Rapid Communication: Ileal alkaline phosphatase is upregulated following functional amino acid supplementation in Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A Rodrigues ◽  
Michael O Wellington ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Andrew G Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Plasma Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract We recently showed that functional amino acid (FAA) supplementation improves growth performance and immune status of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST)-challenged pigs which was further improved by a longer adaptation period. It is expected that the effects are associated with increased activity of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of FAA supplementation and adaptation period on the ileal, cecal, and colonic activity of IAP in weaned pigs challenged with ST. In Exp. 1, 32 mixed-sex weanling pigs were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with low (LP) or high protein (HP) content and basal (FAA–) or FAA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) as factors. In Exp. 2, a total of 32 mixed-sex weanling pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, being FAA- fed throughout the experimental period (FAA−) or a FAA profile fed only in the post-inoculation (FAA+0), for 1 wk pre- and post-inoculation (FAA+1), or throughout the experimental period (FAA+2). In Exp. 1 and 2, after a 7- and 14-d adaptation period, respectively, pigs were inoculated with saline solution containing ST (3.3 and 2.2 × 10 9 CFU/mL, respectively). Plasma alkaline phosphatase was measured on d 0 and 7 post-inoculation in Exp. 1, and IAP (ileum, cecum, and colon) was measured in Exp. 1 and 2. Correlations among ileal IAP and serum albumin and haptoglobin, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced:oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG), ileal myeloperoxidase (MPO), ST shedding and ileal colonization, and post-inoculation average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) were also analyzed. In Exp. 1, plasma alkaline phosphatase was decreased with ST inoculation and overall content was increased in LP-FAA+ compared to LP-FAA- (P < 0.05). Moreover, ileal IAP was increased in FAA+ compared to FAA- pigs in both studies (P < 0.05) regardless of adaptation time (P > 0.05). Intestinal alkaline phosphatase was positively correlated with MDA and ADFI and negatively correlated with SOD and ST shedding in Exp. 1 (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate a positive effect of FAA supplementation, but not adaptation period, on ileal alkaline phosphatase activity in Salmonella-challenged pigs, which may be associated with improvements in antioxidant balance.

A longer adaptation period to a functional amino acid-supplemented diet improves growth performance and immune status of Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas A Rodrigues ◽  
Michael O Wellington ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Andrew G Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fecal Score

Abstract We recently showed that dietary supplementation with key functional amino acids (FAA) improves growth performance and immune status of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST)-challenged pigs. It is not known if ST-challenged pigs will benefit from a longer adaptation period to FAA. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different adaptation periods to diets containing FAA above requirements for growth on performance and immune response of weaned pigs subsequently challenged with ST. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (11.6 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments, being a basal amino acid (AA) profile fed throughout the experimental period (FAA-) or a functional AA profile (FAA+; Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) fed only in the post-inoculation (FAA+0), for 1 wk pre- and post-inoculation (FAA+1), or throughout the experimental period (FAA+2). After a 14-d adaptation period, pigs were inoculated with ST (2.15 x 10 9 CFU/mL). Growth performance, body temperature, fecal score, acute-phase proteins, oxidant/antioxidant balance, score for ST shedding in feces and intestinal colonization, and fecal and digesta myeloperoxidase (MPO) were measured pre- and post-inoculation. Post-inoculation body temperature and fecal score, serum haptoglobin, plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and fecal MPO were increased while serum albumin and plasma reduced glutathione (GSH):oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were reduced compared to pre-inoculation (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and G:F were greater in FAA+2 pigs compared to FAA- pigs (P < 0.05). Serum albumin was higher in FAA+2 and FAA+1 compared to FAA+0 and FAA- pigs (P < 0.05) while FAA+2 pigs had lower haptoglobin compared to FAA- (P < 0.05). Plasma SOD was increased and GSH:GSSG was decreased in FAA- pigs compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). Score for ST shedding in feces was progressively lower from d 1 to 6 regardless of treatment (P < 0.05) and was lower in FAA+2 pigs compared to FAA- and FAA+0 (P < 0.05). Counts of ST in colon digesta were higher in FAA- and FAA+0 pigs compared to FAA+2 (P < 0.05). Fecal and colonic digesta MPO were lower in FAA+2 and FAA+1 pigs compared to FAA- (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate a positive effect of a longer adaptation period to FAA-supplemented diets on performance and immune status of weaned pigs challenged with Salmonella.

210 A Longer Adaptation Period to a Functional Amino Acid-supplemented Diet Improves Growth Performance and Attenuates Acute-phase Response in Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
Lucas Rodrigues ◽  
Michael O Wellington ◽  
J Caroline González-Vega ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Andrew G Van Kessel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation

Abstract Functional amino acid supplementation during disease challenge enhances growth performance and immune status. The present study investigated the effect of duration of adaptation period to a functional amino acid (FAA)-supplemented diet on growth performance and immune status during a subsequent Salmonella challenge in pigs. Thirty-two mixed-sex weanling pigs (8 pigs/treatment; 11.6 ± 0.34 kg initial body weight) received either a basal diet without FAA supplementation throughout the experimental period (FAA-) or a diet containing a supplemented FAA profile (Thr, Met, and Trp at 120% of requirements) fed for either 0 (FAA+0), 1 (FAA+1) or 2 (FAA+2) wk pre- and 1 wk post-inoculation with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). Pigs were orally inoculated with saline containing ST after the 2 wk pre-inoculation period and monitored for 1 wk post-inoculation. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets throughout the experiment. Performance parameters [average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, and gain:feed (GF)] were measured in the pre- and post-inoculation periods. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 4, and 7 post-inoculation for serum haptoglobin and albumin analysis. There was no effect of diet on pre-inoculation performance (P > 0.05). Post-inoculation, FAA+2 pigs had the highest ADG (0.46 kg/d) and GF (0.63 kg/kg), FAA- the lowest (0.21 kg/d; 0.29 kg/kg), with FAA+0 (0.33 kg/d; 0.46 kg/kg) and FAA+1 (0.40 kg/d; 0.53 kg/kg) being intermediate (ADG, P < 0.05, SEM=0.059; GF, P < 0.05, SEM=0.099). Overall, albumin was higher in FAA+2 (35.25 g/L) and FAA+1 (34.63 g/L) pigs compared to FAA+0 (30.38 g/L) and FAA- (29.67 g/L) pigs (P < 0.05, SEM=0.717). Furthermore, FAA+2 pigs had the lowest overall haptoglobin (0.90 g/L), FAA- the highest (1.54 g/L), with FAA+0 (1.32 g/L) and FAA+1 (1.06 g/L) being intermediate (P < 0.05, SEM=0.111). In conclusion, a longer adaptation period to FAA supplementation improved performance and attenuated the immune response of pigs when exposed to an enteric disease challenge.

PSVI-13 Amino Acid Supplementation During the Adaptation Period Did Not Affect the Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids in Corn and Soybean Meal Fed to Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Hyunjun Choi ◽  
Sun Jong You ◽  
Beob Gyun G Kim
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to determine the influence of amino acid (AA) supplementation during the adaptation period on the ileal digestibility of crude protein and AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Six barrows with an initial body weight of 30.9 ± 2.6 kg fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 dietary treatments and 6 periods. Two experimental diets contained corn or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet was additionally prepared. For AA supplementation groups, an AA mixture consisted of Gly, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Ile, Val, His, and Phe was added to the corn diet and the N-free diet at the expense of cornstarch, and an AA mixture of Lys, Met, and Thr was added to the SBM diet. All diets contained 0.5% of chromic oxide. The 6 experimental diets were fed to the pigs for 4 and half days, and the 3 diets containing AA mixture were switched to the respective diets without AA mixture during the following 2 and half days. Ileal digesta were collected during the last 2 days. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Arg and Trp in corn (P < 0.05), but did not affect that in SBM. The addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period caused increased apparent ileal digestibility of Pro and Gly regardless of feed ingredient (P < 0.05), but did not affect that of other AA. All AA except Pro in corn and SBM were unaffected by the addition of AA mixture during the adaptation period. In conclusion, the addition of amino acid during the adaptation period does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility of indispensable amino acids in feed ingredients.

Differential regulation of mRNAs encoding for rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (1) ◽  
pp. G93-G98 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Eliakim ◽  
S. Seetharam ◽  
C. C. Tietze ◽  
D. H. Alpers
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cdna Probe ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Maximal Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽  
Fat Feeding

A cDNA probe encoding the entire structural region of the 62-kDa rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase from amino acid residues 1 to 531 detected multiple mRNA species (3.0, 2.7, and 2.2 kb) in rat intestinal RNA. The 3.0-kb species was most evident in duodenum but could be easily detected in jejunum using a 48-mer oligonucleotide encoding amino acid residues 492-508. This 48-mer oligonucleotide bound preferentially to the 3.0-kb mRNA, suggesting that the 2.7-kb mRNA differed in this region. To determine whether each of the mRNAs encoding rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase responded coordinately to physiological stimuli, the full-length cDNA and the 48-mer oligonucleotide were used as probes for the 2.7- and 2.2-kb and the 3.0-kb mRNAs, respectively. Intestinal mRNA concentration was measured by Northern blot analysis in acute (single feed, 17 kcal) and chronic (3 wk, 30% fat diet) fat feeding and in rachitic rats after 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 therapy. There was a large increase (8- to 25-fold) in the 3.0-kb mRNA 7 h after acute fat feeding, with a much smaller increase (1.4- to 5.0-fold) in the 2.7- and 2.2-kb species. The peak in 3.0-kb mRNA accumulation correlated in time with the maximal activity of serum phosphatase activity after acute fat feeding (4- to 5-fold increase). In contrast, there was a much smaller increase in all mRNAs and in tissue and serum enzyme activity after chronic fat feeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of probiotic Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces: evaluation of their survival after oral supplementation in goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Watcharapong Choonkham ◽  
◽  
Axel van Ruitenbeek ◽  
Jan Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Witaya Suriyasathaporn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective of the study was to assess the presence of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces after oral supplementation in goats. Six, rumen-fistulated, 3.5 year-old, non-lactating female Saanen goats (average initial body weight of 65 ± 8 kg) were assigned to two treatments 1) a basal diet (CON), and 2) a basal diet supplemented with B. subtilis C-3102 probiotic product (BS) in a cross-over design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with was preceded by a 20 days adaptation period. On the last day of each experimental period, rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected. Body weights were recorded weekly throughout the experiment. Body weight and rumen pH were found to be similar between dietary treatments. The goats that received BS had higher numbers of B. subtilis C-3102 in fecal samples than CON. It was therefore concluded that supplemental B. subtilis C-3102 met an important precondition of probiotics in that they can survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without evident adverse effects. The current result provides a solid basis for future research involving any effects after supplementing probiotic B. subtilis in goats.

scholarly journals Crystalline amino acids do not influence calculated values for standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients included in diets for pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryane S F Oliveira ◽  
Jerubella J Abelilla ◽  
Neil W Jaworski ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Entire Experiment ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Crystalline Amino Acids

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of crystalline amino acids (AA) to diets during the adaptation or collection periods will not influence calculated values for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) or standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in corn and soybean meal (SBM). Seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight: 77.9 ± 2.6 kg) were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin Square design with 7 dietary treatments and 7 periods. Dietary treatments included feeding diets based on corn or SBM without or with crystalline AA for the entire 7-d period or with crystalline AA during the adaptation period, but without crystalline AA during the collection period. An N-free diet was also used. Each experimental period consisted of 5 d of adaptation to the diets followed by 2 d of ileal digesta collection, with digesta being collected for 9 hr/d starting after feeding the morning meal. Thus, the entire experiment lasted 49 d. The AID and SID of crude protein (CP) and AA were calculated using values determined in corn or in SBM without or with crystalline AA to determine if crystalline AA influenced calculated values for AID or SID of CP and AA. Results indicated that addition of crystalline AA to diets fed during the entire 7-d period increased (P < 0.05) AID of some AA in corn and SBM. However, no differences in SID of CP and AA were observed between pigs fed the diets without crystalline AA and pigs fed the diets with crystalline AA if dietary crystalline AA were ignored in calculations of SID values. This indicates that crystalline AA were 100% absorbed before the distal ileum and did not affect calculated values for SID of AA if calculations were based only on the AA in corn or SBM. Therefore, it is concluded that crystalline AA may be added to experimental diets in digestibility experiments before and during collection periods without affecting results, if crystalline AA are disregarded in the calculation of AID or SID of AA in ingredients.

Effect of dietary fermented oats in different nutrient-density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ileal microorganisms of weanling pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 2230
Author(s):  
J. W. Park ◽  
H. L. Li ◽  
J. K. Kim ◽  
D. H. Nguyen ◽  
I. H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Dietary Treatments

A total of 160 crossbred weanling pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc, 28 days old] with an initial bodyweight of 8.01 ± 0.74 kg were used in a 42-day trial (Phase 1: Days 1–14, Phase 2: Days 14–42). The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of fermented oats (FO) to a corn and soybean meal-based diet on the performance of weanling pigs fed with high nutrient-density (HD) and low nutrient-density (LD) diets. Pigs were randomly distributed into one of four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Two levels of nutrient density [LD = 3323 (Phase 1: 1–14 days) and 3269 kcal/kg (Phase 2: 14–42 days); HD = 3446 (Phase 1: 1–14 days) and 3325 kcal/kg (Phase 2: 14–42 days), the differences in dietary energy were based on differences in the content of fish meal, animal fat, corn and FO [0%, 5% (Phase 1) or 2.5% (Phase 2)] were used according to the bodyweight and sex of pigs [8 replicate pens per treatment with 5 pigs in a pen (3 gilts and 2 barrows)]. During the overall trial period (Days 1–42), the average daily gain and gain:feed ratio of pigs fed HD and FO diets were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those of pigs fed with LD and non-fermented oats diets respectively. On Day 14, the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of the HD groups were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than those of the LD groups. The apparent total tract digestibility of energy of the FO groups was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the non-fermented oats diet groups during the whole experimental period. Pigs fed with FO showed higher (P ≤ 0.05) ileal Lactobacillus and lower (P ≤ 0.05) Escherichia coli counts compared with those fed with the non-fermented oats diet. In conclusion, administration of FO to a LD diet demonstrated beneficial effects on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and ileal microorganisms balance of weanling pigs.

scholarly journals 150 A bio-active, mineral-based feed additive improved growth performance and reduced severity of diarrhea in weanling pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 84-85
Author(s):  
Sue Sinn ◽  
Ran Song ◽  
Dana Beckler ◽  
Rob Musser ◽  
Kim Friesen
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
E Coli

Abstract A mineral-based feed additive, NutriQuest Protect™, was evaluated in five artificial Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge experiments to determine the effects on pig growth performance, fecal consistency and immune response. The five experiments were conducted following a similar procedure and utilized a total of 232 weanling pigs (19 d of age) assigned to one of three experimental treatments: non-challenged control (NC), challenged control (CC), and challenged pigs fed Protect at 4.0 g/kg (CP) with 36, 36, and 44 pens per treatment, respectively. Pharmacological ZnO or medications were not included in any diets. Pigs were allowed a 7-d adaptation period following weaning, orally inoculated with E. coli K88 or F18 on 0 d post-inoculation (dpi) and 1-dpi. Studies were concluded on 4-dpi. Pig BW and feed disappearance were measured on 0-dpi and 4-dpi. Serum samples were collected on 0 and 4-dpi to measure porcine proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal scores were measured daily over the challenge period. Data from the five experiments were compiled for meta-analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The NC pigs had a greater ADG (0.09 vs. -0.01 kg/d, P = 0.002), ADFI (0.24 vs. 0.21 kg/d, P = 0.09), and final BW (6.8 vs. 6.5 kg, P < 0.05). Diarrhea frequency was significantly higher in CC pigs compared with pigs on CP and NC treatments (28.5 vs. 18.7 vs. 5.3%, P < 0.05). Results from the five experiments suggest that NutriQuest Protect™ improves growth performance and reduces inflammation and diarrhea in weaned pigs artificially challenged with E. coli K88 or F18.

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