scholarly journals 2 Vegetation characteristics and diurnal periods influenced the landscape-use pattern of goats and sheep in woodlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 16-16
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Understory Shrubs

Abstract Woodlands dominates the landcover in the Southeast and offer great opportunities for expanding small-ruminant grazing. However, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimizes the utilization of such vegetation. Managing the understory shrubs and non-target trees to lower heights may increase animals’ access to woodland vegetation and alter the landscape-use patterns of animals. The study objective was to determine the effect of vegetation height on the behavior and distribution of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams in woodlands. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) containing southern pine and hardwood trees and numerous understory vegetation. The non-pine species were either cut to one of the heights from the ground level (0 m, 0.91 m, 1.52 m) or left uncut (control). Once the cut vegetation grew back and attained the full canopy, Kiko wethers (8, 48–50 months old, 72.8 ± 2.29 kg live weight) and Katahdin rams (5, 29–32 months old, 95.5 ± 4.31 kg live weight) were rotationally stocked in separate plots (3 plots each species), and their diurnal (dawn-dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns monitored when they were in each plot during the summer of 2018. Data were analyzed in Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test in R. Both wethers and rams visited the control treatment the least, rams grazed mostly in areas with short vegetation (0 m), and wethers visited more to areas with higher vegetation (1.52 m) than rams for feeding (P < 0.001), which was predominant during the post-midday period (3:00-dusk) (P < 0.0001). Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was the dominant diurnal behavior of both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), and predominant during the midday period (11 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) (P < 0.05). Vegetation heights and diurnal period highly influenced animals’ behavior.

scholarly journals 134 Vegetation characteristics and diurnal periods influenced the landscape-use pattern of goats and sheep in woodlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Understory Shrubs

Abstract Woodlands dominate the landcover in the Southeast and offer great opportunities for expanding small-ruminant grazing. However, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimizes the utilization of such vegetation. Managing the understory shrubs and non-target trees to lower heights may increase animals’ access to woodland vegetation and alter the landscape-use patterns of animals. The study objective was to determine the effect of vegetation height on the behavior and distribution of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams in woodlands. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) containing southern pine and hardwood trees and numerous understory vegetation. The non-pine species were either cut to one of the heights from the ground level (0 m, 0.91 m, 1.52 m) or left uncut (control). Once the cut vegetation grew back and attained the full canopy, Kiko wethers (8, 48–50 months old, 72.8 ± 2.29 kg live weight) and Katahdin rams (5, 29–32 months old, 95.5 ± 4.31 kg live weight) were rotationally stocked in separate plots (3 plots each species), and their diurnal (dawn-dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns monitored when they were in each plot during the summer of 2018. Data were analyzed in Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test in R. Both wethers and rams visited the control treatment the least, rams grazed mostly in areas with short vegetation (0 m), and wethers visited more to areas with higher vegetation (1.52 m) than rams for feeding (P < 0.001), which was predominant during the post-midday period (3:00-dusk) (P < 0.0001). Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was the dominant diurnal behavior of both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), and predominant during the midday period (11 a.m.-3:00 p.m.) (P <0.05). Vegetation heights and diurnal period highly influenced animals’ behavior.

scholarly journals Vegetation Height and Diurnal Period Influenced the Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants in Woodlands around Summer

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Sanjok Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Understory Shrubs ◽  
Diurnal Period

Despite the huge potential of using woodlands for small ruminant grazing in the southeast US, unmanaged understory shrubs grown beyond animals’ access minimize the utilization of such vegetation. This study aimed to determine the effect of vegetation height and diurnal period on the behavior and distribution patterns of goats and sheep in woodlands around summer. The study was conducted in six woodland plots (0.4 ha each) comprising southern pines and non-pine (non-target) plant species. Non-pine plants in each study plot were assigned to four treatments: cut to 0 m, 0.9 m, or 1.5 m from the ground level or left uncut (control). Cut plant stubs were allowed to regrow to full canopy before stocking animals. Eight Kiko wethers and five Katahdin rams were rotationally stocked in separate plots, and their diurnal (dawn–dusk) behaviors and distribution patterns were monitored when they were in each plot (three plots per animal species) around the summer of 2018. Animal behavior data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure with multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SAS, while animal distribution pattern and weather data were analyzed in SAS using a GLM procedure and the distribution evenness index (DEI) using the Kruskal–Wallis rank-sum test in R. Level of significance was set at 5%. Both animal species visited the control area the least. Wethers browsed predominantly in areas where non-pine plants were cut to 0.9 m from the ground level, and rams grazed mostly in areas where non-pine plants were cut to the ground level, mostly during the post-midday period. Browsing was the dominant feeding behavior of wethers (39% browsing vs. 4% grazing), while rams’ feeding behavior was dominated with grazing (24% grazing vs. 12% browsing). Lying was a predominant diurnal behavior in both wethers (46%) and rams (35%), mostly during the midday period. Wethers had a higher value for DEI than rams during the morning and post-midday periods. This study established that (1) the utilization of woodland understory foliage by small ruminants can be increased by lowering plant height, and (2) both vegetation characteristics and diurnal period are important factors for influencing small ruminants’ behavior while stocked in woodlands around summer.

scholarly journals 10 Behavior and Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants Co-grazed in Woodlands with different Vegetation Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Bidur Paneru ◽  
Uma Karki ◽  
Nevershi Ellis ◽  
shailes Bhattrai ◽  
Lila B Karki
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Study Plot ◽  
Landscape Use ◽  
Demonstration Site ◽  
Diurnal Behavior ◽  
Use Pattern ◽  
Diurnal Period

Abstract Woodland is the major landcover in Alabama (69%) and other states of the Southeast (≈60%). The understory vegetation present in woodlands can be a great feed resource for small ruminants when woodland grazing is practiced well, for which the understanding of animals’ landscape-use pattern is important. The study objective was to determine the diurnal behavior and landscape-use pattern of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands. Eight Kiko wethers (77±2.5 kg. LW) and five Katahdin rams (92±4.6 kg. LW) were co-stocked rotationally in three woodland plots (0.4-ha. each) during May–August 2019 in Atkins Agroforestry Research and Demonstration site, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama. Each study plot contained four treatments, where the average canopy height were 0.82 m, 1.34 m, 1.67 m and 1.73 m. The diurnal behavior (grazing, browsing, loafing, lying) and landscape-use pattern of animals were monitored from dawn to dusk when they were in each study plot at each rotation. Diurnal period was categorized into morning (dawn–11:00 am), midday (11:00 am–3:00 pm), and post-midday (3:00 pm–dusk) for the analysis and diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of animals were analyzed in SAS 9.4, GLM procedure with MANOVA option. Animal species differed in their feeding behavior (P &lt; 0.0001), with wethers mostly browsing and rams grazing. Significant interaction effects of animal species and diurnal period occurred on all behavior categories, except loafing and lying (P &lt; 0.0001). Wethers spent less time grazing (84–88%), but more time browsing (90%) during morning and post-midday vs. rams. Animals were actively feeding when the weather was nice and cool, and resting when it was hot. Feeding behavior was dominant during the post-midday period (3 PM–dusk) and lying during midday (11 AM–3 PM). The specific behavior and landscape-use pattern observed in this study can be useful to design and utilize woodland resources more efficiently.

EFFICACY OF SALICYLIC AND ASCORBIC ACIDS TO REDUCE THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORT STRESS ON LIVE WEIGHT, SOME BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND INTESTINAL VILLI OF BROILER CHICKENS

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1081
Author(s):  
Al obaydy & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
Slaughter House ◽  
Transport Stress ◽  
Financial Losses

This experiment was conducted and aimed to reducing mortality and losing the weight of birds transported to the slaughter house through reducing or Transport stress removal and thus to reduce financial losses. 150 birds used almost equal weights that were divided into three treatment groups and by five replicates for each treatment is control treatment (T1) without giving anything and treatment with salicylic acid concentration 1 g / liter of drinking water (T2) and treatment with ascorbic acid (T3) concentration 0.5 g / Liter of drinking water provided 24 hours before its transport. The transport process resulted in a highly significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in body weight in treatment T1 as it reached 4.66%, while it reached 1.68 and 1.09% in treatment T2 and T3, respectively. The transport process led to an increase in body temperature, H / L ratio, the concentration of glucose, aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) in the blood serum, as the transport process led to a very significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in the cholesterol concentration, Uric acid, intestinal villi length and crypts depth. T2 and T3 treatments showed their ability to reduce transport stress, especially T3, where they outperformed T1 in most traits. It is concluded from the study that adding ascorbic acid by 0.5 g / L drinking water 24 hours before transporting the chicks to the slaughter house reduces the transport stress and lessen financial losses, so it is recommended to use it.

scholarly journals 178 Use of silvopastures and woodlands to expand the grazing opportunity for small ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Uma Karki
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Vegetation Biomass ◽  
Meat Goats ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Pasture-based small-ruminant farming is a popular enterprise in the Southeast, especially for small and limited-resource producers. Although woodlands occupy a majority of the land cover in the South and can be a promising resource for raising small ruminants, not much attention has been given on using such resources. A series of studies were conducted at the facilities of Tuskegee University with the overall objective of exploring the potential of using silvopastures and woodlands for raising small ruminants. Grazing studies were conducted from 2015 to 2019 using meat goats and hair sheep in silvopastures and woodland plots. Silvopastures were developed by thinning down the existing woodlands and planting suitable cool- and warm-season forages. Grazing facilities were installed in the study plots and animals were rotationally stocked each year during both cool- and warm-season grazing periods. In 2017, non-pine plants in woodlands were cut to three different heights (ground level and 0.9 m and 1.5 m from the ground level) or left uncut (control) to see the effects on understory vegetation biomass production and utilization by small ruminants. Data on vegetation biomass and quality, canopy height, animal performance and behavior, browsing height, and vegetation preference were collected and analyzed. Small ruminants were found to utilize all planted forages (silvopastures) well and most of the understory plants in woodlands. Vegetation biomass in woodlands increased in areas where non-pine plants were cut versus the control (36–106%; P &lt; 0.0001). Mature animals maintained a desirable body condition score (≥2.6) and FAMACHA score (≤2.6) in woodlands. However, young, growing animals showed a poor live weight gain, especially during some portion of the study. Animals performed well when they were stocked in silvopastures. Both species showed a similar preference for most plant species available in woodlands. Results show a tremendous potential of using silvopastures and woodlands for expanding the grazing opportunity for small ruminants. However, the provision of some supplements would be necessary while stocking young animals in woodlands.

scholarly journals Effect of monensin sodium associative to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on the performance of feedlot finished steers

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Julio Cezar Heker Junior ◽  
Mikael Neumann ◽  
Robson Kyoshi Ueno ◽  
Margarete Kimie Falbo ◽  
Sandra Galbeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Fat Thickness

The objective of this study was to evaluate the associative effect of monensin sodium to virginiamycin and/or essential oils on performance, consumption of nutrients and dry matter, apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics of feedlot finished steers. The experiment lasted 106 days with 10 days of adaptation and 96-day trial, and had 32 crosses angus steers, average age 12 months and average weight of 376 kg, divided into 16 stalls, the weighing took place every 21 days and at the end of the experiment. The treatments consisted of the combination of the following additives to the diet included: Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 (MO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 (MO+EO); Monensin sodium, a dose of 200 mg day-1 + virginiamycin, 200 mg day-1 (MO+VI); Monensin sodium, 200 mg day-1 + essential oil dose of 1.5g day-1 + virginiamycin day, 200 mg day-1 (MO+EO+VI), each treatment had four repetitions, where each repetitions consisted of a bay with two animals. The MO+VI association in relation to MO only increase in average daily gain (ADG) of 24.44%, 22.35%, 21.10% and 17.31% in weighing 42, 63, 84 and 96 days, similar the combination of MO+EO+VI which provided an improvement of 21.94%, 13.59%, 15.45% and 14.75% respectively in the same weightings. The daily carcass gain and carcass overall gain were higher in associations MO+VI and MO+EO+VI and provided an average gain of 16.67 kg more compared to MO and MO+EO. In the parameters feed efficiency, dry matter intake and nutrient expressed in kg day-1 and percentage of live weight were not observed differences (P > 0.05) between treatments. Data on apparent digestibility, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics did not show statistical difference between treatment, except for fat thickness which was higher when associated with any of the additives to the MO, and farm weight was higher in associations containing VI. Associating MO+VI or MO+EO+VI proved to be best in this work compared to MO+EO or only MO in the diets of steers in termination.

The role of ostrich in shaping the landscape use patterns of humans and hyenas on the southern coast of South Africa during the late Pleistocene

2018 ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Hodgkins ◽  
Petrus le Roux ◽  
Curtis W. Marean ◽  
Kirsty Penkman ◽  
Molly Crisp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Landscape Use

The “Headstrike” Protocol: A Retrospective Review of a Single Trauma Center's Operational Change in the Management of Anticoagulated Ground-Level Falls

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 821-829
Author(s):  
Michael Keyes ◽  
Ashley Alley ◽  
Keely Muertos ◽  
Barbie Anderson ◽  
Stephanie Howerton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Antiplatelet Agent ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Anticoagulation Reversal ◽  
Trauma Service ◽  
Trauma Population ◽  
Operational Change ◽  
Initial Imaging ◽  
Delays In Diagnosis

Anticoagulated older adults suffering ground-level falls are a specialty trauma population at risk for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Delays in diagnosis or initiation of anticoagulation reversal can lead to increased morbidity/mortality. A novel “Headstrike” protocol was implemented to improve the treatment efficacy and disposition of these patients. The study objective was to determine effectiveness of the “Headstrike” protocol in providing these patients with timely treatment and disposition, while maintaining positive outcomes. A trauma performance improvement database was queried for all “Headstrike” activations for a 12-month period after implementation. Demographics, patient care, and health data were collected. Descriptive statistics were used for cohort analysis. Five hundred fifteen patients were activated as a “Headstrike” during the study period. Thirty eight patients were diagnosed with ICH (7.4%), 35 of whom were identified on initial imaging. Anticoagulation reversal was ordered for 84.6 per cent of these patients. Of the patients with negative initial CT, only three patients (0.8%) were found to have a delayed ICH on routine follow-up imaging. No anticoagulant/antiplatelet agent was associated with a significantly higher risk of ICH. Implementation of the “Headstrike” protocol resulted in trauma service line resources being used more efficiently, while ensuring high-quality, expeditious care to this population.

scholarly journals Birds foraging for fruits and insects in shrubby restinga vegetation, southeastern Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica Souza da Mota Gomes ◽  
Bette A. Loiselle ◽  
Maria Alice S. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
National Park ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Frugivorous Birds ◽  
Spatial Use ◽  
Conservation And Management

Understanding how birds use vegetation to obtain food resources has implications for habitat conservation and management. Restinga is a poorly known and threatened tropical habitat, associated to the Atlantic forest, that could benefit from this kind of information to know which plants can be used and dispersed by birds that can help on the maintenance of this habitat. Frugivorous and insectivorous birds are important components of tropical ecosystems, such as restinga. To provide more information regarding the ecology of restinga, we studied the feeding behavior and spatial use of this vegetation by birds at Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, southeastern Brazil. We found that feeding behavior was similar to that recorded for the same species in other vegetation types. In addition, spatial use of the restinga vegetation by the most abundant species did not overlap greatly, except for two insectivorous species that used different foraging maneuvers and two frugivorous birds that foraged in flocks. The two most abundant species were generalists in their diet and were capable of feeding at the ground level on sand substrate.

Effects of habituation to the milking parlour on the milk production and reproductive performance of first calving Holstein-Friesian and Norwegian dairy herd replacements

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. F. Wicks ◽  
A. F. Carson ◽  
M. A. McCoy ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Norwegian Dairy

AbstractTwenty-nine Holstein-Friesian and 20 Norwegian dairy herd replacements were used to investigate the effect of habituating heifers to the milking parlour environment prior to calving on subsequent lactational performance. The heifers commenced the study at 3 weeks prior to calving when they were allocated on the basis of breed, genetic merit and live weight to either a habituation or no habituation (control) treatment. Heifers were housed together in cubicle accommodation with grass silage offered ad libitum along with 1 kg of concentrates per head per day offered in the feeding passage (control treatment) or in the food managers in the milking parlour (habituation treatment). Animals in the habituation treatment were exposed to the full milking parlour routine once daily (afternoon milking) in a 20-point rotary herringbone parlour. Holstein-Friesian heifers averaged 2.6 kg/day more milk than the Norwegian replacements. Holstein-Friesian heifers also had higher fat and protein yields than Norwegian heifers, however they also lost more body condition during the first 3 months of lactation. Habituated heifers yielded on average 1.3 kg/day more milk (P < 0.001) than the control group of heifers over the first 100 days of lactation (26.7 v. 25.4 (s.e.d. 0.38) kg/day), with the difference being greatest in the first 2 to 3 weeks of lactation. In early lactation, animals on the habituation treatment lost more live weight (0.16 v. 0.02 (s.e.d. 0.061) kg/day) (P < 0.05) and body condition than those on the control treatment. Duration of milking was longer (P < 0.001) (378.4 v. 340.5 (s.e.d. 6.53) s) and milk flow rate slower (P < 0.001) (2.20 v. 2.46 (s.e.d. 0.041) kg/min) respectively for the habituation compared with control group. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were lower (P < 0.001) for habituation group (1.66 v. 1.79 (s.e.d. 0.037) log10SCC per ml), but there was no significant treatment effect on locomotion scores. Reproductive performance was lower for habituated heifers, with increased intervals to conception (P < 0.05) (102 v. 83 (s.e.d. 9.22) days). Habituating heifers to the milking parlour environment prior to calving increased milk production but appeared to have some detrimental effects on reproductive performance.

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