acid. Interpretative criteria were those suggested by the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). MRSA were confirmed by detection of the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS. Nasal screening identified 31.1 % (235/755) S. aureus carriers. Of the 235 nasal carriers of S. aureus, 4 % (196/755) carried MSSA (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus) and 39/755 (16.6 %) carried MRSA. The frequency of MRSA and MSSA carriage also varied according to the department/ward. The highest prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was in the surgical wards. The staff of the general, pediatric, cardiovascular, neuro and orthopedic surgery wards together with the emergency department accounted for 56.4 % of all MRSA carriers. There was no significant difference between the sexes (p = 0.247), age (p = 0.817), and years of healthcare service (p = 0.15) with regard to the nasal carriage of MRSA and MSSA. In univariate analysis we divided the hospital departments into: emergency, internal medicine, pediatrics, ICUs, surgery, and non-medical units and found no significant difference between MSSA and MRSA carriers (p = 0.224). In the multivariate analysis, the occupation «nurse» was independently associated with MRSA carriage (p = 0.012, odds ratio 3.6, 95 % confidence interval 1.3—9.7). All the S. aureus isolates recovered from nasal carriers, were susceptible to linezolid, tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin, and mupirocin. Susceptibility to the other antimicrobials was also on a high level: 98.3 % of strains were found susceptible to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, 96.2 % — to nitrofurantoin, 95.3 % — to fusidic acid, 92.3 % — to fosfomicin, 88.5 % — to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 87.2 % — to tobramycin, 86.8 % — to clindamycin. Resistance to oxacyllin came up to 16.6 %. CONCLUSIONS. Nasal carriage of S. aureus appears to play a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection. HCWs who are at interface between the hospital and the community may serve as agents of cross contamination of hospital acquired and community acquired MRSA. It is of importance to follow the evolution of resistance to antibiotics in this species, especially to β-lactams.

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