Tar and Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H C Pillsbury ◽  
C C Bright ◽  
K J O"Connor ◽  
F W Irish
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Filter Holder ◽  
Isopropanol Solution

Abstract Cigarettes were conditioned 24 hr at 75°F and 60% relative humidity prior to being selected and smoked in a random order. Cigarettes were smoked in a Cambridge filter holder on an automatic smoking machine to a pre-determined butt length. TPM wet collection was on a CM113A filter disk and was determined as the net weight gain in the Cambridge filter holder after smoking. The filter pads were extracted with dioxane-isopropanol solution and were analyzed for moisture by gas chromatography. The pads and solvent extracts were steam distilled and the distillate was analyzed spectrophotometrically for nicotine. TPM dry was calculated as TPM wet minus nicotine and water. The coefficient of variation in this method is less than 5% with a 95% confidence level.

Determination of Particulate Matter and Alkaloids (as Nicotine) in Cigarette Smoke

1964 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
C L Ogg
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Filter Holder ◽  
Nicotine Delivery ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Selection For

Abstract A collaborative smoking study for the determination of particulate matter and nicotine deliveries of cigarettes, by a method chosen by the Analytical Methods Committee of the Tobacco Chemists’ Conference, was completed during the year. The 12 collaborators obtained coefficients of variation within laboratories of 4% and between laboratories of 10%. Each collaborator was asked to smoke 40 cigarettes (8 samples of 5 cigarettes). Non-filter (85 mm) cigarettes and filter (85 mm) cigarettes were analyzed. The cigarettes were conditioned for 24 hours at 75°F and 60% r.h. prior to selection for smoking. Cigarettes weighing within 20 mg of the average cigarette weight (50 randomly selected cigarettes) were marked to a 30 mm butt length. The cigarettes were smoked into a Cambridge filter holder by an automatic smoking machine which drew a 35 ml puff of 2-second duration once every minute. Five weight-selected cigarettes, marked to 30 mm butt, were smoked per Cambridge filter and the particulate matter (wet) was determined as the weight gain of the Cambridge filter. Nicotine delivery was determined by distilling the Cambridge filter pads and measuring the nicotine spectrophotometrically.

Responses to supplements by weaned lambs when grazing mature pasture or eating hay cut from the same pasture

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Freer ◽  
H. Dove ◽  
A. Axelsen ◽  
J. R. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Substitution Rate ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Supplement Intake

SummaryWeaned cross-bred lambs either grazed mature pasture or were confined to yards where they were offered material cut from ungrazed areas of the same pasture. A 1:2 mixture (on an air-dry basis) of sunflower meal and oat grain was offered for 81 days at 0, 200, 400 or 600 g/head or ad libitum. Individual estimates of intake of pasture and supplement by grazing sheep at four levels of supplementation were made on four adjacent plots.Weight gain increased from –30 to 178 g/day in the grazing animals as supplement intake increased up to 1030 g D.M./day and from –25 to 142 g/day in the yarded animals as supplement intake increased to 1076 g D.M./day. Growth of greasy wool increased from 4·5 to 11·7 g/day for grazing animals and from 4·5 to 10·2 g/day for those kept in yards.At levels of supplement intake below 400 g D.M./day, the intake of grazed pasture increased by up to 58% compared with unsupplemented animals. However, when the intake of supplement was increased to about 650 g D.M./day, pasture intake fell, with an estimated substitution rate of 1·1 g D.M. pasture per g D.M. supplement. At all levels of supplementation, the intake of hay by the yarded lambs was less than half the intake of herbage in the field. However, at levels of supplement intake between 300 and 500 g D.M./day, the substitution rate was similar to that measured in the grazing animals, suggesting that this is an attribute of roughage quality, rather than differential eating behaviour between grazing and yarded animals.The wastage, w (g D.M./day), of supplement was linearly related to the amount offered, s (g D.M./day), by the equationw = 0·263s − 38·8; R2 = 0·89Variability in supplement intake between individual grazing lambs was not affected by the level of supplementation but the coefficient of variation of supplement intake was considerably greater than that of the intake of unsupplemented pasture. Variability in the intake of pasture increased with the level of supplementation but variability in the total intake of food was similar at each level of supplement, indicating some degree of individual compensation in the intake of the two components.

The volatile exudates from germinating pea seeds of different viability and vigor

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gorecki ◽  
G. E. Harman ◽  
L. R. Mattick
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Trichoderma Harzianum ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Enterobacter Cloacae ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Embryonic Axes ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Germinating Seeds

Pea seeds var. Kriter were stored aseptically at 92% relative humidity and 30 °C. After 0, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks of storage, viability, vigor, and volatile exudates were determined on sublots of seeds. As storage time increased, vigor, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, growth of embryonic axes, and conductivity decreased. Later, viability also decreased. Imbibing and germinating pea seeds produced ethanol, acetaldehyde, and lesser amounts of methanol. No qualitative differences in volatile exudates were observed from germinating seeds regardless of age or storage condition. Nonaged seeds with highest vigor produced the smallest amounts of volatiles, but with increased aging the quantities of ethanol and acetaldehyde gradually increased. Dry seed produced small quantities of both volatiles. The amount of these compounds produced reached a maximum between 12 and 48 h of germination. Infestation of seed samples with Enterobacter cloacae or Trichoderma harzianum reduced the quantities of these compounds measured. These results indicate that determinations of acetaldehyde and ethanol in the space over germinating seeds by means of gas chromatography may be a useful seed vigor test.

scholarly journals The Use of Cryogenic Temperature Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Morie ◽  
C.H. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Cryogenic Temperature ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Porapak Q ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

AbstractA gas chromatographic method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette smoke was developed. A column containing Porapak Q packing and a cryogenic temperature programmer which employed liquid nitrogen to cool the column to subambient temperatures was used. The separation of N

Comparison of Emmerie-Engel Method and Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Supplemental α-Tocopheryl Acetate in Feed Concentrates

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-419
Author(s):  
Michael P Labadie ◽  
Charles E Boufford
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
High Potency ◽  
Gc Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method ◽  
Official Procedure

Abstract The determination of supplemental a-tocopheryl acetate in high potency vitamin E powders and oils was compared using the Emmerie- Engel method and gas chromatography (GC). The Emmerie-Engel reaction requires saponification, extraction of the saponiflable fracaon, and quantitation by colorimetry. GC analysis requires only an extraction and/or dilution before quantitation. These are represented essentially by AOAC methods 43.147-43.151 (colorimetry) and 43.152-43.159 (GC) for high potency vitamin E concentrates. Each method was statistically evaluated for precision and sample-to-sample reproducibility. Each Emmerie-Engel value was divided by the GC value obtained for the same sample; an average of 1.049 with a coefficient of variation of 2.89% was obtained. It was concluded that (he GC procedure was superior to the Emmerie-Engel method, and ahould be the official procedure for determination of supplemental a-tocopheryl acetate in feed concentrates.

scholarly journals New Methodologies for Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Determination of Carbon-Centered Free Radicals in Cigarette Smoke Using Liquid ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Gerardi ◽  
WM Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Selective Detection ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Relative Quantitation ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
New Methodologies

AbstractSeveral approaches were explored to develop a high throughput procedure for relative determination of 14 different carbon-centered free radicals, both acyl and alkylaminocarbonyl type, in cigarette smoke. Two trapping procedures using 3-cyano-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy, or 3-cyanoproxyl radical (3-CNP) were designed for this study: a) trapping in solution and b) trapping on a solid support which was a Cambridge filter pad. Fresh whole smoke and vapor phase smoke from mainstream cigarette smoke from Kentucky Reference Cigarettes 2R4F, as partitioned via an unadulterated Cambridge filter pad, were transferred into each trapping system in separate experiments. The 3-CNP coated Cambridge filter pad approach was shown to be superior to the impinger procedure as described in this study. Gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detection (GC-MS) was employed for the first time as an alternate means of detecting several relatively highly concentrated radical adducts. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with precursor ion monitoring and selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for detecting the large array of radicals, including several not previously reported: formyl, crotonyl, acrolein, aminocarbonyl, and anilinocarbonyl radicals. Relative quantitation was achieved using as external calibration standards of 4-(1-pyrrolidino)benzaldehyde and nicotine. It was determined that the yield of carbon-centered free radicals by reference cigarette 2R4F was approximately 265 nmoles/cigarette at 35 mL puff/60 sec interval/2 sec duration smoking conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of cigarette smoking on pentane excretion in alveolar breath

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Euler ◽  
S J Davé ◽  
H Guo
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Abstract The concentrations of acetone, isoprene, and pentane in alveolar breath were examined in 50 smokers and 50 nonsmokers by gas chromatography. The baseline pentane in smokers was 0.17 +/- 0.03 nmol/L (mean +/- SE), which was not different from pentane in nonsmokers (0.23 +/- 0.03 nmol/L). There were also no differences between smokers and nonsmokers in the concentrations of acetone and isoprene. Serial breath samples were obtained from 15 smokers before smoking and at 5, 15, and 60 min after smoking. Although acetone was not altered by smoking, isoprene increased by 86% +/- 26% 5 min after smoking (P <0.001) and returned to baseline 10 min later. Pentane increased by 456% +/- 156% 5 min after smoking (P <0.001) and remained increased 10 min later (204% +/- 73% of baseline, P <0.05). Isoprene concentrations in mainstream cigarette smoke were >5000 times greater than breath concentrations, whereas pentane could not be detected in mainstream smoke. Because pentane is produced from the peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the results provide evidence that cigarette smoking causes an immediate increase in lipid peroxidation.

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