Fatty Acid Composition of Cocoa Butter Oil by Urea Fractionation and Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-688
Author(s):  
John L Iverson ◽  
P G Harrill ◽  
Robert W Weik
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Butter Oil ◽  
Urea Fractionation ◽  
Fractionation Procedure ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract This proposed urea fractionation procedure concentrates esters with similar GLC retention times in separate fractions. GLC peaks of esters present in cocoa butter oil in trace amounts (0.001–0.1%), which are normally hidden under major peaks, can then be detected. By modified programmed temperature GLC techniques, it is possible to detect the short and long chain length fatty acids present in cocoa butter oil. The odd and even chain length saturated acids from C10 to C28, mono-unsaturates C16 to C24, branched acids C16 to C24, and linoleic and linolenic acids were detected.

scholarly journals The oxidation and utilization of palmitate, stearate, oleate and acetate by the mammary gland of the fed goat in relation to their overall metabolism, and the role of plasma phospholipids and neutral lipids in milk-fat synthesis

1967 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Annison ◽  
J. L. Linzell ◽  
S Fazakerley ◽  
B. W. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Long Chain

1. Measurements were made of milk yield, mammary blood flow and arteriovenous differences of each plasma lipid fraction, and their specific radioactivities, during the infusion of [U-(14)C]stearate, [U-(14)C]oleate, [U-(14)C]palmitate and [1-(14)C]acetate into fed lactating goats. 2. Entry rates of fatty acids into the circulation were 4.2mg./min./kg. body wt. for acetate, and 0.18, 0.28 and 0.42mg./min./kg. for stearate, oleate and palmitate respectively. Acetate accounted for 23% of the total carbon dioxide produced by the whole animal, and contributed to the oxidative metabolism of the mammary gland to about the same extent. Corresponding values for each of the long-chain acids were less than 1%. 3. There were no significant arteriovenous differences of phospholipids, sterols or sterol esters, and their fatty acid composition showed no net changes during passage through the mammary gland. 4. There were large arteriovenous differences of plasma triglycerides, and their fatty acid composition showed marked changes across the gland. The proportions of palmitate and stearate fell, and that of oleate increased. 5. Arteriovenous differences of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were small and variable, but a large fall in the specific radioactivity of each of the long-chain acids examined indicated substantial uptake of plasma FFA, accompanied by roughly equivalent FFA release from mammary tissue. The uptake of FFA was confirmed by the extensive transfer of radioactivity into milk. The FFA of milk were similar in composition and radioactivity to the milk triglyceride fatty acids, and quite unlike plasma FFA. 6. The formation of large amounts of oleic acid (18-21 mg./min.) from stearic acid was demonstrated. 7. During the terminal stages of the [(14)C]acetate infusion, milk triglyceride fatty acids of chain length C(4)-C(14) showed specific radioactivities that were 75-90% of that of blood acetate, and that of palmitate was roughly one-quarter of this value. Oleate and stearate were unlabelled. 8. The results confirmed that milk fatty acids of chain length C(4)-C(14) arise largely from blood acetate, and palmitate is derived partly from acetate and partly from plasma triglyceride, the latter fraction being almost the sole precursor of oleate and stearate.

Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Kernel, Illipe, and Shea Nut Oils by Urea Fractionation and Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1335-1338
Author(s):  
John L Iverson ◽  
Prince G Harrill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Chromatographic Retention ◽  
Urea Fractionation ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques

Abstract The detection of C6 to C28 fatty acids is possible when their methyl esters are concentrated by urea fractionation so that esters with similar gas chromatographic retention times are in different fractions. By modified programmed temperature gas chromatographic techniques, it is possible to detect and estimate fatty acids present in trace amounts (0.1 to 0.001%) in palm kernel, shea nut, and illipe oils. The odd and even chain length saturated fatty acids from C6 to C28 were detected. The odd and even chain length mono-unsaturates from C14 to C24 and the even chain length dienes from C14 to C24 were detected

Fatty Acid Composition of Crude and Refined Cottonseed Oils

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1146-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Urea Fractionation ◽  
Fractionation Procedure

Abstract The fatty acid composition of 20 cottonseed oils was determined by isothermal GLC analysis of the total esters. A urea fractionation procedure, combined with modified programmed temperature GLC, was used to detect esters present in trace amounts (0.001–0.1%) in four refined and three crude oils. The odd a n d even chain length saturated acids from C8 to C26 were present. Mono-unsaturated acids from C15 to C20 were also detected. The crude and refined oils did not differ markedly in their fatty acid composition. The presence of malvalic and sterculic acids and the possible presence of shorter and longer chain length cyclopropenoid acids with their interfering GLC peaks make it impossible to detect and quantitatively estimate the branched and multiple branched acids.

scholarly journals Lipid composition of the brains of she-goat and castrated goat consumed in Ekiti State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
EI Adeyeye ◽  
AJ Adesina
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Value Range ◽  
Goat Brain

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the brains of she-goat and castrated goat found in Ekiti State, Nigeria by gas chromatography. Results showed that the crude fat levels were 9.98 and 10.2 % in the brains of she-goat and castrated goat respectively. The fatty acid composition of she-goat and castrated goat brain shows that the SFA was 40.6 and 42.7 %, MUFA was 37.1 and 38.7 % and PUFA was 20.9 and 22.3% respectively. The other parameters of she-goat and castrated goat brain were found: PUFA/SFA, 0.490 and 0.548; MUFA/SFA, 0.869 and 0.953; n-6/n-3, 0.775 and 11.7; LA/ALA, 0.876 and 28.0; AA/DGLA, 6.05 and 17.4; EPA/DHA, 1.00 and 5.89 and EPSI (PUFA/MUFA), 0.564 and 0.575 respectively. Phospholipids were present in she-goat and castrated goat with a value range of 2365 and 3047 mg/100g respectively. Among the sterols, only cholesterol was of any significant level with values of 1353 mg/100g (she-goat brain) and 1355 mg/100g (castrated goat brain). Linear correlation at ? = 0.05, df: n-1 showed that no significant difference exists between the crude fats, phospholipids and sterols except in the fatty acids parameters.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 50(2), 153-162, 2015

The effects of fat source and breed on the fatty acid composition of lamb muscle and adipose tissue

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 115-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Wachira ◽  
L.A. Sinclair ◽  
R.G. Wilkinson ◽  
G. Demirel ◽  
M. Enser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Long Chain

The benefits of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to human health, especially those of the n-3 series are now widely recognised. In a previous experiment (Wachira et al. 1998) supplementing diets with whole linseed or fish oil increased n-3 fatty acid levels in lamb muscle. To raise these further the whole linseed can be treated with formaldehyde to increase protection in the rumen. Dietary antioxidants such as vitamin E can control lipid oxidation but information on their effects on lamb performance and fatty acid composition is limited. The current experiments investigated the effects of different dietary PUFA sources and vitamin E levels on growth and fatty acid composition in two sheep breeds. Detailed results of the effects of vitamin E are presented in the accompanying abstract by Enser et al.

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