scholarly journals 67 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Forage-Based Feeds from US and Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erin F Schwandt ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Us ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate a variety of feedstuffs and are detrimental to animal health and productivity. The risk of broad-spectrum mycotoxin exposure is elevated for ruminants due to the complexity of their diets. This study investigated the occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in forage-based feeds including corn silage, haylage (including various cuttings of multiple forage sources), and straw samples from across the US and Canada. Samples were screened for the six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A via LC-MS/MS technique. Samples submitted for clinical health or performance concerns were excluded from the data set. The B-Trich occurred most frequently (95% positive) among 92 corn silage samples harvested in 2019 followed by ZEN (34%) and FUM (9%). Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) on dry matter basis were 2,788 ppb, 456 ppb, and 194 ppb, respectively. Only 4% of silage samples were below the limit of detection (LOD) for all mycotoxins evaluated. Among 20 haylage samples from 2019 crop year, B-Trich were the most frequently detected, with 50% of samples positive at a mean concentration of 3,222 ppb. Twenty-one 2019 straw samples were submitted for analysis, with 100% testing positive for some level of B-Trich (mean 2,001 ppb) and 81% ZEN positive with an average of 640 ppb. Seventy-one percent of straw samples were positive for both B-Trich and ZEN. Preliminary mycotoxin survey results from US and Canada suggest B-Trich and ZEN are the most frequently occurring major mycotoxins in 2019 forage-based feed samples. Based on the frequency and levels of mycotoxin contamination identified in the current data set, continued analysis of forage-based feeds is warranted as mycotoxins pose a potential risk to the health, performance, and reproductive success of ruminants.

70 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2020 US Corn Silage and Dairy Total Mixed Rations

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erin Schwandt ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Corn Silage ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Type B ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Cattle Health

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites which have been identified in many feed ingredients and ruminants have an increased risk of exposure due to the complex nature of their diets. Despite varying degrees of natural detoxification in the rumen, cattle health, productivity, and reproduction can be compromised by mycotoxins. This study investigated mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in 2020 U.S. corn silage and dairy total mixed ration (TMR) samples. Samples were screened via LC-MS/MS for six major mycotoxin groups including: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. Information was collected with each submission including state of origin and whether or not clinical health or performance concerns were present. Contamination levels were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to investigate the interaction of clinical concern (yes/no) and harvest year. No interaction was statistically significant for each of the toxin groups, so main effects of harvest year are presented in Table 1. Type B trichothecenes have been identified most frequently in 2020 corn silage. Although not often detected, A-Trich occurrence has increased ten percentage points from 2019 crop year. Among 236 TMR samples analyzed, B-Trich have been detected in a high percentage of samples. Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) are presented on a dry matter basis and within each data set were similar in 2020 compared to 2019 for respective toxin groups. Preliminary survey results indicate B-Trich occur frequently in both U.S. corn silage and TMR samples. Despite less frequent detection, other mycotoxin groups do occur including ZEN, FUM, and A-Trich, so the potential risk from toxin interactions due to co-contamination should be considered.

scholarly journals PSII-22 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
Erika Hendel ◽  
Shelby Ramirez ◽  
Paige Gott ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
New Crop

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and can compromise animal performance even at low levels. Classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting used as indicators for exposure overlook other costs of mycotoxicosis, including increasing the frequency and severity of disease via immune suppression, inciting inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment. This survey examines initial samples of the 2019 crop with previous year trends. New crop corn samples were submitted from September 2019 and consisted of corn (46%), corn silage (50%), and corn byproduct (4%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. Fewer samples are available thus far compared to the fall of 2018 (50 samples in 2019 vs. 135 samples in 2018), thus risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) has decreased compared to 2018. The prevalence of B-Trich decreased compared with previous years, but levels are similar to 2018. Prevalence and levels of ZEN decreased from 2018, and are similar to 2017, while FUM is similar in prevalence to 2018, but average ppb numerically increased. As of yet, no Alfa has been detected; however, corn stored with higher moisture content has increased the risk for storage toxins. Mycotoxin risk of this harvest season is still coming into focus as harvest delays have affected sample submission. Due to continued risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation, support of the immune system and liver function.

scholarly journals 60 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2019 US Corn-based Feed Ingredients

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Erin F Schwandt ◽  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2019 US corn harvest, including corn grain and corn byproduct feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn samples from the 2019 harvest and corn DDGS and other byproducts from October 2019 through April 2020 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain was similar in 2019 as 2018, with just over two toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) was elevated in 2019 from 2017. Fumonisin contamination increased in 2019 compared to 2017, and prevalence was similar to 2018. Zearalenone contamination and prevalence were similar in 2019 compared to 2018 levels. Co-contamination in corn byproduct feeds was steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich contamination was higher than the 2017 crop, and FUM contamination was higher in 2019 than 2017 and 2018. Zearalenone levels in 2019 byproducts are the highest seen in the past three years. Preliminary results of the 2019 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2018 crop. Furthermore, there are continued concerns for co-contamination and greater ZEN contamination that may impose negative effects on growth, health and reproductive performance in ruminants.

scholarly journals 359 Occurrence of mycotoxins in 2018 us corn-based feed ingredients

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Shelby M Curry ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
G Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
By Products ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2018 US corn harvest including corn grain, corn silage and corn by-product feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn and corn silage samples marked as 2018 harvest from feed mills, livestock producers, and integrators and corn DDGS and other by-products from mid-August 2018 through January 2019 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain increased in 2018 versus 2017, returning to over two toxins per sample as in 2016. Mean B-Trich level (ppb) is elevated in 2018 from 2017. Although ZEN contamination does not differ from prior years, prevalence increased to 45% from 25% in 2017. Co-contamination in corn by-product feeds is steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich is higher than the 2017 crop, while FUM contamination is similar to 2017. ZEN levels in 2018 by-products are the highest seen in the past three years. Corn silage has increased in mean toxin count per sample and contamination levels of B-Trich and ZEN in 2018 versus 2017. Prevalence of B-trich has remained constant from year to year, while both ZEN and FUM prevalence have increased from 2017 to 2018. Preliminary results of the 2018 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2016 crop with continued concerns for co-contamination.

69 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2020 US Corn Grain and Corn By-product Feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erin Schwandt ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
By Products ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that limit animal health and performance through various negative effects including reduced feed intake, diarrhea, and compromised immune function. These toxic metabolites have been detected in a broad range of feedstuffs worldwide. This study investigated mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in U.S. corn grain samples marked as 2020 harvest year and corn by-product feed samples submitted since October 2020. Samples were screened via LC-MS/MS for six major mycotoxin groups including: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. Results from samples that were above the limit of detection for each respective mycotoxin group were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to test the effect of harvest year on mean contamination level. Results are presented in Table 1. Occurrence levels of B-Trich, ZEN, and FUM in 2020 corn grain are numerically lower than those from 2019. Mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) for corn grain samples harvested in 2020 was similar to 2019 crop year. Contamination levels of FUM and ZEN were similar for 2020 crop as compared to prior harvest years. Mycotoxin occurrence in corn by-product feeds continued to be high at 99, 85, and 95% for B-Trich, ZEN, and FUM, respectively. Mean B-Trich and ZEN levels in 2020 corn by-products were similar to respective contamination levels in 2018, but were lower than 2019 samples. Mean FUM contamination in corn by-products has been similar across reported years. Preliminary results of the 2020 corn grain survey indicate mean mycotoxin contamination levels are similar to those observed the past two crop years while levels of B-Trich and ZEN in corn by-product feeds are reduced from 2019. Corn-based feed ingredients may present challenges to producers due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination, therefore, continued monitoring is warranted.

scholarly journals 170 Trends in mycotoxin contamination in the united states corn

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Curry ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Paige Gott ◽  
G R Murugesan ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter-Schähs
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Feed Safety

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. In addition to compromised performance, mycotoxins negatively impact animal health. Although classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting are known in the field as indicators for exposure, mycotoxins act as predisposing factors for diseases by immune suppression, causing inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment, even at low levels. This survey presents mycotoxin levels of corn samples from the 2018 harvest and compares these levels with those in previous years. New crop corn samples from various sources, were submitted starting from mid-August 2018, and consisted of corn (70%), corn silage (18%), and corn byproduct (12%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. The majority of samples contained at least 1 detectable mycotoxin with co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) similar to 2017, and less than 2016. Prevalence of B-Trich has decreased compared with previous years, but average ppb is similar to 2017. Prevalence and average ppb of ZEN are similar to 2017, while FUM has increased in both prevalence and average ppb. Alfa prevalence has increased and average ppb is numerically higher than the previous two years. The preliminary results from the 2018 corn harvest suggest a continued risk from mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungal species, and a potential increased risk of Afla compared to previous years. Because of the risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination in corn samples thus far, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation support of the immune system and liver function.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Antonio Gallo ◽  
Francesca Ghilardelli ◽  
Alberto Stanislao Atzori ◽  
Severino Zara ◽  
Barbara Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Kojic Acid ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Fusarium Mycotoxins ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Low Levels

Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Detection of Active BoNT/C and D by EndoPep-MS Using MALDI Biotyper Instrument and Comparison with the Mouse Test Bioassay

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Ilenia Drigo ◽  
Elena Tonon ◽  
Simone Pascoletti ◽  
Fabrizio Anniballi ◽  
Suzanne R. Kalb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Peptide Fragments ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Maldi Biotyper ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are among the most poisonous known biological substances, and therefore the availability of reliable, easy-to use tools for BoNT detection are important goals for food safety and human and animal health. The reference method for toxin detection and identification is the mouse bioassay (MBA). An EndoPep-MS method for BoNT differentiation has been developed based on mass spectrometry. We have validated and implemented the EndoPep-MS method on a Bruker MALDI Biotyper for the detection of BoNT/C and D serotypes. The method was extensively validated using experimentally and naturally contaminated samples comparing the results with those obtained with the MBA. Overall, the limit of detection (LoD) for both C and D toxins were less than or equal to two mouse lethal dose 50 (mLD50) per 500 µL for all tested matrices with the exception of feces spiked with BoNT/C which showed signals not-related to specific peptide fragments. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were 100% (95% CI: 87.66–100%), 96.08% (95% CI: 86.54–99.52%), and 93.33% (95% CI: 78.25–98.20%), respectively, and accuracy was 97.47% (95% CI: 91.15–99.69%). In conclusion, the tests carried out showed that the EndoPep-MS method, initially developed using more powerful mass spectrometers, can be applied to the Bruker MALDI Biotyper instrument with excellent results including for detection of the proteolytic activity of BoNT/C, BoNT/D, BoNT/CD, and BoNT/DC toxins.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Nitrate Reducing Bacteria for Conversion of Vegetable-Derived Nitrate to ‘Natural Nitrite’

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Arjun Bhusal ◽  
Peter M. Muriana
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Us ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

In the US, sodium nitrate is used as a preservative and curing agent in processed meats and is therefore a regulated ingredient. Nitrate reducing bacteria (NRB) can convert vegetable nitrate into nitrite allowing green/clean label status in the US as per the USDA-FSIS definition of ‘natural nitrite’. The current ‘in-liquid’ test tube assay for detecting nitrite is not suitable for screening mixtures of bacteria nor is commercial nitrate broth suitable for growth of many Gram (+) bacteria. M17 broth was therefore used to develop M17-nitrate broth to be inclusive of Gram (+) bacteria. An ‘on-agar’ colony-screening assay was developed to detect the conversion of nitrate to nitrite on agar plates and could detect one NRB+ colony among ~300–500 colonies on a single plate. Samples that might have NRB were spread-plated on M17 agar plates, sandwiched with nitrate agar, and after incubation followed with sequential agar overlays containing the reagents used in the nitrate reduction assay; the appearance of red color zones above colonies indicated the presence of nitrite. NRB derived from various samples were confirmed for nitrate conversion and both nitrate and nitrite were quantified by C8 reversed-phase (RP) ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis (1 ppm limit of detection). Staphylococcus carnosus, a strain commonly used for nitrate reduction, was able to convert 1100 ppm M17-nitrate broth to 917 ppm nitrite. Staphylococcus caprae and Panteoa agglomerans, NRB isolated using the M17-nitrate agar assay, were also able to ferment the same broth to 916 ppm and 867 ppm nitrite, respectively. This is the first report of an on-agar colony screening assay for the detection and isolation of nitrite reducing bacteria allowing NRB to be readily isolated. This may allow for the identification of new bacteria that may have a more efficient process to generate nitrite, and possibly concomitant with production of additional natural antimicrobials, as vegetable nitrite becomes more widely used to prevent spore germination.

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