scholarly journals Specific staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and clonal complexes are associated with low-level amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-511
Author(s):  
Alice Wegener ◽  
Peter Damborg ◽  
Luca Guardabassi ◽  
Arshnee Moodley ◽  
Lapo Mughini-Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Sccmec Types ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

Abstract Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance has emerged over recent decades. According to the current guidelines, S. pseudintermedius displaying oxacillin resistance should be reported as resistant to all β-lactams. Objectives To identify possible associations between β-lactam resistance levels and clonal complexes (CCs) and/or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Methods MICs of oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin were determined by broth microdilution for 86 clinical canine MRSP isolates from Denmark and the Netherlands. PCR and sequencing were used for SCCmec typing and MLST. Results Isolates belonged to CC71 (n = 36), CC258 (n = 33), CC45 (n = 11), CC68 (n = 1) and five singleton STs. SCCmecII-III was exclusively found in CC71 and SCCmecIV was significantly associated with CC258. SCCmecV and non-typeable SCCmec types occurred in 4 and 14 isolates, respectively. SCCmecIV was associated with lower MICs of oxacillin (<2 mg/L), ampicillin (<8 mg/L) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (<4 mg/L) and with susceptibility to cefalotin (<4 mg/L). All isolates harbouring SCCmecV were susceptible to cefalotin as well. Conclusions SCCmec types were associated with different CCs and with either high- or low-level resistance to different β-lactams. The finding of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%) and cefalotin (70%) in vitro susceptibility across all CCs might have clinical implications, since amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and first-generation cephalosporins are first-choice antibiotics for treatment of S. pseudintermedius infections. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical outcome studies are warranted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of these β-lactams for treatment of MRSP infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence and in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from skin and nostrils of dogs with superficial pyoderma

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1178-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa S. Botoni ◽  
Carolina B. Scherer ◽  
Rodrigo O. Silva ◽  
Fernanda M. Coura ◽  
Marcos B. Heinemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meca Gene ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Gene Carriers ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

ABSTRACT: In order to assess the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from skin and nostrils of dogs with pyoderma, to determine its in vitro susceptibility, and to correlate these data with the presence of the mecA gene, 43 dogs were selected. Samples were collected from secretion of their skin lesions and right nostril, cultured, and analyzed for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the bacteria studied. In 62 samples (91%) the microorganism was classified as S. pseudintermedius. The rate of resistance against antibiotics ranged from 7% (amikacin; 4/62) to 77% (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim; 48/62). Resistance against oxacillin was found in 34% of the samples (21/62). Twenty-five samples (37%) were strains that carried the mecA gene. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was found between presence of the mecA gene and oxacillin resistance. Seventeen dogs were mecA gene carriers, and 8 (47%) of them had the gene in the skin lesions and nostril. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was also observed between the presence of mecA gene in the skin lesions and nostrils. Oxacillin resistance in vitro can be safely used to indicate the presence of mecA gene in MRSP samples. The nostrils can be a reservoir of MRSP in dogs.

scholarly journals Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Elements from Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Infections in Australian Animals

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate A. Worthing ◽  
Sybille Schwendener ◽  
Vincent Perreten ◽  
Sugiyono Saputra ◽  
Geoffrey W. Coombs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Cadmium Resistance ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

ABSTRACT We examined the oxacillin resistance phenotype and genomic structure of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements from 77 veterinary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) isolates. Isolates were characterized by oxacillin broth microdilution, whole-genome sequencing, and bioformatics analysis. Five previously described SCCmec elements, and a sixth novel element, were identified: SCCmec III (also known as II-III), ΨSCCmec57395, and SCCmecNA45 (a SCCmec VII variant), all previously described in MRSP, and SCCmec IVg and SCCmec VT, previously described in both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and MRSP. The sixth element was novel and found among nine geographically clustered isolates. This novel pseudostaphylococcal cassette chromosome (ΨSCCmecKW21) contained a class A mec gene complex but lacked ccr genes. It also harbored heavy metal (cadmium) resistance determinants. The median oxacillin MIC values among ΨSCCmecKW21, SCCmec III, and SCCmec VT isolates were significantly higher than those determined for the SCCmecNA45 VII variant isolates and ΨSCCmec57395 and SCCmec IVg isolates. ΨSCCmecKW21 was found exclusively in sequence type 497 (ST497), an MRSP clone that is locally successful in Victoria, Australia. Future studies are necessary to determine if this clone has disseminated further afield and if ΨSCCmecKW21 has moved into other MRSP lineages or staphylococcal species. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a significant veterinary pathogen and occasional cause of infections in humans. β-Lactams are an important group of antimicrobials used to treat staphylococcal infections in humans and animals. However, when staphylococci become methicillin resistant via the acquisition of a mobile genetic element called staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), they become resistant to all β-lactams. This study detected a novel SCCmec element among a cluster of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius isolates from animals in Australia. It also detected SCCmec elements in S. pseudintermedius that had high similarity to those identified in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating how human and animal pathogens can share the same resistance determinants.

scholarly journals Adherence to guideline recommendations for urinary tract infections in adult women: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rian Lelie- van der Zande ◽  
Marcel Bouvy ◽  
Martina Teichert
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Febrile Uti ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Aim: To study whether changes in drug preferences in the Dutch guideline for the treatment of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) for General Practitioners (GPs) in 2013, resulted in corresponding changes in antibiotic dispensing. Background: For the treatment of uncomplicated UTI, nitrofurantoin remained the first choice, while fosfomycin became the second choice and changed ranks with trimethoprim. For a subsequent febrile UTI, ciprofloxacin became the first choice and changed ranks with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, co-trimoxazole remained the third choice. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study, routinely collected dispensing data from the Dutch Foundation of Pharmaceutical Statistics from 2012 to 2017 were used. The number of women 18 years and older, treated with one of the guideline antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI and subsequent febrile UTI were analysed annually. Proportions were calculated. Data were stratified for age categories. Failure of uncomplicated UTI treatment was defined as the dispensing of an antibiotic for febrile UTI within 14 days after the dispensing of an antibiotic for uncomplicated UTI. Findings: Data were available from 81% of all pharmacies in 2012 to 89% in 2017. Percentages of women dispensed nitrofurantoin were relatively stable with 87.4% in 2012 and 84.4% in 2017. Percentages of women dispensed fosfomycin increased from 5.4% in 2012 to 21.8% in 2017, whereas percentages of women dispensed trimethoprim decreased from 17.8% to 8.0%. Within age categories, the percentage of women dispensed fosfomycin increased from 12.4% in women 18–30 years old to 36.7% in women above 80 years old. Percentages of women dispensed antibiotics for febrile UTI remained stable at 5% annually. Percentages of women receiving ciprofloxacin increased from 1.9% in 2012 to 3.3% in 2017, while those receiving amoxicillin/clavulanic acid decreased from 2.9% to 1.8%. New guideline recommendations resulted in corresponding changes in dispensed antibiotics for uncomplicated UTI and subsequent febrile UTI. Drug choices differed for age categories.

scholarly journals Novel Antibiotic Combinations of Diverse Subclasses for Effective Suppression of Extensively Drug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shumyila Nasir ◽  
Muhammad Sufyan Vohra ◽  
Danish Gul ◽  
Umm E Swaiba ◽  
Maira Aleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Combination Antibiotics ◽  
Time Kill

The emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the chief etiological agent for a range of refractory infections, has rendered all β-lactams ineffective against it. The treatment process is further complicated with the development of resistance to glycopeptides, primary antibiotics for treatment of MRSA. Antibiotic combination therapy with existing antimicrobial agents may provide an immediate treatment option. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 18 different commercially available antibiotics were determined along with their 90 possible pairwise combinations and 64 triple combinations to filter out 5 best combinations. Time-Kill kinetics of these combinations were then analyzed to find collateral bactericidal combinations which were then tested on other randomly selected MRSA isolates. Among the top 5 combinations including levofloxacin-ceftazidime; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-tobramycin; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-cephradine; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-ofloxacin; and piperacillin/tazobactam-tobramycin, three combinations were found to be collaterally effective. Levofloxacin-ceftazidime acted synergistically in 80% of the tested clinical MRSA isolates. First-line β-lactams of lower generations can be used effectively against MRSA infection when used in combination. Antibiotics other than glycopeptides may still work in combination.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Subgingival Bacterial Flora in Cats with Gingivitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Harvey ◽  
C. Thornsberry ◽  
B.R. Miller ◽  
F. S. Shofer
Keyword(s):  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The aerobic and anaerobic flora from gingival pockets of 40 cats with established gingivitis were cultured. The susceptibility of each isolate to four antimicrobial agents currently approved for use in cats (amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; clindamycin; cefadroxil; enrofloxacin) was determined. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Clavamox®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all isolates (92%) and all anaerobes (99% [co-equal with clindamycin]) tested; enrofloxacin (Baytril®) had the highest in-vitro susceptibility against all aerobes (90%) tested.

scholarly journals Comparison of culture methodology for the detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in clinical specimens collected from dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew E. Saab ◽  
C. Anne Muckle ◽  
Henrik Stryhn ◽  
J. Trenton McClure
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Oxacillin Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) has emerged as a major pathogen in dogs and has been implicated as a hospital-acquired pathogen in veterinary hospitals. We attempted to determine if selective culture methods will detect more MRSP when compared to the traditional culture methods in clinical samples from dogs in Atlantic Canada with a high risk for MRSP infection. Each sample was tested using 4 culture methods: traditional culture; mannitol salt agar with 2 μg/mL of oxacillin (MSAox); enrichment broth (EB) with MSAox; and EB with traditional culture. Detection of penicillin-binding protein 2’, via latex agglutination, was used as a confirmatory test for oxacillin resistance. We analyzed 741 samples from 556 dogs between February 2013 and April 2014. The prevalence of MRSP in samples detected by any method was estimated at 13.4% (95% CI: 11.1–16.0%). When the prevalence of MRSP was determined according to culture method, EB with MSAox detected the highest prevalence (11.2% [9.1–13.7%]), followed by EB with traditional (10.8% [8.8–13.2%]), traditional (10.1% [8.1–12.5%]), and MSAox (8.9% [7.1–11.2%]). The prevalence using the traditional culture method did not differ significantly from any of the 3 selective culture methods. Culture with MSAox detected significantly fewer MRSP than either of the EB methods. The addition of EB to current methodology is recommended, particularly for patients considered at high risk for MRSP infection.

scholarly journals β-Lactamase Production and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Oral Heterogeneous Fusobacterium nucleatum Populations in Young Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Könönen ◽  
A. Kanervo ◽  
K. Salminen ◽  
H. Jousimies-Somer
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Fusobacterium Nucleatum ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Good Activity ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

ABSTRACT Oral Fusobacterium nucleatum populations from 20 young, healthy children were examined for β-lactamase production. Ten children (50%) harbored, altogether, 25 β-lactamase-positiveF. nucleatum isolates that were identified as F. nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum, and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii (J. L. Dzink, M. T. Sheenan, and S. S. Socransky, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 40:74–78, 1990). In vitro susceptibility of these β-lactamase-producing and 26 non-β-lactamase-producing F. nucleatum isolates was tested with penicillin G, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline hydrochloride, metronidazole, trovafloxacin, and azithromycin. Except for penicillin G, the antimicrobials exhibited good activity against all F. nucleatum isolates.

Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Children

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Ruberto ◽  
P. D'Eufemia ◽  
F. Martino ◽  
O. Giardini
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Long Term Therapy ◽  
First Time

The efficacy of amoxicillin–clavulanic acid combination in the treatment of urinary tract infections resistant, in vitro, to amoxycillin was studied in 42 children. Of the 24 children with urinary tract infection for the first time, combination therapy, dosing twice daily for 5 days (40 mg/kg·day), cleared the infection in 23 (96%) cases. Relapse occurred in four (17%) cases within 30 days. Of the 18 children who presented with recurrent urinary tract infections therapy, as above, cleared the infection in 16 (89%) cases. In these cases, long-term therapy was performed at a dosage of 20 mg/kg once daily. Tolerance was good; gastro-intestinal disorders in five (12%) cases which regressed by dosing at 8 h rather than 12 h intervals. In conclusion, amoxycillin–clavulanic acid can be considered a first choice treatment of urinary tract infections in children.

scholarly journals Sensitivity to Antibiotics of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains, Able to Biofilm Formation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-231
Author(s):  
A. O. Vashchenko ◽  
◽  
Yu. S. Voronkova ◽  
A. I. Vinnikov ◽  
T. N. Shevchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The problem of respiratory diseases associated with staphylococcal carriers is considered to be one of the most acute in modern society due to its high prevalence and problems with treatment due to the high resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains, able to form biofilm, isolated from the upper respiratory tract of human. Materials and methods. Bacteriological methods of isolation and identification of staphylococci, the method of rapid determination of the ability to form biofilm on a tablet and the disk-diffusion method of determining the susceptibility to antibiotics were used to perform the research. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that in the structure of pathogens of exacerbations of seasonal rhinitis S. aureus prevailed. It was isolated from 34 samples of biological material from the nose, which accounted for 69.4% of all examined cases of rhinitis. Staphylococcus spp. (6.1%) and Streptococcus spp. (24.5%) among the isolated strains of S. aureus, 27 (79.4%) had the ability to form a biofilm. A feature associated with antibiotic resistance is the ability of strains of microorganisms to form a biofilm, in which they acquire enhanced ability to survive under adverse environmental factors, including the use of drugs. Results and discussion. In our research we showed that more than 80% of film-forming strains were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. 4 (14.8%) are methicillin-resistant. Resistance to methicillin was detected simultaneously with resistance to ciprofloxacin (3 cases) and to azithromycin (2 cases), 1 strain was resistant to gentamicin and 2 – to tetracycline. 1 of the methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus was multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to all studied antibiotics). Among non-biofilm strains, more than 80% of the strains were also sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. Sensitivity to tetracycline was low in both groups (42-63% sensitive). Conclusion. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of opportunistic bacteria, unfortunately, shows an increasing trend. This requires constant monitoring of susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in order to develop schemes of rational antibiotic therapy, taking into account the individualized approach to patients. In this sense, it is promising when studying the biological properties of clinical isolates to determine not only the resistance to antibiotics, but also their ability to form a biofilm

scholarly journals Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST169 and novel ST354 SCCmec II–III isolates related to the worldwide ST71 clone

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. ISHIHARA ◽  
A. KOIZUMI ◽  
M. SAITO ◽  
Y. MURAMATSU ◽  
Y. TAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Clonal Lineage ◽  
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Human Healthcare ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

SUMMARYThe recent appearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is a concern for both veterinary and human healthcare. MRSP clonal lineages with sequence type (ST) 71-spa t02-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) II–III and ST68-spa t06-SCCmec V have spread throughout Europe and North America, respectively. The current study compared the molecular characteristics of 43 MRSP isolates from dogs in Japan with those of MRSP from previous reports using multilocus sequence typing based on seven housekeeping genes, SCCmec typing, and detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Three related clonal lineages, ST71, ST169, and the newly registered ST354, were observed in SCCmec II–III isolates from Japan, despite MRSP SCCmec II–III isolates being thought to belong to a single clonal lineage. The majority of SCCmec II–III isolates belonging to ST169 (9/11) and ST354 (3/3), but not ST71 (0/11), harboured tetM. Four STs were observed for the SCCmec V isolates; however, neither ST68 nor related STs were found in the Japanese MRSP isolates. In conclusion, MRSP SCCmec II–III isolates from Japan belonged to ST71 and related STs (ST169 and ST354). A variety of MRSP SCCmec V clones, including some novel clones, were identified.

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