scholarly journals PSVIII-21 The effect of medicinal extracts on microflora and enzymatic processes of calf rumen

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 258-258
Author(s):  
Kseniya Atlanderova ◽  
Ajna Makaeva ◽  
Albert Rysaev ◽  
Baer Nurzhanov ◽  
Galimzhan Duskaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hypericum Perforatum ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Firmicutes Phylum

Abstract The fight against antibiotic resistance and a decrease in the greenhouse effect leads to the search for safe alternative substances for animals, special attention is paid to phytochemicals in medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts of Oríganum vulgáre (OV) and Hypéricum perforátum (HP; 0.5 ml/kg body weight) on ruminal microflora and fermentation characteristics against the background of control (C). The extracts were added to water of bulls with rumen fistula (14-month, diet - 70% hay, 30% barley grain). The fermentation parameters (CH4, digestibility of dry matter of the grain) were analyzed daily, and the microflora was analyzed using highly efficient sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (Illumina). OV and HP were prepared by grinding, extraction in a water bath (30 min, 70 ° C) and filtration. According to the results, the addition of OV and HP reduces the formation of CH4 and the digestibility of CB did not differ compared to C (48.7 and 47.8%, against 50.6%). The phylum of archaea Euryarchaeota was small and dominant in OV and HP. The phylum of Bacteroidetes dominated and was higher than that of C, that of OV was 35.6% (P ≤ 0.05) and HP was 30.7% (P ≤ 0.05). The Bacteroidia class (30.0–31.5%) changed similarly due to the families Porphyromonadaceae (P ≤ 0.05), Prevotellaceae (P ≤ 0.05). OV showed a tendency towards a decrease in Firmicutes phylum, and increase in bacteria of the Clostridia class by 11.1% (P ≤ 0.05). Clostridia class prevailed in HP by 14.5% (P ≤ 0.05) in comparison with C, due to Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales families. This study highlights the potential use of OV and HP in cattle diets aimed at decreasing methane production and increasing gram-negative bacteria. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (16-16-10048) and project 0761-2019-0005.

Addition of several tannin extracts to modulate fermentation of barley meal under intensive ruminant feeding conditions simulated in vitro by incubating at pH 6.0–6.2

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Amanzougarene ◽  
S. Yuste ◽  
M. Fondevila
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Quadratic Trend ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Potential Use

The potential use of tannin extracts from quebracho (QCT), grape (GCT), chestnut (CHT) and oak (OHT) included at 10, 20 or 30 mg/g to modulate rumen fermentation of concentrates was studied in three 24-h in vitro incubation runs, with barley grain as reference substrate and simulating high concentrate feeding conditions by adjusting pH at 6.2. Incubation pH at 8 and 24 h ranged from 6.14 to 6.18 and from 5.94 to 6.00, respectively. Gas production from barley alone (CTL) was linearly reduced with CHT (P < 0.05 up to 6 h; P < 0.10 from 8 to 18 h), OHT (P < 0.05 up to 12 h; P < 0.10 from 18 h), GCT (P < 0.05 from 2 to 24 h) and QCT (P < 0.10 up to 6 h), but a quadratic trend (P < 0.10) was also detected on GCT. The effect of GCT was highest and that of CHT lowest. Similarly, dry matter disappearance after 24 h showed a linear decrease with all tannin sources (P < 0.05), being lower with GCT than with QCT and CHT (P < 0.05). All tannin sources linearly increased (P < 0.05) molar butyrate proportion from CTL, at the expense of propionate proportion in GCT (P < 0.01) and CHT (P < 0.10). Except for the linear effect of chestnut on barley fermentation, all sources already reached their maximum level of response at their first level of inclusion (10 mg/g), especially with GCT. Qualitatively, tannins did not largely affect pH or other environmental parameters, except for an increase in butyrate proportion.

scholarly journals The Duration of Increased Grain Feeding Affects the Microbiota throughout the Digestive Tract of Yearling Holstein Steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1854
Author(s):  
J. C. Plaizier ◽  
P. Azevedo ◽  
B. L. Schurmann ◽  
P. Górka ◽  
G. B. Penner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Effects of the duration of moderate grain feeding on the taxonomic composition of gastrointestinal microbiota were determined in 15 Holstein yearling steers. Treatments included feeding a diet of 92% dry matter (DM) hay (D0), and feeding a 41.5% barley grain diet for 7 (D7) or 21 d (D21) before slaughter. At slaughter, digesta samples were collected from six regions, i.e., the rumen, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum. Extracted DNA from these samples was analyzed using MiSeq Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Three distinct PCoA clusters existed, i.e., the rumen, the jejunum/ileum, and the cecum/colon/rectum. Feeding the grain diet for 7 d reduced microbial diversity in all regions, except the ileum. Extending the duration of grain feeding from 7 to 21 d did not affect this diversity further. Across regions, treatment changed the relative abundances of 89 genera. Most of the changes between D0 and D7 and between D7 and D21 were opposite, demonstrating the resilience of gastrointestinal microbiota to a moderate increase in grain feeding. Results show that the duration of a moderate increase in grain feeding affects how gastrointestinal microbiota respond to this increase.

scholarly journals PSVIII-10 Effects of Folia Betulae and Méntha piperíta extracts on microbiological and enzymatic characteristics of cattle rumen

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 257-258
Author(s):  
Ajna Makaeva ◽  
Kseniya Atlanderova ◽  
Galimzhan Duskaev ◽  
Baer Nurzhanov ◽  
Albert Rysaev
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Medicinal Substances ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Refusal of antibiotics and a decrease in the greenhouse effect allows active study of the effectiveness of medicinal plants in order to increase the productivity of cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Folia Betulae (FB) and Méntha piperíta (MP) extracts (0.5 ml/kg body weight) on rumenal microbiota and fermentation characteristics against the background of control (C). They were added separately as a substrate to the diets of bulls with rumen fistula (dairy breed, 12-month, diet - 60% hay, 40% barley grain within 10 days). Fermentation parameters (CH4, volatile fatty acids, grain dry matter digestibility (DM) were analyzed daily, and microbiota of archaea and bacteria were analyzed using highly efficient 16S rRNA gene sequencing. FB and MP were prepared by grinding, extraction in a water bath (30 min, 70°C) and filtration. The results of this study showed that the formation of propionate and digestibility of DM did not differ compared to C. Methanobacteria in MP had lower values (P ≤ 0.05) compared with FB and C (less than CH4). Bacterial communities differed: Bacteroidetes predominated more in MP (P ≤ 0.05) and further in FB (P ≤ 0.05) compared with C. At the family level, Prevotellaceae dominated in MP (P ≤ 0.05), Bacteroidales in FB (P ≤ 0.05)) and Porphyromonadaceae in MP and FB (P ≤ 0.05). Firmicutes had lower values (P ≤ 0.05) in all cases compared to C, Clostridia class was lower by 6.0–8.4% (P ≤ 0.05) (due to Clostridiales and Lachnospiraceae families). This study emphasizes the potential use of herbal medicinal substances as a natural feed supplement, which can play a role in reducing methane formation and the development of gram-positive bacteria, without adverse effect to ruminal microbiota. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (16-16-10048) and project 0761-2019-0005.

scholarly journals A Grain-Based SARA Challenge Affects the Composition of Epimural and Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Communities throughout the Digestive Tract of Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1658
Author(s):  
Jan C. Plaizier ◽  
Anne-Mette Danscher ◽  
Paula A. Azevedo ◽  
Hooman Derakhshani ◽  
Pia H. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Clustering Patterns ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Distal Jejunum

The effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge on the composition of epimural and mucosa-associated bacterial communities throughout the digestive tract were determined in eight non-lactating Holstein cows. Treatments included feeding a control diet containing 19.6% dry matter (DM) starch and a SARA-challenge diet containing 33.3% DM starch for two days after a 4-day grain step-up. Subsequently, epithelial samples from the rumen and mucosa samples from the duodenum, proximal, middle and distal jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon were collected. Extracted DNA from these samples were analyzed using MiSeq Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Distinct clustering patterns for each diet existed for all sites. The SARA challenge decreased microbial diversity at all sites, with the exception of the middle jejunum. The SARA challenge also affected the relative abundances of several major phyla and genera at all sites but the magnitude of these effects differed among sites. In the rumen and colon, the largest effects were an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes and a reduction of Bacteroidetes. In the small intestine, the largest effect was an increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria. The grain-based SARA challenge conducted in this study did not only affect the composition and cause dysbiosis of epimural microbiota in the rumen, it also affected the mucosa-associated microbiota in the intestines. To assess the extent of this dysbiosis, its effects on the functionality of these microbiota must be determined in future.

scholarly journals Lifestyle modifications result in alterations in the gut microbiota in obese children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ky Young Cho
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Firmicutes Phylum

Abstract Background The association between the gut microbiota and pediatric obesity was analyzed in a cross-sectional study. A prospective study of obese children was conducted to assess the gut microbial alterations after a weight change. We collected fecal samples from obese children before and after a 2-month weight reduction program that consisted of individual counseling for nutritional education and physical activity, and we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results Thirty-six participants, aged 7 to 18 years, were classified into the fat loss (n = 17) and the fat gain (n = 19) groups according to the change in total body fat (%) after the intervention. The baseline analysis of the gut microbiota in the preintervention stages showed dysbiotic features of both groups compared with those of normal-weight children. In the fat loss group, significantly decreased proportions of Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidia class, Bacteroidales order, Bacteroidaceae family, and Bacteroides genus, along with increased proportions of Firmicutes phylum, Clostridia class, and Clostridiales order, were observed after intervention. The microbial richness was significantly reduced, without a change in beta diversity in the fat loss group. The fat gain group showed significantly deceased proportions of Firmicutes phylum, Clostridia class, Clostridiales order, Lachnospiraceae family, and Eubacterium hallii group genus, without a change in diversity after the intervention. According to the functional metabolic analysis by the Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2, the “Nitrate Reduction VI” and “Aspartate Superpathway” pathways were predicted to increase significantly in the fat loss group. The cooccurring networks of genera were constructed and showed the different microbes that drove the changes between the pre- and postintervention stages in the fat loss and fat gain groups. Conclusions This study demonstrated that lifestyle modifications can impact the composition, richness, and predicted functional profiles of the gut microbiota in obese children after weight changes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT03812497, registration date January 23, 2019, retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Effect of hay type on cecal and fecal microbiome and fermentation parameters in horses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel J Sorensen ◽  
James S Drouillard ◽  
Teresa L Douthit ◽  
Qinghong Ran ◽  
Douglas G Marthaler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Fecal Microbiome ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract The effect of hay type on the microbiome of the equine gastrointestinal tract is relatively unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the cecal and fecal microbiome of mature horses consuming alfalfa or Smooth Bromegrass (brome) hay. Six cecally cannulated horses were used in a split plot design run as a crossover in 2 periods. Whole plot treatment was ad libitum access to brome or alfalfa hay fed over two 21-d acclimation periods with subplots of sampling location (cecum and rectum) and sampling hour. Each acclimation period was followed by a 24-h collection period where cecal and fecal samples were collected every 3 h for analysis of pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Fecal and cecal samples were pooled and sent to a commercial lab (MR DNA, Shallowater, TX) for amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq. Main effects of hay on VFA, pH, and taxonomic abundances were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of hay, hour, location, period, all possible interactions and random effect of horse. Alpha and β diversity were analyzed using the R Dame package. Horses fed alfalfa had greater fecal than cecal pH (P ≤ 0.05) whereas horses fed brome had greater cecal than fecal pH (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of hay type, total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum than in feces, and alfalfa resulted in greater (P ≤ 0.05) VFA concentrations than brome in both sampling locations. Alpha diversity was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in fecal compared to cecal samples. Microbial community structure within each sampling location and hay type differed from one another (P ≤ 0.05). Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the cecum compared to the rectum, regardless of hay type. Firmicutes and Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the feces compared to cecal samples of alfalfa-fed horses. In all, fermentation parameters and bacterial abundances were impacted by hay type and sampling location in the hindgut.

PSX-B-10 Effect of undigested neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage inclusion rate on ruminal pH, reticular motility, and total tract permeability for finishing beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 457-458
Author(s):  
Murillo C Pereira ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Wenzhu Yang ◽  
Joyce Van Donkersgoed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Fiber Concentration ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Contraction Duration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Permeability

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) concentration and forage inclusion (FI) rate on dry matter (DM) intake, ruminal pH, reticular contractions, and gastrointestinal permeability for finishing beef cattle. Five ruminally cannulated Hereford′Simmental heifers (699±69.1 kg) were used in an incomplete 6×6 Latin square (26-d periods) with a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement. Barley grain-based diets were formulated using barley silage or wheat straw to provide low or high uNDF (7.1 vs. 8.5% DM) with forage proportions of 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.10) and eating time (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by uNDF, FI, or uNDF′FI. With low uNDF diets, increasing FI numerically (P = 0.02) increased rumination time (min/d); while, with high uNDF diets, rumination time increased with 5 to 10% FI, but not thereafter (P = 0.03). Mean ruminal pH was not affected by uNDF (6.17 vs. 6.19; P = 0.08), but increased with increasing FI (6.04b, 6.23a, and 6.28a; P = 0.02). Duration of ruminal pH < 5.5 was not affected by uNDF but tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced with increasing FI. High uNDF diet tended to increase the frequency of reticular contractions (1.43 vs. 1.51 contractions/min; P = 0.07) but decreased the contraction duration (13.2 vs. 14.1 sec; P = 0.04). Increasing FI increased contraction frequency (1.39b, 1.50a, and 1.53a contractions/min; P = 0.03) and tended to reduce contraction duration as forage increased from 5 to 10 and 15% (14.3, 13.1, and 13.6 sec; P = 0.07). Feeding high uNDF decreased (P = 0.05) permeability of the gastrointestinal tract based on the appearance of Cr-EDTA in urine following an intra-ruminal dose. Increasing FI tended to reduce gastrointestinal tract permeability (P = 0.06). Limited interactions indicate that uNDF and FI act independently suggesting that increasing dietary uNDF, without increasing FI rate, can stimulate frequency of reticulo-ruminal contractions and reduce gastrointestinal permeability for finishing cattle.

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  < 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  < 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  < 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

scholarly journals Selectivity of Saflufenacil for Sweet Sorghum and Potential use of Na-Bentazon as a Safener

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Correia ◽  
L.J.P. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Sorghum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Potential Use

The objective of this study was to assess the selectivity herbicide saflufenacil for two sweet sorghum hybrids, when sprayed in preemergence and postemergence, besides the use of Na-bentazon as a 'safener' for saflufenacil. Three experiments were conducted, in pots, maintained in an ambient condition (second and third experiments) and in a greenhouse (first experiment). In each experiment a completely randomized distribution was used, with four replicates. In the first (2 x 6 factorial) two hybrids of sweet sorghum (CVSW 80007 and CVSW 80147) and six dosages (0; 35; 52.5; 70; 87.5 and 105 g ha-1) of saflufenacil were studied, applied in preemergence of the plants. In the second (2 x 5 factorial) the same hybrids of sweet sorghum sprayed in postemergence with saflufenacil (0; 35; 52.5; 70 and 87.5 g h-1) were assessed. In the third (4 x 5 factorial) the association of Na-bentazon (0; 240; 480 and 720 g ha-1) to saflufenacil (0.35; 52.5; 70 and 87.5 g ha-1) was studied, when sprayed in postemergence on the sweet sorghum plants (CVSW 80007). Hybrid CVSW 80147 was more tolerant to saflufenacil than hybrid CVSW 800007, in preemergence or postemergence applications. The variables that best assessed the sensibility of the sweet sorghum to saflufenacil were number of emerged plants, for preemergence applications, and dry matter of stem for postemergence. Na-bentazon showed promise for use as 'safener' in postemergence applications of saflufenacil in sweet sorghum for dosages up to 70 g ha-1.

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