239 Body Weight and Growth in Normal Cyclic and Acyclic Gilts

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Clay A Lents ◽  
Dan Nonneman
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Mixed Anova ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Cyclic Control ◽  
Estrous Behavior

Abstract Anestrus, or failure to express estrus during boar exposure, is commonly observed in replacement gilts, and results primarily from either delayed onset of puberty (prepubertal; PP) or cyclic ovulations without behavioral estrus (behavioral anestrus; BA). Gilts born between 2007 and 2018 at USMARC were observed for age at puberty between 160 and 240 days of age. Mature boars were placed in an alleyway pen while a herdsman observed gilts for standing lordosis in response to the back pressure test. Gilts failing to be observed in estrus by 240 days of age were slaughtered (250.4 ± 0.3 days of age) and reproductive tracts recovered to determine if gilts had ovulated. Gilts were defined as PP (n = 606), BA (n = 649), or Peripubertal (n = 118; PP with large preovulatory follicles on the ovary). There were 96 age-matched, cyclic contemporary gilts included as cyclic control gilts. Body weights were recorded at birth, weaning, 8 weeks, and 21 weeks of age with hot carcass weight (HCW) recorded at slaughter. The objective was to retrospectively determine if growth and HCW differed between these groups. Data were analyzed as a mixed ANOVA using group as a fixed effect with sire and farrowing group to which the gilt was born as random effects. Birth weight, weaning weight, ADG at weaning, and weight at 8 weeks did not differ between groups (P > 0.16). The BA gilts had greater growth rate (weight per day of pig age at 21 weeks; P < 0.02) and HCW (P < 0.0001) than PP and Peripubertal gilts, which also had smaller HCW than control gilts. Some cyclic control gilts (7.3%) that displayed estrous behavior had a prepubertal reproductive tract with no ovulatory activity at slaughter. Results indicated that gilts exhibiting delayed puberty grow slower late in development and during boar exposure. Estrus without ovulation in replacement gilts may be more prevalent than assumed. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

scholarly journals 1 Alternative heifer development systems utilizing corn residue and cover crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 128-128
Author(s):  
Hannah Speer ◽  
Hannah Riley ◽  
Robert Cushman ◽  
Harvey Freetly ◽  
Mary Drewnoski
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Group Breeding ◽  
Corn Residue

Abstract Spring-born heifers (n = 1,012) weaned at 148 ± 17 d were used in a 3-yr study to evaluate performance in winter development systems which utilized cover crop and corn residue grazing. Heifers were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: grazing corn residue with dried distillers grains (CD) or wheat midds (CW) supplementation, or grazing late summer planted oat-brassica cover crop followed by corn residue supplemented dried distillers grains (CC). Grazing of corn residue (CD and CW) and cover crop (CC) began in early November. Supplementation during the corn residue phase was adjusted to target ~55% of mature BW (338 kg) at breeding. After 63 d, CC were moved to corn residue; on d 77 CD and CW began receiving grower ration. In mid-February (d 98), heifers were comingled and managed in a single group. Breeding season began in June and lasted for 29 d. Prior to corn residue grazing, ADG of CC was greater (0.76 kg/d; P< 0.01) than CD or CW (0.58 kg/d and 0.49 kg/d, respectively). Gain during the last 35 d of the winter period for CC was 0.13 kg/d less than CW (P< 0.01) but not different from CD. Overall winter ADG was greater (P< 0.05) for CC (0.62 kg/d) than CD (0.53 kg/d) or CW (0.50 kg/d). Percent of mature BW prior to breeding was 52% for CC and 50% for CD and CW. May reproductive tract scores did not differ (P=0.26) between CC and CW but were greater (P< 0.05) in CC than CD. Pregnancy rates were affected by treatment (P< 0.01), with CC (76%) being greater than CD (68%) and CW (64%). Utilizing oat-brassica cover crops early in the winter followed by a lower rate of gain while grazing corn residue appear to be effective for developing beef heifers. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

scholarly journals PUBERAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN DWARF SHEEP

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
B. I. Orji ◽  
J. Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Ram Lambs

Eleven ram lambs, all born between June and July (rainy season) were slaughtered at four age groups — 75, 100, 125 and 150 days. The body weights of animals prior to slaughter, the weights of the testes, the epididymis, the vesicular glands, the ampullae, the adrenals, the thyroids and the pituitary glands were determined and subjected to a step-wise multiple regression analysis using age or body weight as the independent variable. The weights of the reproductive organs – testes, epididymides, ampullae, vesicular glands - showed significantly higher correlation with the body weight than with the age, thus emphasizing the greater importance of the physiological age over the chronological age in the development of the body organs. The highest growth rate of the organs of the reproductive tract occurred during puberty and thus coincided with the enhanced endocrine function observed in ram lambs at this stage.

Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tract Disease

Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.

scholarly journals Regulation of transcripts encoding ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs-1) and progesterone receptor by human chorionic gonadotropin in equine preovulatory follicles

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Boerboom ◽  
DL Russell ◽  
JS Richards ◽  
J Sirois
Keyword(s):  
Progesterone Receptor ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Preovulatory Follicles ◽  
Theca Interna ◽  
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase ◽  
Ovulatory Process

One member of a new family of metalloproteinases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs-1 (ADAMTS-1), has been found to be expressed and hormonally induced in granulosa cells of ovulating rodent follicles. Furthermore, the targeted disruption of the ADAMTS-1 gene resulted in ovarian defects associated with severely impaired fertility. While these data demonstrate the importance of ADAMTS-1 in rodent ovarian physiology, the potential role of ADAMTS-1 in the ovulatory process of monoovulatory species remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to clone the equine ADAMTS-1 primary transcript and to study its regulation during human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation. A 3573 bp follicular cDNA library clone was isolated and found to encode a nearly complete, highly conserved ADAMTS-1 homologue. Real-time RT-PCR analysis detected this transcript in diverse tIssues, including previously unreported sites of ADAMTS-1 expression such as the male reproductive tract, the follicular theca interna and the mature corpus luteum. The tIssue distribution of the progesterone receptor (PR), a known regulator of ADAMTS-1 expression in rodent preovulatory follicles, was found to overlap that of ADAMTS-1 in some tIssues. A study of the regulation of follicular ADAMTS-1 and PR mRNAs during the hCG-induced ovulatory process revealed distinct patterns of regulation in granulosa cells and in theca interna. In granulosa cells, ADAMTS-1 mRNA was found to be induced at 12 h post-hCG (P<0.05), followed by a return to basal levels by 30 h and a re-increase at 33-39 h (P<0.05). A concomitant increase in PR mRNA (P<0.05) was observed at 12 h post-hCG. In theca interna, abundant ADAMTS-1 mRNA was detected at all timepoints, and levels increased transiently at 33 h post-hCG (P<0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in PR mRNA. Together, these data demonstrate for the first time the hormonally regulated ovarian expression of ADAMTS-1 in a monoovulatory species, and identify a novel biphasic regulation of ADAMTS-1 in granulosa cells and a regulated expression in theca interna that were not previously observed in rodents.

Decreased availability of metabolic fuels induces anestrus in golden hamsters

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. R750-R755 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Schneider ◽  
G. N. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Estradiol Treatment ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Golden Hamsters ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Estrous Behavior

Food deprivation inhibits ovulation and estrous behavior in golden hamsters. In experiment 1, the effects of phasic starvation (food deprivation on days 1 and 2 of the 4-day estrous cycle) depended on prior body weight and fat content. Starvation-induced anestrus, which occurs after only one cycle of phasic starvation in lean hamsters, did not occur until after three or more cycles in fat hamsters. None of the fat hamsters became anestrous until their body weights had declined to the level of lean hamsters. However, in experiment 2, we found evidence that changes in reproductive status were not signaled by any dimension of body size per se but instead by the general availability of metabolic fuels. Estrous cycles of thin hamsters were not significantly affected by food deprivation and weight loss when the hamsters were provided with either a 25% glucose solution or with vegetable shortening. In experiment 3, simultaneous pharmacological reduction of both fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis inhibited estrous cycles in hamsters fed ad libitum. Estradiol treatment restored estrous behavior, but not ovulation, in food-deprived, lean hamsters and in hamsters in which both fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis were reduced. Decreased availability of utilizable metabolic fuels may inhibit follicular development, which may in turn lead to circulating estradiol levels that are insufficient to stimulate estrous behavior.

148 Effects of the Immunization Against Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone in Gilts and Boars Under Commercial Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Gustavo Lima ◽  
Angélica Camargos ◽  
Rosiel Cavalcante ◽  
Carine M Vier ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of immunocastration on growth performance, carcass characteristics and reproductive tract traits of gilts and boars. A total of 1,584 gilts and boars (PIC 337 x Camborough®, 6.11±0.29 kg, 20.64±0.81 days of age) were blocked by weaning group, and the gilt pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments, which consisted of: T1) non-immunocastrated gilts, T2) immunocastrated gilts; whereas the boar pens were alloted to: T3) immunocastrated barrows. There were a total of 12 pens per treatment for T1 and T2, and 24 pens per treatment for T3, with 33 pigs per pen. The immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (administrated with Vivax®, Zoetis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) was given at 108±1.16 and 143±1.16 days of age (21 days before harvest). Growth performance was assessed from day 143 of age until harvest. Performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit, and carcass and reproductive tract data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit. Initial (day 143) and final (day 164) body weights were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for T3 than T1 or T2, with no evidence for differences between T1 and T2 (P &gt; 0.05). There were no evidence for treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) for average daily gain and feed efficiency. Average daily feed intake was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for T1 compared to T2 or T3. Hot carcass weight and lean content were greater (P &lt; 0.05) and backfat thickness was thinner (P &lt; 0.05) for T3 compared to T1 or T2, but no evidence for treatment differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for loin depth. The ovary weights and the percentage of ovulatory follicles were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for T1 compared to T2. Results of this study show no evidence for differences for immunocastration on growth performance of gilts or barrows. However, immunocastration influenced gilts’ reproductive tract traits.

scholarly journals Principles and Clinical Uses of Real-Time Ultrasonography in Female Swine Reproduction

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Kauffold ◽  
Olli Peltoniemi ◽  
Axel Wehrend ◽  
Gary C. Althouse
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Swine Production ◽  
Swine Operations ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Gestational Stage

Within the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

Attainment and Maintenance of Pubertal Cyclicity May Predict Reproductive Longevity in Beef Heifers†

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah R Nafziger ◽  
Sarah C Tenley ◽  
Adam F Summers ◽  
Mohamed A Abedal-Majed ◽  
Mariah Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Prostaglandin F2 Alpha ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
Estrous Behavior

Abstract We hypothesized the manner that heifers achieve puberty may indicate their future reproductive longevity. Heifers with discontinued or delayed cyclicity during puberty attainment may have irregular reproductive cycles, anovulation, and infertility in their first breeding season contributing to a shorter reproductive lifespan. Therefore, plasma progesterone (P4) was measured from weaning to breeding on 611 heifers born 2012–2017 and four pubertal classifications were identified: 1) Early; P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml &lt; March 12 with continued cyclicity, 2) Typical; P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml ≥ March 12 with continued cyclicity, 3) Start-Stop; P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml but discontinued cyclicity, and 4) Non-Cycling; no P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml. Historical herd records indicated that 25% of heifers achieved puberty prior to March 12th in the 10 years prior to the study. Start-Stop and Non-Cycling yearling heifers were lighter indicating reduced growth and reproductive maturity traits compared to Early/Typical heifers. In addition, Non-Cycling/Start-Stop heifers were less responsive to prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) to initiate estrous behavior and ovulation to be artificially inseminated. Non-Cycling heifers had fewer reproductive tract score-5 and reduced numbers of calves born in the first 21-days-of-calving during their first breeding season. Within the Start-Stop classification, 50% of heifers reinitiated cyclicity with growth traits and reproductive parameters that were similar to heifers in the Early/Typical classification while those that remained non-cyclic were more similar to heifers in the Non-Cycling group. Thus, heifers with discontinued cyclicity or no cyclicity during puberty attainment had delayed reproductive maturity resulting in subfertility and potentially a shorter reproductive lifespan.

Effect of Contraceptive Steroids on the Endometrium of Guinea Pig: SEM study

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
Mai M. Said ◽  
Ramesh K. Nayak ◽  
Randall E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
Uterine Mucosa ◽  
Group 1

Burgos and Wislocki described changes in the mucosa of the guinea pig uterus, cervix and vagina during the estrous cycle investigated by transmission electron microscopy. More recently, Moghissi and Reame reported the effects of progestational agents on the human female reproductive tract. They found drooping and shortening of cilia in norgestrel and norethindrone- treated endometria. To the best of our knowledge, no studies concerning the effects of mestranol and norethindrone given concurrently on the three-dimensional surface features on the uterine mucosa of the guinea pig have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mestranol and norethindrone on surface ultrastructure of guinea pig uterus by SEM.Seventy eight animals were used in this study. They were allocated into two groups. Group 1 (20 animals) was injected intramuscularly 0.1 ml vegetable oil and served as controls.

Surface ultrastructure of danazol treated rat endometrium: A SEM study

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 556-557
Author(s):  
R.P. Apkarian ◽  
J.S. Sanfilippo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Breast Disease ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Uterine Horn ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Sprague Dawley

The synthetic androgen danazol, is an isoxazol derivative of ethisterone. It is utilized in the treatment of endometriosis, fibrocystic breast disease, and has a potential use as a contraceptive. A study was designed to evaluate the ultrastructural changes associated with danazol therapy in a rat model. The preliminary investigation of the distal segment of the rat uterine horn was undertaken as part of a larger study intended to elucidate the effects of danazol on the female reproductive tract.Cross-sections (2-3 mm in length) of the distal segment of the uterine horn from sixteen Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared for SEM. Ten rats in estrus served as controls and six danazol treated rats were noted to have alterations of the estrus cycle i.e. a lag in cycle phase or noncycling patterns. Specimens were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M phosphate buffer containing CaCl2 at pH 7.0-7.4 and chilled to 4°C. After a brief wash in distilled water, specimens were passed through a graded series of ethanol, critical point dryed in CO2 from absolute ethanol, and coated with 6nm Au. Observations were made with an IS1-40 SEM operated at 15kV.

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