Molecular epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli from duck farms in south-east coastal China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Ge Wang ◽  
Rong-Min Zhang ◽  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Ruan-Yang Sun ◽  
Shuan-Cheng Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Phylogenomic Analysis ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Coastal China

Abstract Objectives To determine the dissemination and molecular characteristics of NDM-producing Escherichia coli strains from duck farms in south-east coastal China and their threats to human health. Methods A total of 232 NDM-producing E. coli were recovered from 1505 samples collected from 25 duck farms and their surrounding environments in five provinces in China. Resistance genes were confirmed using PCR. Genomic characteristics of the carbapenemase-producing isolates were determined by WGS and bioinformatic analysis. Results The rate of NDM-positive E. coli detected in samples from the five provinces ranged from 3.7% to 28.5%. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of NDM-positive E. coli from different duck farms in each province studied. Three variants (blaNDM-1, blaNDM-4 and blaNDM-5) were found in 232 NDM-positive E. coli; blaNDM-5 (94.8%, 220/232) was the most prevalent. WGS analysis indicated that ST746, ST48, ST1011 and ST167 E. coli isolates were prevalent in the current study and poultry was likely the primary reservoir for NDM-positive ST746 and ST48 E. coli in China. Phylogenomic analysis showed that NDM-positive E. coli isolates from ducks were closely related to those of human origin. In addition, WGS analysis further revealed that blaNDM co-existed with other antibiotic resistance genes, conferring resistance to nine classes of antimicrobials. Conclusions This study revealed that ducks farm in China are an important reservoir for NDM-positive E. coli and STs of the isolates showed obvious distinctive diversities in geographical distribution. The distribution and spread of NDM-positive E. coli in duck farms poses a threat to public health.

scholarly journals Virulence Properties of mcr-1-Positive Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Poultry Meat

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Michaela Kubelová ◽  
Ivana Koláčková ◽  
Tereza Gelbíčová ◽  
Martina Florianová ◽  
Alžběta Kalová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Mlst Type ◽  
On Line ◽  
Sequence Types

The great plasticity and diversity of the Escherichia coli genome, together with the ubiquitous occurrence, make E. coli a bacterium of world-wide concern. Of particular interest are pathogenic strains and strains harboring antimicrobial resistance genes. Overlapping virulence-associated traits between avian-source E. coli and human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) suggest zoonotic potential and safety threat of poultry food products. We analyzed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 46 mcr-1-positive E. coli strains isolated from retail raw meat purchased in the Czech Republic. The investigated strains were characterized by their phylogroup—B1 (43%), A (30%), D (11%), E (7%), F (4%), B2 (2%), C (2%), MLST type, and serotype. A total of 30 multilocus sequence types (STs), of which ST744 was the most common (11%), were identified, with O8 and O89 as the most prevalent serogroups. Using the VirulenceFinder tool, 3 to 26 virulence genes were detected in the examined strains and a total of 7 (15%) strains met the pathogenic criteria for ExPEC. Four strains were defined as UPEC (9%) and 18 (39%) E. coli strains could be classified as APEC. The WGS methods and available on-line tools for their evaluation enable a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of virulent properties of E. coli strains and represent a suitable and comfortable platform for their detection. Our results show that poultry meat may serve as an important reservoir of strains carrying both virulence and antibiotic resistance genes for animal and human populations.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Resistance in Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains of Human, Animal, and Food Origins

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 3996-4001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Sáenz ◽  
Laura Briñas ◽  
Elena Domínguez ◽  
Joaquim Ruiz ◽  
Myriam Zarazaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Human Animal

ABSTRACT Seventeen multiple-antibiotic-resistant nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strains of human, animal, and food origins showed a wide variety of antibiotic resistance genes, many of them carried by class 1 and class 2 integrons. Amino acid changes in MarR and mutations in marO were identified for 15 and 14 E. coli strains, respectively.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. associated with dairy cattle and farm environment having public health significance

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 984-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdus Sobur ◽  
Abdullah Al Momen Sabuj ◽  
Ripon Sarker ◽  
A. M. M. Taufiqur Rahman ◽  
S. M. Lutful Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
One Health ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli

Aim: The present study was carried out to determine load of total bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in dairy farm and its environmental components. In addition, the antibiogram profile of the isolated bacteria having public health impact was also determined along with identification of virulence and resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) under a one-health approach. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of six types (cow dung - 15, milk - 10, milkers' hand wash - 10, soil - 10 water - 5, and vegetables - 10) were collected from four dairy farms. For enumeration, the samples were cultured onto plate count agar, eosin methylene blue, and xylose-lysine deoxycholate agar and the isolation and identification of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. were performed based on morphology, cultural, staining, and biochemical properties followed by PCR. The pathogenic strains of E. coli stx1, stx2, and rfbO157 were also identified through PCR. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test against 12 commonly used antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Detection of antibiotic resistance genes ereA, tetA, tetB, and SHV were performed by PCR. Results: The mean total bacterial count, E. coli and Salmonella spp. count in the samples ranged from 4.54±0.05 to 8.65±0.06, 3.62±0.07 to 7.04±0.48, and 2.52±0.08 to 5.87±0.05 log colony-forming unit/g or ml, respectively. Out of 240 samples, 180 (75%) isolates of E. coli and 136 (56.67%) isolates of Salmonella spp. were recovered through cultural and molecular tests. Among the 180 E. coli isolates, 47 (26.11%) were found positive for the presence of all the three virulent genes, of which stx1 was the most prevalent (13.33%). Only three isolates were identified as enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that both E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found highly resistant to azithromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, and ertapenem and susceptible to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and imipenem. Among the four antibiotic resistance genes, the most observable was tetA (80.51-84.74%) in E. coli and Salmonella spp. and SHV genes were the lowest one (22.06-25%). Conclusion: Dairy farm and their environmental components carry antibiotic-resistant pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella spp. that are potential threat for human health which requires a one-health approach to combat the threat.

scholarly journals F Plasmids Are the Major Carriers of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Human-Associated Commensal Escherichia coli

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Stephens ◽  
Tyler Arismendi ◽  
Megan Wright ◽  
Austin Hartman ◽  
Andres Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT The evolution and propagation of antibiotic resistance by bacterial pathogens are significant threats to global public health. Contemporary DNA sequencing tools were applied here to gain insight into carriage of antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous commensal bacterium in the gut microbiome in humans and many animals, and a common pathogen. Draft genome sequences generated for a collection of 101 E. coli strains isolated from healthy undergraduate students showed that horizontally acquired antibiotic resistance genes accounted for most resistance phenotypes, the primary exception being resistance to quinolones due to chromosomal mutations. A subset of 29 diverse isolates carrying acquired resistance genes and 21 control isolates lacking such genes were further subjected to long-read DNA sequencing to enable complete or nearly complete genome assembly. Acquired resistance genes primarily resided on F plasmids (101/153 [67%]), with smaller numbers on chromosomes (30/153 [20%]), IncI complex plasmids (15/153 [10%]), and small mobilizable plasmids (5/153 [3%]). Nearly all resistance genes were found in the context of known transposable elements. Very few structurally conserved plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes were identified, with the exception of an ∼90-kb F plasmid in sequence type 1193 (ST1193) isolates that appears to serve as a platform for resistance genes and may have virulence-related functions as well. Carriage of antibiotic resistance genes on transposable elements and mobile plasmids in commensal E. coli renders the resistome highly dynamic. IMPORTANCE Rising antibiotic resistance in human-associated bacterial pathogens is a serious threat to our ability to treat many infectious diseases. It is critical to understand how acquired resistance genes move in and through bacteria associated with humans, particularly for species such as Escherichia coli that are very common in the human gut but can also be dangerous pathogens. This work combined two distinct DNA sequencing approaches to allow us to explore the genomes of E. coli from college students to show that the antibiotic resistance genes these bacteria have acquired are usually carried on a specific type of plasmid that is naturally transferrable to other E. coli, and likely to other related bacteria.

scholarly journals Silver Resistance Genes Are Overrepresented among Escherichia coli Isolates with CTX-M Production

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (22) ◽  
pp. 6863-6869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Sütterlin ◽  
Petra Edquist ◽  
Linus Sandegren ◽  
Marlen Adler ◽  
Thomas Tängdén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Human Origin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
M 14

ABSTRACTMembers of theEnterobacteriaceaewith extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) of the CTX-M type have disseminated rapidly in recent years and have become a threat to public health. In parallel with the CTX-M type expansion, the consumption and widespread use of silver-containing products has increased. To determine the carriage rates of silver resistance genes in differentEscherichia colipopulations, the presence of three silver resistance genes (silE,silP, andsilS) and genes encoding CTX-M-, TEM-, and SHV-type enzymes were explored inE. coliisolates of human (n= 105) and avian (n= 111) origin. The antibiotic profiles were also determined. Isolates harboring CTX-M genes were further characterized, and phenotypic silver resistance was examined. ThesilEgene was present in 13 of the isolates. All of them were of human origin. Eleven of these isolates harbored ESBLs of the CTX-M type (P= 0.007), and eight of them were typed as CTX-M-15 and three as CTX-M-14. None of thesilE-positive isolates was related to the O25b-ST131 clone, but 10 out of 13 belonged to the ST10 or ST58 complexes. Phenotypic silver resistance (silver nitrate MIC > 512 mg/liter) was observed after silver exposure in 12 of them, and a concomitant reduced susceptibility to piperacillin-tazobactam developed in three. In conclusion, 12% of the humanE. coliisolates but none of the avian isolates harbored silver resistance genes. This indicates another route for or level of silver exposure for humans than that caused by common environmental contamination. SincesilE-positive isolates were significantly more often found in CTX-M-positive isolates, it is possible that silver may exert a selective pressure on CTX-M-producingE. coliisolates.

Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance E. Coli and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Aquatic Environment of Taihu Lake, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 630-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Ni Han ◽  
Song He Zhang ◽  
Pei Fang Wang ◽  
Chao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Realtime Pcr

The aims of this study are to evaluate multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from surface water and to investigate the presence and distribution antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in sediments of Taihu Lake. The results show that the presentence of four ARGs concentrations in the sediments of the lake was in sequence: strB>qnrB>strA>qnrS, as determined by realtime-PCR technique. The southwest and east areas of Taihu Lake were polluted seriously than other areas from all kinds of antibiotics. The screening Escherichia coli had a higher resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin than other four antibiotics, and had a lowest resistance to levofloxacin.

scholarly journals Characterization and Comparative Genomics Analysis of lncFII Multi-Resistance Plasmids Carrying blaCTX–M and Type1 Integrons From Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Enbao Zhang ◽  
Jinzhi Zhou ◽  
Ze He ◽  
Yuqiao Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Poultry Breeding ◽  
Resistance Plasmids

This research aimed to investigate the presence and transferability of the extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance genes to identify the genetic context of multi-drug resistant (MDR) loci in two Escherichia coli plasmids from livestock and poultry breeding environment. MICs were determined by broth microdilution. A total of 137 E. coli resistant to extended-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics were screened for the presence of the ESBL genes by PCR. Only two E. coli out of 206 strains produced carbapenemases, including strain 11011 that produced enzyme A, and strain 417957 that produced enzyme B. The genes were blaKPC and blaNDM, respectively. The plasmids containing blaCTX–M were conjugatable, and the plasmids containing carbapenem resistance gene were not conjugatable. Six extended-spectrum β-lactamase resistance genes were detected in this research, including blaTEM, blaCTX–M, blaSHV, blaOAX–1, blaKPC, and blaNDM, and the detection rates were 94.89% (130/137), 92.7% (127/137), 24.81% (34/137), 20.43% (28/137), 0.72% (1/137), and 0.72% (1/137), respectively. Two conjugative lncFII multi-resistance plasmids carrying blaCTX–M, p11011-fosA and p417957-CTXM, were sequenced and analyzed. Both conjugative plasmids were larger than 100 kb and contained three accessory modules, including MDR region. The MDR region of the two plasmids contained many antibiotic resistance genes, including blaCTX–M, mph (A), dfrA17, aadA5, sul1, etc. After transfer, both the transconjugants displayed elevated MICs of the respective antimicrobial agents. A large number of resistance genes clusters in specific regions may contribute to the MDR profile of the strains. The presence of mobile genetic elements at the boundaries can possibly facilitate transfer among Enterobacteriaceae through inter-replicon gene transfer. Our study provides beta-lactam resistance profile of bacteria, reveals the prevalence of β-lactamase resistance genes in livestock and poultry breeding environment in Zhejiang Province, and enriches the research on IncFII plasmids containing blaCTX–M.

scholarly journals bla OXA-48-like genome architecture among carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni P. A. Hendrickx ◽  
Fabian Landman ◽  
Angela de Haan ◽  
Sandra Witteveen ◽  
Marga G. van Santen-Verheuvel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Link Type

Carbapenem-hydrolysing enzymes belonging to the OXA-48-like group are encoded by bla OXA-48-like alleles and are abundant among Enterobacterales in the Netherlands. Therefore, the objective here was to investigate the characteristics, gene content and diversity of the bla OXA-48-like carrying plasmids and chromosomes of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae collected in the Dutch national surveillance from 2014 to 2019 in comparison with genome sequences from 29 countries. A combination of short-read genome sequencing with long-read sequencing enabled the reconstruction of 47 and 132 complete bla OXA-48-like plasmids for E. coli and K. pneumoniae , respectively. Seven distinct plasmid groups designated as pOXA-48-1 to pOXA-48-5, pOXA-181 and pOXA-232 were identified in the Netherlands which were similar to internationally reported plasmids obtained from countries from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Oceania. The seven plasmid groups varied in size, G+C content, presence of antibiotic resistance genes, replicon family and gene content. The pOXA-48-1 to pOXA-48-5 plasmids were variable, and the pOXA-181 and pOXA-232 plasmids were conserved. The pOXA-48-1, pOXA-48-2, pOXA-48-3 and pOXA-48-5 groups contained a putative conjugation system, but this was absent in the pOXA-48-4, pOXA-181 and pOXA-232 plasmid groups. pOXA-48 plasmids contained the PemI antitoxin, while the pOXA-181 and pOXA-232 plasmids did not. Furthermore, the pOXA-181 plasmids carried a virB2-virB3-virB9-virB10-virB11 type IV secretion system, while the pOXA-48 plasmids and pOXA-232 lacked this system. A group of non-related pOXA-48 plasmids from the Netherlands contained different resistance genes, non-IncL-type replicons or no replicons. Whole genome multilocus sequence typing revealed that the bla OXA-48-like plasmids were found in a wide variety of genetic backgrounds in contrast to chromosomally encoded bla OXA-48-like alleles. Chromosomally localized bla OXA-48 and bla OXA-244 alleles were located on genetic elements of variable sizes and comprised regions of pOXA-48 plasmids. The bla OXA-48-like genetic element was flanked by a direct repeat upstream of IS1R, and was found at multiple locations in the chromosomes of E. coli . Lastly, K. pneumoniae isolates carrying bla OXA-48 or bla OXA-232 were mostly resistant for meropenem, whereas E. coli bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181 and chromosomal bla OXA-48 or bla OXA-244 isolates were mostly sensitive. In conclusion, the overall bla OXA-48-like plasmid population in the Netherlands is conserved and similar to that reported for other countries, confirming global dissemination of bla OXA-48-like plasmids. Variations in size, presence of antibiotic resistance genes and gene content impacted pOXA-48, pOXA-181 and pOXA-232 plasmid architecture.

scholarly journals Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Some Multiple Antibiotic Resistant E. coli from Apparently Healthy Pregnant Women

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
O. C. Adekunle ◽  
A. J. Falade- Fatila ◽  
R. Ojedele ◽  
G. Odewale
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The emerging drug resistance, especially among the Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolates from pregnant women, spread rapidly within the community. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a well-known bacterial infection posing serious health problem in pregnant women. Also, multi-drug resistance is becoming rampant, and it is of serious public health concern. Treatment of E. coli is now a challenge due to continuous increase in resistance towards commonly prescribed antibiotics, thus posing a threat to treatment. Hence, the aim of the study is to determine antibiotic resistance genes in some multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli from apparently healthy pregnant women in Osun State. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect 150 mid-stream urine samples from apparently healthy pregnant women from March, 2018 to September, 2018. A well structured questionnaire and informed consent were used for data collection. Standard loop technique was used to place 0.001 ml of urine on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (CLED) medium, Blood agar, MacConkey agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. A standard agar disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates. The molecular detection of the resistant genes was done using PCR techniques. The ages of women enrolled in this study ranges from 22 to 42 years (mean ± standard deviation = 31 ± 4.7 years). Escherichia coli showed high percentage of resistance to ampicillin and low resistance to ciprofloxacin and penicillin. All the E. coli isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin, and most were resistant to Meropenem. Multiple drug resistance was observed in all the isolates. Resistance genes in VIM 390bp, bla ctx-M 585bp and TEM 517bp were detected in some of the representative E. coli isolates profiled. This study identified the presence of Multi-drug resistance genes in E. coli associated UTI among pregnant women in Osogbo.

scholarly journals Interplay between bacterial clone and plasmid in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut: lessons from a temporal study in veal calves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Méril Massot ◽  
Pierre Châtre ◽  
Bénédicte Condamine ◽  
Véronique Métayer ◽  
Olivier Clermont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Field Work ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Intestinal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a frequent, increasing and worrying phenomenon, but little is known about the molecular scenario and the evolutionary forces at play. We screened 45 veal calves, known to have high prevalence of carriage, for ESBL-producing E. coli on 514 rectal swabs (one randomly selected colony per sample) collected over six months. We characterized the bacterial clones and plasmids carrying bla ESBL genes with a combination of genotyping methods, whole genome sequencing and conjugation assays. One hundred and seventy-three ESBL-producing E. coli isolates [ bla CTX-M-1 (64.7%), bla CTX-M -14 (33.5%) or bla CTX-M-15 (1.8%)] were detected, belonging to 32 bacterial clones, mostly of phylogroup A. Calves were colonized successively by different clones with a trend in decreasing carriage. The persistence of a clone in a farm was significantly associated with the number of calves colonized. Despite a high diversity of E. coli clones and bla CTX-M -carrying plasmids, few bla CTX-M gene/plasmid/chromosomal background combinations dominated, due to (i) efficient colonization of bacterial clones and/or (ii) successful plasmid spread in various bacterial clones. The scenario ‘clone vs. plasmid spread’ depended on the farm. Thus, epistatic interactions between resistance genes, plasmids and bacterial clones contribute to optimize fitness in specific environments. Importance The gut microbiota is the epicenter of the emergence of resistance. Considerable amount of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of resistance has been accumulated but the ecological and evolutionary forces at play in nature are less studied. In this context, we performed a field work on temporal intestinal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in veal farms. Veal calves are animals with one of the highest levels of ESBL producing E. coli fecal carriage, due to early high antibiotic exposure. We were able to show that calves were colonized successively by different ESBL-producing E. coli clones, and that two main scenarios were at play in the spread of bla CTX-M genes among calves: efficient colonization of several calves by a few bacterial clones and successful plasmid spread in various bacterial clones. Such knowledge should help develop new strategies to fight the emergence of antibiotic-resistance.

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