scholarly journals Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Race on Sepsis Epidemiology and Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Minejima ◽  
Annie Wong-Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poor Health Literacy ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is a complex variable that is derived primarily from an individual’s education, income, and occupation and has been found to be inversely related to outcomes of health conditions. Sepsis is the sixth most common admitting diagnosis and one of the most costly conditions for in-hospital spending in the United States. The objective of this review is to report on the relationship between SES and sepsis incidence and associated outcomes. Content Sepsis epidemiology varies when explored by race, education, geographic location, income, and insurance status. Sepsis incidence was significantly increased in individuals of Black race compared with non-Hispanic white race; in persons who have less formal education, who lack insurance, and who have low income; and in certain US regions. People with low SES are likely to have onset of sepsis significantly earlier in life and to have poorly controlled comorbidities compared with those with higher SES. Sepsis mortality and hospital readmission is increased in individuals who lack insurance, who reside in low-income or medically underserved areas, who live far from healthcare, and who lack higher level education; however, a person’s race was not consistently found to increase mortality. Summary Interventions to minimize healthcare disparity for individuals with low SES should target sepsis prevention with increasing measures for preventive care for chronic conditions. Significant barriers described for access to care by people with low SES include cost, transportation, poor health literacy, and lack of a social network. Future studies should include polysocial risk scores that are consistently defined to allow for meaningful comparison across studies.

scholarly journals The Association Between Perceived Athletic Competence and Physical Activity: Implications for Low-Income Schoolchildren

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-440
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Amin ◽  
Paula J. Duquesnay ◽  
Catherine M. Wright ◽  
Kenneth Chui ◽  
Christina D. Economos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Athletic Competence ◽  
School Time ◽  
Median Split ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Children’S Physical Activity

Purpose: Socioeconomic status (SES) may impact children’s physical activity (PA) behaviors and confidence to participate in PA. We examined how SES modifies the relationship between children’s perceived athletic competence (PAC) and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). Methods: Children (N = 1157; 45% male; grades 3–4) were recruited for the Fueling Learning through Exercise study. Free/reduced price lunch eligibility was used as an indicator of SES. Seven-day accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+) was used to measure daily MVPA, out-of-school MVPA (O-MVPA), and school-time MVPA. PAC was assessed using the Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children (6 items, scored 1–4; median split: high and low PAC). Results: MVPA and PAC differed between low-SES [n = 556; 41.6 (17.1) min/d; high PAC = 45%] and middle-SES children [n = 412; 49.6 (22.7) min/d; high PAC = 62%]. There was an interaction between SES and PAC for MVPA (P < .001) and O-MVPA (P < .001), but not for school-time MVPA (P > .05). Middle-SES children with high PAC were more likely to engage in MVPA (β = 6.6 min/d; 95% confidence interval, 3.9 to 9.3; P < .001) and O-MVPA (β = 4.8 min/d; 95% confidence interval, 2.8 to 6.8; P < .001), associations that did not exist for low-SES children (P > .05). Conclusions: PAC was positively associated with daily MVPA and O-MVPA, but not among low-SES children. Research is needed to elucidate the factors that shape the relationship between PAC and MVPA.

scholarly journals What is the psychological mindset that mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and symptoms of depression?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Velten ◽  
Saskia Scholten ◽  
Julia Brailovskaia ◽  
Jürgen Margraf
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Relationship

Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) are disproportionally affected by depressive disorders which are among the main causes for loss in healthy life years in adults worldwide. The main objective of the research presented here was to identify a psychological mindset of individuals with low SES and to investigate whether this mindset mediates the relationship between low SES and symptoms of depression. Towards these goals, a series of four studies was conducted using student, population-based, and convenience samples from Germany and the United States. Study 1 identified a set of ten statements reflecting a psychological mindset associated with low SES using a population-based sample from Germany. Study 2 cross-validated a psychometric scale (S-Scale) that was created based on these statements. Study 3 introduced a longitudinal perspective and showed that the S-Scale mediated the relationship between low SES and symptoms of depression assessed one year later. Study 4 supported unidimensionality and construct validity of a unified version of the S-Scale and confirmed the mediation effect of the S-Scale for SES and depression while controlling for confounding variables (e.g., socially desirable responding). Evidence from four studies supported the reliability and validity of the S-Scale. Controlling for a psychological mindset as measured with this scale, low SES was no longer a predictor of depressive symptoms. The S-Scale can be used in clinical and research settings to assess a psychological mindset that puts individuals at risk for depression.

Predictors of Unmet Dental Health Needs in US Adults in 2018: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 238008442110356
Author(s):  
D.J. Gaskin ◽  
H. Zare ◽  
R. McCleary ◽  
O. Kanwar ◽  
A.L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Dental Visit ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Needs

Objective: To identify predictors of unmet dental needs for adults 18 y of age or older in the United States. Method: Using the Aday and Andersen framework and data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we ran logistic regression to estimate predictors for adults of not having a dental visit within 5 y and having lost any teeth using a national sample of 155,060 survey respondents. Results: Results showed that predisposing factors (age, race/ethnicity, gender, and educational attainment) and enabling factors (income and health insurance status) are important predictors for losing teeth due to decay or gum disease. Men, the elderly, and less educated and low-income residents were less likely to have seen a dentist within the past 5 y and more likely to have lost their permanent teeth. Compared to non-Hispanic White adults, Hispanics adults were more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Unmet dental needs varied across states. People living in states with extensive Medicaid dental care benefit coverage were less likely to lose their teeth and more likely to have had a dental visit within the past 5 y. Conclusion: Efforts to improve oral health should address unmet dental needs of men and adults with low socioeconomic status. Studying the variation between state oral health care programs could further our understanding of how public policy can improve population oral health. Knowledge Transfer Statement: Men, non-Hispanic Blacks, mixed and other race minorities, and low socioeconomic status adults are most at risk of unmet dental needs. States can address these needs by expanding Medicaid coverage for adults.

scholarly journals Trade and the Topography of the Spatial Economy *

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 1085-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Treb Allen ◽  
Costas Arkolakis
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interstate Highway ◽  
Interstate Highway System ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Spatial Economy ◽  
Structure Of Trade ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Highway System

Abstract We develop a general equilibrium framework to determine the spatial distribution of economic activity on any surface with (nearly) any geography. Combining the gravity structure of trade with labor mobility, we provide conditions for the existence, uniqueness, and stability of a spatial economic equilibrium and derive a simple set of equations that govern the relationship between economic activity and the geography of the surface. We then use the framework to estimate the topography of trade costs, productivities and amenities in the United States. We find that geographic location accounts for at least twenty percent of the spatial variation in U.S. income. Finally, we calculate that the construction of the interstate highway system increased welfare by 1.1 to 1.4 percent, which is substantially larger than its cost.

Abstract MP47: The Association of Socioeconomic Status with Subclinical Myocardial Damage

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E Fretz ◽  
Andrea L Schneider ◽  
John McEvoy ◽  
Ron Hoogeveen ◽  
Christie M Ballantyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
12Th Grade ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Background: The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and clinical cardiovascular events is well established. However, little is known about the relationship between SES and subclinical myocardial damage, as assessed by a novel highly sensitive assay for cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 11,411 participants from the ARIC Study with no history of cardiovascular disease who had hs-cTnT measured at visit 2 (1990-1992). SES was defined using either annual household income, categorized as: low (<$16,000), mid-level ($16,000 - $34,999), high (≥ $35,000), or lifetime educational attainment, categorized as: low (<12th grade), mid-level (12th grade/some college) and high (college degree or higher). hs-cTnT was categorized as non-elevated (<14 ng/L) and elevated (≥ 14ng/L). Poisson regression was used to generate prevalence ratios for elevated hs-cTnT, separately by level of income and education after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors. Results: Persons with low income or low education were more likely to have subclinical myocardial damage as assessed by elevated hs-cTnT (≥14ng/L). Adjusted prevalence ratios for elevated troponin comparing low to high levels of income and education were 1.74 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.29) and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.97), respectively (Table, Model 1). These results were slightly attenuated, but remained statistically significant after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and health behaviors (Models 2 and 3). Race-stratified results demonstrate a somewhat stronger and only significant association of low education with subclinical myocardial damage in blacks compared to whites (PR 1.83 vs 1.05, p-interaction =0.08). There was no race interaction with income (p-interaction =0.33). Conclusions: Low SES was associated with elevated hs-cTnT, independent of cardiovascular risk factors, especially in blacks. Further research is needed to explore how low SES contributes to subclinical myocardial damage.

COGNITIVE HABITS LINKED TO RESILIENCE: SURPRISING COMMONALITIES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Postal Code ◽  
Improvement Plan ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Abstract Background: Research has documented many geographic inequities in health. Research has also documented that the way one thinks about health and quality of life (QOL) affects one’s experience of health, treatment, and one’s ability to cope with health problems. Purpose: We examined United-States (US) regional differences in QOL appraisal (i.e., the way one thinks about health and QOL), and whether resilience-appraisal relationships varied by region. Methods: Secondary analysis of 3,955 chronic-disease patients and caregivers assessed QOL appraisal via the QOL Appraisal Profile-v2 and resilience via the Centers for Disease Control Healthy Days Core Module. Covariates included individual-level and aggregate-level socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics. Zone improvement plan (ZIP) code was linked to publicly available indicators of income inequality, poverty, wealth, population density, and rurality. Multivariate and hierarchical residual modeling tested study hypotheses that there are regional differences in QOL appraisal and in the relationship between resilience and appraisal. Results: After sociodemographic adjustment, QOL appraisal patterns and the appraisal-resilience connection were virtually the same across regions. For resilience, sociodemographic variables explained 26 % of the variance; appraisal processes, an additional 17 %; and region and its interaction terms, just an additional 0.1 %. Conclusion: The study findings underscore a geographic universality across the contiguous US in how people think about QOL, and in the relationship between appraisal and resilience. Despite the recent prominence of divisive rhetoric suggesting vast regional differences in values, priorities, and experiences, our findings support the commonality of ways of thinking and responding to life challenges. These findings support the wide applicability of cognitive-based interventions to boost resilience. Keywords: appraisal; resilience; cognitive; quality of life; societal; geographic Abbreviations: MANOVA = Multivariate Analysis of Variance; PCA = principal components analysis; QOL = quality of life; SES = socioeconomic status; US = United States; ZIP = Zone Improvement Plan (postal code)

Delayed Benefits: Effects of California School District Bond Elections on Achievement by Socioeconomic Status

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Bond Elections ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
General Obligation ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
General Obligation Bond ◽  
The Relationship

Contradictory evidence of the relationship between education funding and student achievement could reflect heterogeneous effects by revenue source or student characteristics. This study examines potential heterogeneous effects of a particular type of local revenue—bond funds for capital investments—on achievement by socioeconomic status. Comparing California school districts within a narrow window on either side of the cutoff of voter support required to pass a general obligation bond measure, I use dynamic regression discontinuity models to estimate effects of passing a bond on academic achievement among low- and high-socioeconomic-status (SES) students. Results consistently suggest that passing a bond increases achievement among low- but not high-SES students. However, these benefits for low-SES students are delayed and emerge six years after an election. Effects are larger in low-income districts and in small districts, where benefits of capital investments are experienced by a larger proportion of students.

scholarly journals Understanding the Intersection of Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Geographic Location: A Scoping Review of U.S. Consumer Food Purchasing

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Singleton ◽  
Megan Winkler ◽  
Bailey Houghtaling ◽  
Oluwafikayo Adeyemi ◽  
Alexandra Roehll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Food Purchasing ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Disparities in diet quality persist in the U.S. Examining consumer food purchasing can provide unique insight into the nutritional inequities documented by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geographic location (i.e., urban vs. rural). There remains limited understanding of how these three factors intersect to influence consumer food purchasing. This study aimed to summarize peer-reviewed scientific studies that provided an intersectional perspective on U.S. consumer food purchasing. Thirty-four studies were examined that presented objectively measured data on purchasing outcomes of interest (e.g., fruits, vegetables, salty snacks, sugar-sweetened beverages, Healthy Eating Index, etc.). All studies were of acceptable or high quality. Only six studies (17.6%) assessed consumer food purchases at the intersection of race/ethnicity, SES, or geographic location. Other studies evaluated racial/ethnic or SES differences in food purchasing or described the food and/or beverage purchases of a targeted population (example: low-income non-Hispanic Black households). No study assessed geographic differences in food or beverage purchases or examined purchases at the intersection of all three factors. Overall, this scoping review highlights the scarcity of literature on the role of intersectionality in consumer food and beverage purchasing and provides recommendations for future studies to grow this important area of research.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BODY COMPOSITION, SOMATOTYPE AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN CHILEAN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOL LEVELS

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Lizana ◽  
Sofia González ◽  
Lydia Lera ◽  
Bárbara Leyton
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
School Level ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThis study examined the association between body composition, somatotype and socioeconomic status (SES) in Chilean children and adolescents by sex and school level (grade). The cross-sectional study was conducted on 1168 schoolchildren aged 6–18 years (572 males) from Valparaíso, Chile. Body composition, as assessed by percentage body fat (BF%) and somatotype, was evaluated using Ellis equations and the Heath–Carter method, respectively. The socioeconomic status of respondents was assessed using the ESOMAR survey. Obesity was defined as BF% ≥25 for boys and ≥30 for girls; ‘high endomorph’ somatotype was defined as a somatotype endomorph component (EC) of at least 5.5. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between high adiposity and SES, potential confounding factors and school level. In females, the results indicated that the groups with lower SES had higher EC. At the 1st(youngest) school level (1–4thgrades), males exhibited similar trends in their BF% and EC. High adiposity was associated with the female sex (BF%: OR=3.39; 95% CI 2.60, 4.41; high EC: OR=2.31; 95% CI 1.80, 2.98). In addition, low SES increased the risk of high adiposity compared with high SES (BF%: OR=2.25; 95% CI 1.40, 3.61; high EC: OR=2.19; 95% CI 1.37, 3.47). An association was observed between increased adiposity and lower SES, mainly in females, which indicates that females with low SES might be at greater risk of obesity.

Low-income children’s readiness for group-based learning at age 3 and prekindergarten outcomes at age 5

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Hannah B Mudrick ◽  
JoAnn L Robinson ◽  
Holly E Brophy-Herb
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Classroom Learning ◽  
Classroom Adjustment ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Although 3-year-olds in the United States may attend prekindergarten prior to formal school entry in kindergarten, few investigations focus on the socioemotional foundations of classroom learning at age 3 and their relationship to later achievement. This study examined the relationship between age 3 readiness for group-based learning, modeled as the latent constructs, effortful control and social communication, and age 5 classroom adjustment and pre-academic outcomes. Data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project in the United States ( n = 797) included observations, direct assessment, and examiner and teacher report. Children’s effortful control predicted classroom adjustment and their social communication predicted pre-academic outcomes. Readiness for group-based learning provides a way to describe key constructs of early skill development and a framework to support children’s classroom learning. Implications include promoting parents’ and educators’ capacities to support early developmental foundations for later adjustment and learning by fostering infants’ and toddlers’ effortful control and social communication. Efforts to support these skills simultaneously across diverse experiences in the home and classroom by focusing on children’s individual needs may prove advantageous.

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