scholarly journals Protein Immunoassay Methods for Detection of Biotech Crops: Applications, Limitations, and Practical Considerations

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 780-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W Stave
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Lateral Flow Strip ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Collaborative Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biotech Crops

Abstract Immunoassay methods are available for detection and quantitation of proteins expressed by most biotechnology-derived crops in commercial production. The 2 most common test formats are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic (lateral flow) strip tests. Two ELISA methods, one for Roundup Ready soybeans and one for MON810 Cry1Ab corn, were the subject of large international collaborative studies and were demonstrated to quantitatively determine the concentrations of biotech crops in samples of ground grain. Quantitative ELISA methods are also useful for analysis of processed fractions of agricultural commodities such as soybean toasted meal or corn flour. Both strip tests and ELISAs for biotech crops are currently being used on a large scale in the United States to manage the sale and distribution of grain. In these applications, tests are used to determine if the concentration of biotech grain is above or below specified threshold limits. Using existing U.S. Department of Agriculture sampling techniques, the reliability of the threshold determination is expressed in terms of statistical confidence rather than analytical precision. Combining the use of protein immunoassays with Identity Preservation systems provides an effective means of characterizing the raw and processed agricultural inputs to the food production system in a way that allows food producers to comply with labeling laws.

scholarly journals First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus in Soybean (Glycine max) in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nischwitz ◽  
S. W. Mullis ◽  
R. D. Gitaitis ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
First Report ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
Fta Cards ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a member of the family Bunyaviridae and has a wide host range including important crops such as tomato, pepper, tobacco, peanut, and onion. In areas of Georgia, soybean (Glycine max) is double cropped between two onion crops and as a rotation crop with peanuts. Soybeans do not show any TSWV symptoms, and therefore, have not been tested on a large scale for the virus. However, because symptomless weed and crop plants provide a reservoir for TSWV and the thrips vectors (2), a survey was conducted during the summer of 2005 to evaluate the occurrence of TSWV in soybean. The survey took place in seven counties in southern Georgia with field sizes ranging between 0.4 and 20 ha (1 and 50 acres). Soybean cultivars included Haskell, DP7220, DP6770, Pioneer 97B52, and Vigoro V622NRR. Of 848 randomly selected plants tested using the double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN), 6.6% tested positive for TSWV. Plants testing positive ranged from seedling to the pod-setting stages. Leaves and roots of several plants tested positive, indicating a systemic infection. Soybean plants testing positive using ELISA were blotted onto FTA cards (Whatman Inc., Brentford, UK) to bind viral RNA for preservation, and the blotted samples were processed according to the manufacturer's protocol. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using punch-outs from the FTA cards and TSWV nucleocapsid gene specific forward and reverse primers (5′-TTAAGCAAGTTCTGTGAG-3′ and 5′-ATGTCTAAGGTTAAGCTC-3′), respectively (4), confirmed the identity of TSWV. TSWV has been found in soybean in other parts of the world (1) but has only been reported in the United States in a survey from Tennessee (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of TSWV in soybean in Georgia. The role soybean plays as a reservoir or green bridge for thrips and TSWV is currently unknown. References: (1) A. R. Golnaraghi et al. Plant Dis. 88:1069, 2004. (2) R. L. Groves et al. Phytopathology 91:891, 2001. (3) B. S. Kennedy and B. B. Reddick. Soybean Genet. Newsl. 22:197, 1995. (4) H. R. Pappu et al. Tob. Sci. 40:74, 1996.

Ether-Insoluble or Gel Rubber Hydrocarbon, Its Solution, Crystallization, and Properties

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Harold Smith ◽  
Charles Proffer Saylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Sharp Separation ◽  
The Third ◽  
North Shore ◽  
The North ◽  
Solution Crystallization ◽  
Gel Fraction ◽  
The Subject

Abstract A method of purifying and crystallizing ether-soluble rubber hydrocarbon was described in an earlier paper in this journal. The same procedure for purifying the hydrocarbon and separating it into two fractions was followed in the preparation of the insoluble or gel fraction, the properties of which are the subject of this paper. The method of purification was not merely another procedure for removing the impurities from rubber hydrocarbon, but, as stated in the earlier paper, it also “sought to maintain unchanged the structure of rubber hydrocarbon and to permit a sharp separation of the ether-soluble and insoluble fractions.” The latex which has been used was, in part, obtained from H. L. Fisher of the United States Rubber Co. Through the courtesy of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, latex has also been obtained direct from the plantation on the north shore of Haiti. Before the trees were tapped, the area surrounding the intended incision was carefully cleaned. After tapping commenced, the trees were tapped once each day, the latex from the first two tappings was rejected, and that obtained on the third day was put into clean glass bottles, which were filled completely after the addition of a little ammonia as stabilizer. The latex was immediately shipped to this Bureau and stored at a temperature maintained between 0° and 2° C.

Reflections on Agricultural Policy Formation in the United States

1948 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-905
Author(s):  
Charles M. Hardin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Production Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Price Supports ◽  
Administrative Framework ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Strategic Success

Major redefinition of agricultural policy in the United States appears imminent. Appropriate committees in both houses of Congress held exhaustive hearings during 1947 on both the content of agricultural policy (revision of parity, manner of price supports, regulation of marketing, and production control) and the manner of organization of agricultural administration. In its last hours, the Eightieth Congress revised parity and price supports, postponing the effective date to January 1, 1950. But, significantly, Congress could not agree on a reorganization of agricultural administration. There was no lack of proposals. Major farm organizations and the Department of Agriculture presented recommendations, and sweeping measures were introduced by Senator Aiken (and others) and Congressman Hope. But the Hope and Aiken bills were diametrically opposed in a manner reflecting basic divergencies among powerful interests. In part, of course, the failure of the Eightieth Congress to reorganize the administrative framework appears to mark the strategic success of Congressman Hope's efforts to insure the next secretary of agriculture some freedom in the matter. But the failure certainly underlines the controversial nature of the subject; indeed, the manner of administration in agriculture is hardly less controversial than the content of agricultural policy.

scholarly journals Urban Forest Health Monitoring: Large-Scale Assessments in the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-346
Author(s):  
Anne Cumming ◽  
Daniel Twardus ◽  
David Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Forest Health Monitoring

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USFS), together with state partners, developed methods to monitor urban forest structure, function, and health at a large statewide scale. Pilot studies have been established in five states using protocols based on USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis and Forest Health Monitoring program data collection standards. Variables and data analysis are described. Advantages of a large-scale monitoring study are discussed and examples of results from Wisconsin are presented. Studies in Indiana, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Colorado, U.S., have shown that urban forest health monitoring data collection and analysis is feasible and can be implemented nationally.

scholarly journals Organisational culture and safety: an interdependent relationship

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Clark
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
System Failures ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Health Care Safety

Since the early 1990s,a body of evidence regarding the lack of quality in health care has emerged in many countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States of America. It has brought the subject of health care safety to the top of the policy agenda and the forefront of the public debate worldwide. Studies show not only that failure of quality occurs, but also that it inflicts harm and wastes resources on a large scale. Experts in risk management, both within and outside the health care industry, emphasize system failures and system-driven errors over direct human error, and accentuate the crucial role that organisational culture plays in ensuring safety. Examination of the interrelationship between culture and safety in organisations demonstrates that organisational relationships influence both culture and safety and that effective two-way communication is pivotal to the success of the development of a corporate 'safety culture'.

scholarly journals Ionizing radiation quarantine treatments

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy J. Hallman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Future Research ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Radiation Induced

Irradiation is a viable quarantine disinfestation treatment which has been studied for 40 years although it has received very little commercial use. Two principal obstacles to commercial application, 1) the fact that insects are not killed immediately, and 2) consumer opposition to irradiation, have been allayed to some extent, but the remaining impediment to large-scale commercial use is development of approved protocols by government regulatory agencies in importing countries. The United States Department of Agriculture has taken the first step by allowing for the movement of a number of quarantined fruits from Hawaii to the rest of the country following irradiation treatment. The measures of efficacy of irradiation disinfestation treatments should be prevention of adult emergence, when only eggs and larvae are present or sterility when pupae or adults are present. This can be accomplished with relatively low doses that are tolerated by many fruits for such pest groups as tephritid fruit flies, curculionid weevils, and some Homoptera. Lepidoptera will require moderately higher doses. The most radiation-tolerant stage is usually the most advanced one present. Female insects are more susceptible to radiation-induced sterility than males; some spider mite (Tetranychidae) females are more tolerant than males. Future research should concentrate on confirming quarantine treatment doses for more insects (this has only been done for several tephritids), arriving at doses for some important groups of organisms for which scant research has been done (Mollusca, Coccoidea, Thysanoptera, Eriophyidae), and identifying and quantifying radiation-modifying factors.

scholarly journals Identification of the Technology Frontier

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Evgeny Balatsky ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Relative Productivity

The subject of this study is the innovation market. To understand the laws of its functioning, this article introduces the concept of a technology frontier. This is understood as the relative productivity of labor (relative to the technological leader – the United States), the achievement of which makes it justified for developing economies to move from large-scale borrowing of foreign new technologies to their development within the country. The purpose of the article is to determine the specified frontier, for which a simple econometric model based on international statistics for 61 countries is proposed. To improve the accuracy of the calculations, countries were clustered into two groups: advanced, for which the technology frontier has been crossed and their own developments of new technologies prevail, and developing, for which the problem of the technology frontier remains important. The current value of the technology frontier is in the region of 70% of labor productivity in the United States. The comparison with previous estimates shows that this value tends to increase, which creates additional difficulties for the transition of catching-up countries from the mode of borrowing to the mode of creating new technologies. Taking into account the technological frontier allows avoiding both an undue delay in the development of proprietary technologies as well as a premature transition to the creation of innovations while ignoring the possibilities of borrowing.

Diaspora and the Theatre of the Nation

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
APARNA DHARWADKER
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indian Diaspora ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Colonial Histories ◽  
And Performance

Among the cultural forms of the Indian diaspora in the West, the radical obscurity of drama and theatre in comparison with fiction, non-fiction, and poetry suggests a complicated relation between genre, location, language, and experience. As a collaborative public medium theatre depends on material resources, institutional networks, and specific cultural contexts which place it at several removes from the privacy and relative self-sufficiency of print genres. Moreover, while novelists often employ diaspora as the enabling condition but not the subject of narrative, immigrant playwrights can create original theatre only when they distance themselves from their cultures of origin and embrace the experience of residence in the host culture, with all its attendant problems of acculturation and identity. In Canada, where the Indian immigrant communities are older, often visibly underprivileged, and entangled in post/colonial histories, an emergent culture of original playwriting and performance has offered a critique of the home-nation as well as of conditions in the diaspora. In the United States, in contrast, where large-scale immigration from India is relatively recent, socially privileged, and unencumbered by colonial baggage, original drama is virtually absent, and various forms of ‘travelling’ theatre dominate the culture of performance, reinforcing a powerful synonymy between ‘diaspora’ and ‘nation’. These two North American locations are paradigmatic examples, therefore, of the historically grounded interconnections between diaspora, nation, and theatre in the modern Indian context.

Screening Procedures for Clenbuterol Residue Determination in Raw Swine Livers Using Lateral-Flow Assay and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEI H. LAI ◽  
DANIEL Y. C. FUNG ◽  
YANG XU ◽  
YONG H. XIONG
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Lateral Flow Strip

Clenbuterol, which may cause symptoms of increased heart rate, muscular tremors, headache, nausea, and muscular cramps in patients, has been prohibited for consumption in many countries including the European Union, the United States, and China. A rapid lateral-flow strip assay was developed in our laboratory, and results obtained with this assay were compared with those obtained with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for the screening of clenbuterol in raw swine liver. A total of 128 swine livers were acquired from five local markets and prepared for analysis by the lateral-flow strip assay and ELISA. Analysis was completed in 10 min with the lateral-flow strip assay and in 90 min with the ELISA. In parallel with the ELISA, the rapid detection strip produced no false-negative results but had a false-positive rate of 6.3%. Cross-reactivity of the strip was assessed and was negative after tests with clenbuterol analogues such as terbutaline, salbutamol, ractopamine, ritodrine, and fenoterol. These data suggest that a lateral-flow strip assay can be used safely as a screening method as part of a clenbuterol residue surveillance program and should be a valuable tool in the food safety field, especially in developing countries.

scholarly journals Polysaccharides in Agro-Industrial Biomass Residues

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-120
Author(s):  
Márcio Araújo de Souza ◽  
Isis Tavares Vilas-Boas ◽  
Jôse Maria Leite-da-Silva ◽  
Pérsia do Nascimento Abrahão ◽  
Barbara E. Teixeira-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Physico Chemical

The large-scale industrial use of polysaccharides to obtain energy is one of the most discussed subjects in science. However, modern concepts of biorefinery have promoted the diversification of the use of these polymers in several bioproducts incorporating concepts of sustainability and the circular economy. This work summarizes the major sources of agro-industrial residues, physico-chemical properties, and recent application trends of cellulose, chitin, hyaluronic acid, inulin, and pectin. These macromolecules were selected due to their industrial importance and valuable functional and biological applications that have aroused market interests, such as for the production of medicines, cosmetics, and sustainable packaging. Estimations of global industrial residue production based on major crop data from the United States Department of Agriculture were performed for cellulose content from maize, rice, and wheat, showing that these residues may contain up to 18%, 44%, and 35% of cellulose and 45%, 22%, and 22% of hemicellulose, respectively. The United States (~32%), China (~20%), and the European Union (~18%) are the main countries producing cellulose and hemicellulose-rich residues from maize, rice, and wheat crops, respectively. Pectin and inulin are commonly obtained from fruit (~30%) and vegetable (~28%) residues, while chitin and hyaluronic acid are primarily found in animal waste, e.g., seafood (~3%) and poultry (~4%).

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