scholarly journals 60 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2019 US Corn-based Feed Ingredients

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Erin F Schwandt ◽  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2019 US corn harvest, including corn grain and corn byproduct feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn samples from the 2019 harvest and corn DDGS and other byproducts from October 2019 through April 2020 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain was similar in 2019 as 2018, with just over two toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) was elevated in 2019 from 2017. Fumonisin contamination increased in 2019 compared to 2017, and prevalence was similar to 2018. Zearalenone contamination and prevalence were similar in 2019 compared to 2018 levels. Co-contamination in corn byproduct feeds was steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich contamination was higher than the 2017 crop, and FUM contamination was higher in 2019 than 2017 and 2018. Zearalenone levels in 2019 byproducts are the highest seen in the past three years. Preliminary results of the 2019 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2018 crop. Furthermore, there are continued concerns for co-contamination and greater ZEN contamination that may impose negative effects on growth, health and reproductive performance in ruminants.

scholarly journals 359 Occurrence of mycotoxins in 2018 us corn-based feed ingredients

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Shelby M Curry ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
G Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
La Jolla ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
By Products ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites that are detrimental to animal health and productivity. This study investigated occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in the 2018 US corn harvest including corn grain, corn silage and corn by-product feed ingredients (distillers dried grains, gluten feed, etc.). Corn and corn silage samples marked as 2018 harvest from feed mills, livestock producers, and integrators and corn DDGS and other by-products from mid-August 2018 through January 2019 were screened via the LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin. Parameters of the main toxins found were compared to the two prior harvest years using the Kruskal-Wallis Test (Prism7, GraphPad, La Jolla, CA) and are presented in Table 1. Mean toxin count per sample in corn grain increased in 2018 versus 2017, returning to over two toxins per sample as in 2016. Mean B-Trich level (ppb) is elevated in 2018 from 2017. Although ZEN contamination does not differ from prior years, prevalence increased to 45% from 25% in 2017. Co-contamination in corn by-product feeds is steady, averaging nearly three toxins per sample. Mean B-Trich is higher than the 2017 crop, while FUM contamination is similar to 2017. ZEN levels in 2018 by-products are the highest seen in the past three years. Corn silage has increased in mean toxin count per sample and contamination levels of B-Trich and ZEN in 2018 versus 2017. Prevalence of B-trich has remained constant from year to year, while both ZEN and FUM prevalence have increased from 2017 to 2018. Preliminary results of the 2018 corn-based feed ingredients survey suggest mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are approaching those observed in the challenging 2016 crop with continued concerns for co-contamination.

scholarly journals 67 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Forage-Based Feeds from US and Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erin F Schwandt ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Us ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Contamination Levels

Abstract Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate a variety of feedstuffs and are detrimental to animal health and productivity. The risk of broad-spectrum mycotoxin exposure is elevated for ruminants due to the complexity of their diets. This study investigated the occurrence and contamination levels of mycotoxins in forage-based feeds including corn silage, haylage (including various cuttings of multiple forage sources), and straw samples from across the US and Canada. Samples were screened for the six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A via LC-MS/MS technique. Samples submitted for clinical health or performance concerns were excluded from the data set. The B-Trich occurred most frequently (95% positive) among 92 corn silage samples harvested in 2019 followed by ZEN (34%) and FUM (9%). Mean contamination levels (parts per billion, ppb) on dry matter basis were 2,788 ppb, 456 ppb, and 194 ppb, respectively. Only 4% of silage samples were below the limit of detection (LOD) for all mycotoxins evaluated. Among 20 haylage samples from 2019 crop year, B-Trich were the most frequently detected, with 50% of samples positive at a mean concentration of 3,222 ppb. Twenty-one 2019 straw samples were submitted for analysis, with 100% testing positive for some level of B-Trich (mean 2,001 ppb) and 81% ZEN positive with an average of 640 ppb. Seventy-one percent of straw samples were positive for both B-Trich and ZEN. Preliminary mycotoxin survey results from US and Canada suggest B-Trich and ZEN are the most frequently occurring major mycotoxins in 2019 forage-based feed samples. Based on the frequency and levels of mycotoxin contamination identified in the current data set, continued analysis of forage-based feeds is warranted as mycotoxins pose a potential risk to the health, performance, and reproductive success of ruminants.

69 Occurrence of Mycotoxins in 2020 US Corn Grain and Corn By-product Feeds

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erin Schwandt ◽  
Shelby M Ramirez ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
By Products ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that limit animal health and performance through various negative effects including reduced feed intake, diarrhea, and compromised immune function. These toxic metabolites have been detected in a broad range of feedstuffs worldwide. This study investigated mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in U.S. corn grain samples marked as 2020 harvest year and corn by-product feed samples submitted since October 2020. Samples were screened via LC-MS/MS for six major mycotoxin groups including: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A. Results from samples that were above the limit of detection for each respective mycotoxin group were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC) to test the effect of harvest year on mean contamination level. Results are presented in Table 1. Occurrence levels of B-Trich, ZEN, and FUM in 2020 corn grain are numerically lower than those from 2019. Mean B-Trich level (parts per billion, ppb) for corn grain samples harvested in 2020 was similar to 2019 crop year. Contamination levels of FUM and ZEN were similar for 2020 crop as compared to prior harvest years. Mycotoxin occurrence in corn by-product feeds continued to be high at 99, 85, and 95% for B-Trich, ZEN, and FUM, respectively. Mean B-Trich and ZEN levels in 2020 corn by-products were similar to respective contamination levels in 2018, but were lower than 2019 samples. Mean FUM contamination in corn by-products has been similar across reported years. Preliminary results of the 2020 corn grain survey indicate mean mycotoxin contamination levels are similar to those observed the past two crop years while levels of B-Trich and ZEN in corn by-product feeds are reduced from 2019. Corn-based feed ingredients may present challenges to producers due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination, therefore, continued monitoring is warranted.

scholarly journals PSII-22 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 172-173
Author(s):  
Erika Hendel ◽  
Shelby Ramirez ◽  
Paige Gott ◽  
G Raj Murugesan ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
New Crop

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and can compromise animal performance even at low levels. Classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting used as indicators for exposure overlook other costs of mycotoxicosis, including increasing the frequency and severity of disease via immune suppression, inciting inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment. This survey examines initial samples of the 2019 crop with previous year trends. New crop corn samples were submitted from September 2019 and consisted of corn (46%), corn silage (50%), and corn byproduct (4%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. Fewer samples are available thus far compared to the fall of 2018 (50 samples in 2019 vs. 135 samples in 2018), thus risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) has decreased compared to 2018. The prevalence of B-Trich decreased compared with previous years, but levels are similar to 2018. Prevalence and levels of ZEN decreased from 2018, and are similar to 2017, while FUM is similar in prevalence to 2018, but average ppb numerically increased. As of yet, no Alfa has been detected; however, corn stored with higher moisture content has increased the risk for storage toxins. Mycotoxin risk of this harvest season is still coming into focus as harvest delays have affected sample submission. Due to continued risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation, support of the immune system and liver function.

scholarly journals 170 Trends in mycotoxin contamination in the united states corn

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 93-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Curry ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Paige Gott ◽  
G R Murugesan ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter-Schähs
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Feed Safety

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. In addition to compromised performance, mycotoxins negatively impact animal health. Although classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting are known in the field as indicators for exposure, mycotoxins act as predisposing factors for diseases by immune suppression, causing inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment, even at low levels. This survey presents mycotoxin levels of corn samples from the 2018 harvest and compares these levels with those in previous years. New crop corn samples from various sources, were submitted starting from mid-August 2018, and consisted of corn (70%), corn silage (18%), and corn byproduct (12%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. The majority of samples contained at least 1 detectable mycotoxin with co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) similar to 2017, and less than 2016. Prevalence of B-Trich has decreased compared with previous years, but average ppb is similar to 2017. Prevalence and average ppb of ZEN are similar to 2017, while FUM has increased in both prevalence and average ppb. Alfa prevalence has increased and average ppb is numerically higher than the previous two years. The preliminary results from the 2018 corn harvest suggest a continued risk from mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungal species, and a potential increased risk of Afla compared to previous years. Because of the risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination in corn samples thus far, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation support of the immune system and liver function.

scholarly journals 10 Occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat middlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
Paige N Gott ◽  
Erika G Hendel ◽  
Shelby M Curry ◽  
Ursula Hofstetter ◽  
G Raj Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Flour Milling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wheat Middlings ◽  
Type A Trichothecenes ◽  
Livestock Health

Abstract Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites which can contaminate a variety of feedstuffs worldwide. Various negative effects in vivo are associated with these toxins and severity is dependent on the level, type, and duration of exposure and age, species, and health status of animals. Wheat middlings or “midds” are a by-product of flour milling and are used in a wide range of livestock rations including frequent inclusion in pelleted feeds. The objectives of the current study were to determine the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat midds samples and to evaluate the potential risk posed to livestock. Since November 2015, 97 samples submitted from 21 states and provinces have been screened via LC-MS/MS technique for the presence of six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins, type A trichothecenes, type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A (OTA) at Romer Labs (Union, MO, USA) or Activation Laboratories (Ancaster, Ontario, Canada). A subset of samples were also screened for the presence of six ergot alkaloids. Parameters of the main mycotoxins detected are presented in Table 1. On average, 1.7 mycotoxin groups were detected per sample with 91.8% of samples testing positive for at least one mycotoxin. The B-Trich deoxynivalenol was detected in 89.7% of samples (mean 1871.5 ± 157.5 ppb). OTA was also frequently detected (30.9% positive), but at low risk levels (4.2 ± 0.5 ppb). Out of 33 samples screened for ergot alkaloids, 72.7% were positive (493.3 ppb ± 68.3 ppb). Wheat midds are a commonly used feed ingredient for various livestock species. The types and concentrations of mycotoxins detected may pose challenges to livestock health, performance, and reproduction. Special consideration for young animals which are especially susceptible to mycotoxin challenges, such as calves consuming starter feeds, is warranted.

scholarly journals Concentrations of minerals in pig feed ingredients commonly used in China1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Huang ◽  
H. H. Stein ◽  
L. Y. Zhang ◽  
Defa Li ◽  
C. H. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Corn Germ ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Gluten Feed ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Ddgs

Abstract Mineral concentrations were determined in 13 different feed ingredients commonly used in swine diets. Ingredients included corn and 4 corn co-products: corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, corn germ meal, and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Wheat, wheat bran, and wheat shorts were also included, and 5 oilseed meals including soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal were used as well. Corn grain contained 88.7% dry matter (DM) and 0.46% K (DM basis). Greater concentrations of DM, ash, Ca, P, nonphytate P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were observed in corn gluten feed, corn DDGS, and corn germ meal compared with corn grain (P < 0.05). In general, minerals in corn DDGS were approximately three times greater than in corn grain and about 90% of the total P in corn DDGS was in the nonphytate bound form. Corn gluten meal had the least concentrations (P < 0.05) of most minerals, but the greatest (P < 0.05) concentrations of Fe (373.55 mg/kg, DM basis), Cu (11.88 mg/kg, DM basis), and Se (0.92 mg/kg, DM basis). On a DM-basis, concentrations of DM, Ca, P, phytate bound P, and Fe in wheat grain were 88.2%, 0.10%, 0.34%, 0.16%, and 53.48 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat bran contained more (P < 0.05) K, Mg, Cl, Fe, Zn, and Mn compared with wheat and wheat shorts. On a DM-basis, 2.72% K was observed in soybean meal, which was more (P < 0.05) than in the other oilseed meals. However, rapeseed meal had the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration of ash (9.37%), Ca (1.01%), P (1.05%), and Fe (526.49 mg/kg) among the oilseed meals, but only 16.2% of the total P in rapeseed meal was non-phytate P. In contrast, more than 50% of the P in soybean meal and peanut meal was non-phytate P. The least (P < 0.05) concentration of Cu (6.73 mg/kg, DM basis) was observed in rapeseed meal and the greatest (P < 0.05) concentration (32.75 mg/kg) was analyzed in sunflower meal. Concentrations of most minerals in soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and peanut meal varied considerably compared with published values. In conclusion, the concentration of minerals in 13 commonly used feed ingredients were analyzed and results indicated considerable variation among and within feed ingredients for most minerals, which for some minerals may be a result of differences in minerals in the soil in which the ingredients were grown, but processing likely also contributes to differences among ingredients.

DIP quality influenced by process water quality

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
DENNIS VOSS ◽  
HANS-JOACHIM PUTZ ◽  
SAMUEL SCHABEL
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Process Water ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Water Parameters ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Contamination Levels

The need for deinking mills to reduce their fresh water consumption has resulted in higher loads of various contaminants in the process water. Lower recovered paper quality also leads to higher contamination levels in the mills. This higher load has an influence on achievable target brightness. The objective of the work was to determine and explain the main reasons for relatively poor deinked pulp quality or poor deinking potential based on the influence of recovered paper composition and process water quality. The process water parameters significantly affect the deinking potential of recovered paper. The test results showed the negative effects of increased water hardness. For standard recovered paper mixtures, flotation selectivity is higher with increasing flotation pH-value. Good results were realized for standard recovered paper with low hardness, low surface tension, and high pH-value. The results for recovered paper containing flexo newsprint could be slightly improved with low hardness, low surface tension, and low pH-value. The results of the test program using design of experiments showed interacting effects of pH-value and surface tension on luminosity and flotation selectivity.

scholarly journals Co-Occurrence of 35 Mycotoxins: A Seven-Year Survey of Corn Grain and Corn Silage in the United States

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 516
Author(s):  
Alexandra C. Weaver ◽  
Daniel M. Weaver ◽  
Nicholas Adams ◽  
Alexandros Yiannikouris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fusaric Acid ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corn Grain

Mycotoxins contaminate crops worldwide and play a role in animal health and performance. Multiple mycotoxins may co-occur which may increase the impact on the animal. To assess the multiple mycotoxin profile of corn (Zea mays), we conducted a 7-year survey of new crop corn grain and silage in the United States. A total of 711 grain and 1117 silage samples were collected between 2013 and 2019 and analyzed for the simultaneous presence of 35 mycotoxins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The measured mean number of mycotoxins per sample were 4.8 (grain) and 5.2 (silage), ranging from 0 to 13. Fusaric acid (FA) was most frequently detected in 78.1 and 93.8% of grains and silages, respectively, followed by deoxynivalenol (DON) in 75.7 and 88.2% of samples. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15ADON) followed. The greatest (p < 0.05) co-occurrence was between FA and DON in 59.1% of grains and 82.7% of silages, followed by FA with FB1, DON with 15ADON, and FA with 15ADON. Although many samples had lower mycotoxin concentrations, 1.6% (grain) and 7.9% (silage) of tested samples had DON ≥ 5000 µg/kg. Fumonisins were detected ≥ 10,000 µg/kg in 9.6 and 3.9% of grain and silage samples, respectively. Concentrations in grain varied by year for eight mycotoxin groups (p < 0.05), while all 10 groups showed yearly variations in silage. Our survey suggest that multiple mycotoxins frequently co-occur in corn grain and silage in the Unites States, and some of the more prevalent mycotoxins are those that may not be routinely analyzed (i.e., FA and 15ADON). Assessment of multiple mycotoxins should be considered when developing management programs.

scholarly journals Balık Beslemede Biyoteknolojik Uygulamalar

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Makbule Baylan ◽  
Gamze Mazı ◽  
Sedat Gündoğdu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fast Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Alternative Feed ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Digestibility Reduction

In order to put cultured species on the market with high quality and few casualties, many important studies are carried out. Most of the researches are conducted in the development of feed and feed ingredients 30-60% of the production cost in farming. Therefore, in aquaculture, an interest in alternative feed ingredients is moving at a very fast rate. In this context, the use of enzymes, probiotics and prebiotics in animal feed has steadily increased in recent years with reasons such as effective control of fish diseases and prevention of infection, strengthening the immune system of fish, increase of the digestibility, reduction of the feed cost, reduction of larval-term mortality, provision of increase in growth, live weight gain, and getting rid of the negative effects of stress.

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