scholarly journals 129 Evaluation of the effect of Bedoukian compound X administered twice on gastrointestinal nematode infection in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
James E Miller ◽  
Joan M Burke
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Alternative Control Methods

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and coccidia have a large financial and health impact on small ruminants. Recent years have seen an increase in anthelminthic/ coccidiostat resistance, and there is a need to develop alternative control methods. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a unique proprietary compound used in the fragrance/flavor industry with an insect repellant application (Compound X; Bedoukian Research) on parasite control in sheep. Previous research by our laboratories showed a short term reduction in fecal egg count (FEC) in sheep orally drenched with the product. In the current study, naturally infected (GIN and coccidia) Katahdin lambs were orally drenched with 15 mL of Compound X and 15 mL mineral oil (CMX; n = 11) or 30 mL mineral oil (CON; n = 9) on d 0 and 21; FEC/fecal oocyst count (FOC) were determined every 7 d for 8 wk, and feces were cultured to examine GIN larvae. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures over time, and regression (SAS). The FEC were reduced in CMX compared with CON between d 0 and 21 (P < 0.03, both mixed model and regression), d 21 and 42 (P < 0.001, mixed and regression), and d 0 and 56 (P < 0.001); FEC were influenced by day of study (P < 0.04), and the interaction tended to be significant using regression (P < 0.10). The FOC were negligible and not analyzed. There was no effect on development of nematode larvae in feces. However, there was a shift in population distribution from Haemonchus contortus to Trichostrongylus spp. which indicated a possible effect on female H. contortus fecundity. There was a sign of toxicity in one lamb following the second CMX drench. The value of using such a compound for GIN control may warrant further investigation.

PSV-7 Sire fecal egg count EBV are predictive of offspring response to an artificial gastrointestinal nematode infection in Rambouillet sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 303-303
Author(s):  
Jacob W Thorne ◽  
Scott A Bowdridge ◽  
Brenda M Murdoch ◽  
Reid Redden
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) pose a significant risk to the health and productivity of Rambouillet sheep, a noted wool and meat producing breed, in the United States. Capturing phenotypic measurements of Rambouillet while infected with GIN is essential for the calculation of estimated breeding values (EBV) as a selection tool to improve host resistance to GIN. Weaned (age= ~120 d.) Rambouillet lambs (n = 75) were each inoculated with 10,000 Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae and placed in a feedlot. Lambs were offspring of two representative sires, A (n = 26) and B (n = 49), with post-weaning fecal egg count EBV (PFEC) from LAMBPLAN, of -9.94 and +9.20%, respectively. Lamb fecal egg count (FEC), packed-cell volume (PCV) and body weight (BWT) measurements were captured at 7-day intervals for 6 subsequent weeks. Actual FEC were loge transformed (lnFEC) to meet normality and then backtransformed least squares means (LSM) are reported. lnFEC, PCV and BWT were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures including fixed effects of sex, sire and average daily gain (ADG) classification (for lnFEC and PCV), and sex and sire (for BWT). Significant differences (P = 0.0216) in average lnFEC were observed between offspring from sires A [2242 eggs per gram (epg)] and B (2914 epg). Weekly lnFEC differed (P &lt; 0.0001) and a trend identified between sexes (females = 3414 epg vs males = 2712 epg, P = 0.0909). Interestingly, females exhibited a higher average PCV than males, (34.93% v. 31.15%, P &lt; 0.0001), suggesting potential pathological differences by sex in response to GIN infection. Artificial GIN infections offer a more controlled test than under natural conditions and are a viable option to aid in identifying Rambouillet sheep more resistant to GIN. These results indicate EBV calculated with FEC from a natural GIN infection are predictive of the response of Rambouillet lambs to an artificial infection of H. contortus.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Sirih (Areca catechu) Sebagai Intelmentika Terhadap Nematode Gastrointesninal Pada Kambing

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Yudha Fahrimal
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Group I ◽  
Areca Catechu ◽  
Nematode Worm

ABSTRACT. The efficacy and effective dose of bettlenut (Areca catechu) powder against gastrointestinal nematode worms was studied. Twenty five local goats at the age of 1 – 1.5 years of age weighing 8 to 12 kg were used in this study. All goat were naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and they all had fecal egg count 3000/gram. The goats were randomly divided into 5 group: group I as a non treated control and group I, II, III, IV, and V were given bettlenut powder 5 gram, 10, 15 and 20 gram, respectively. The nematode worm were identified and grouped into family of Trichostrongylidae (Trichostrongylus sp. and Haemonchus sp.) and strongylidae (Bunostomum sp., Oesophagostomum sp. and Strongylus sp.).  in general, bettlenut powder in all doses is very effective against gastrointestinal nematode worms from both families compare to control group (P   0.01) and no significant different among administered doses (P  0.05). Bettlenut powder in all doses given is vey effective (P 0.01) against Trichostrongylus sp. and Haemonchus sp. from family of Trichostrongylidae. Bettlenut powder in all doses given is also very effective (P 0.01) against Bunostomum sp., Oesophagustomum sp. and effective (P 0.05) against Strongylus sp. from family of Strongylidae. The dose of 5 gram of bettlenut powder per goat is recommended for treating goat invested with gastrointestinal nematode worms because it is saver and can be given more than once.

scholarly journals 26 Copper oxide wire particles to complement control of gastrointestinal nematodes with levamisole and/or albendazole in lambs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller ◽  
Mohan Acharya ◽  
Erin Wood
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Due to high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR), complementary approaches to anthelmintic use to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep are necessary. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are effective against Haemonchus contortus but not other GIN, and FAMACHA aids to minimize further development of AR. The objective was to determine the efficacy of COWP alone or in combination with levamisole, albendazole, or a 3-way combination to control GIN known to have AR to these anthelmintics. Naturally infected Katahdin lambs were selectively dewormed based on FAMACHA© and/or packed cell volume (PCV). If FAMACHA© scores were 3, 4, or 5, lambs received 1 g COWP alone (n = 120), COWP and levamisole (n = 47) or albendazole (n = 6), or a 3-way combination (n = 10), respectively. Untreated lambs were included (CON; n = 31). Feces and blood were collected on days 0 (day of deworming) and 14 for determination of fecal egg counts (FEC) and FEC reduction (FECRED) and PCV. Data were analyzed using repeated measures in a mixed model. The mean FECRED was greater for the combination of levamisole and COWP than COWP alone (P &lt; 0.001). In a mixed GIN population, COWP in combination with levamisole increased the efficacy of FECRED of H. contortus and other GIN genera present, offering greater GIN management in the presence of resistance to these anthelmintics.

Multi-species Grazing for Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes – a Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Joan M Burke ◽  
James E Miller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Resistant Species ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Management Scheme ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Multi-species grazing, alternate grazing of cattle with sheep or goats, offers benefits to gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control as GIN species differ between hosts. In the Southeastern United States, common GIN species of cattle include Cooperia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spp., whereas species of sheep and goats are Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Cooperia curticei, and Oesophagostomum spp. Anthelmintic resistance is widely prevalent in small ruminants, and is an increasing problem in cattle, but remains less prevalent. Thus, it is recommended to farmers to use a multi-faceted approach of GIN control, including multi-species grazing. Because management differs between cattle and small ruminants in regard to copper tolerance in minerals, predator control and fencing, alternate grazing of species has most commonly been used. Other considerations include age or susceptibility to GIN, as young calves may be vulnerable to GIN, but mature cows often have negligible GIN infection. Similarly, weanling lambs and kids are susceptible, and depending on breed, adults range from highly resistant to susceptible. Research indicates that GIN burden of more resistant animals is less influenced by multi-species grazing, and highly susceptible animals will likely need additional measures of control. The more resistant species used in the multi-species grazing may lend more control to the more susceptible. Some research showed reductions in O. ostertagi, but not C. oncophora in cattle during extended grazing of cattle and sheep, and reductions of H. contortus and T. colubriformis in sheep. However, other research reported similar worm burdens. Weight gains were improved in lambs grazed alternately with cattle in some studies, and most studies showed little benefit to cattle. Little has been published on alternate grazing with cattle and goats. The complex interactions, larger plot sizes needed, and time required to complete experiments limits published studies of this important management scheme.

scholarly journals Status of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Shirin Akter ◽  
Hiranmoy Biswas ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Resistant Parasite ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

Anthelmintic resistance has become a global problem that threatens livestock production worldwide. The present study was investigated the status of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of small ruminants in two organized sheep and goat farms in two different areas of Bangladesh by fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin. In each farms, naturally infected animals were divided into four groups of 10 animals. Fecal samples from each group were collected on day 0 and day 14 of post treatment to measure the eggs per gram of feces (EPG). The fecal samples of each group before and after treatment were also considered for culture to identify resistant parasite. In case of organized sheep farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 90.17, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 97.82 and 55.68, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 98.25 and 96.77, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.79, 85.12 and 99.11, 88.31, respectively. In case of organized goat farm, the result of FECRT of albendazole was 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 0 and 0, respectively. The result of FECRT of levamisole and ivermectin was 97.99 and 100, 95% confidence with upper and lower limit was 99.59, 90.28 and 0, 0 respectively. The results revealed that gastrointestinal nematodes were found to be resistant to albendazole in organized sheep farm and suspected to be resistant to levamisole and ivermectin. In organized goat farms, the GI nematodes found to be susceptible to all anthelmintics used for this study. Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. were resistant parasite in sheep farm. This seems to be the first documentation of anthelmintic resistance against GI nematodes in organized sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. Appropriate measures need to be taken to overcome the situation. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2018, 4(4): 378-382

The effect of supplementary feeding in browsing Criollo kids and hair sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 261-278
Author(s):  
Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
The Tropics

SummaryThe objective was to highlight the role of supplementary feeding on resilience and resistance of browsing small ruminants against natural gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. GIN infections have a negative impact on productivity of browsing Criollo kids especially during the wet season of Yucátan. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the threat of GIN infectivity in the native vegetation available for browsing goats. Control of GIN in browsing ruminants is threatened by the emergence of anthelmintic resistant nematodes strains in the local flocks. Browsing trials with kids and lambs have shown that supplementary feeding (100–108g/day) improved resilience and resistance of Criollo kids against GIN. Supplements used successfully include sorghum:soybean meal (74:26 respectively), maize:soybean meal (74:26) and maize only (108g/day). The later result showed that animals might benefit from supplementation with rumen fermentable energy that could improve utilization of available browsing legumes by the goats. Wet season trials showed that, in spite of supplementation, infected animals have lower productivity compared to non-infected animals. However, the combined use of supplementation and copper oxide wire particles or tactic anthelmintic treatment, can improve growth rate of infected kids to maximum production levels. Short-term supplementation strategies have shown to be less effective than long-term strategies in achieving better resilience against GIN in kids. Lambs are more resistant but less resilient against GIN infections than kids. Improved resistance of lambs seemed to require more nutrients than in goats. In conclusion, supplementary feeding can play an important role in improving both resilience and resistance of growing small ruminants in the tropics but it can be further improved through the complementary use of other strategies leading to a more sustainable integrated parasite control strategy.

scholarly journals PSII-37 Determining the possible anthelmintic properties of allicin and pumpkin seed oil for mitigation of anthelmintic resistance found in gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Collin Hayes ◽  
Elizabeth Benavides ◽  
Malorie Diamond ◽  
Trixie L Wetmore ◽  
Ken Mix
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Ovicidal Activity ◽  
Pumpkin Seed ◽  
Pumpkin Seed Oil

Abstract Anthelmintics are a widely utilized treatment option for gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants. Recently, these parasites have exhibited increasing resistance towards these drugs. Haemonchus controtus, a gastrointestinal nematode commonly found in small ruminants, has developed resistance towards multiple classes of anthelmintics, leading to huge economic losses worldwide. There are few novel drugs currently being developed, but certain plant-derived products have demonstrated anthelmintic properties when administered in various forms to ruminants. By utilizing these plant products, producers have the opportunity to decrease the rate of development of anthelmintic resistance, and prevent eggs from hatching when excreted by infected livestock. Therefore, it is hypothesized that specific plant-derived products will act as ovicidal agents in H. contortus eggs. The objective of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of allicin (from Allium sativum) and pumpkin seed oil (PSO). H. contortus eggs were extracted from a pooled fecal sample of Boer and Spanish goats naturally infected with H. contortus. The eggs were then exposed to allicin or PSO at different concentrations. Experiments were replicated four times per concentration. To determine ovicidal activity, samples were observed for unhatched eggs and hatched worms for 24 hours. The 1:100 allicin dilution treatment tended (P = 0.053) to inhibit hatching more than the control. Furthermore, any worms that hatched in allicin treatments exhibited limited signs of motility. Pumpkin seed oil does not appear to possess the same ovicidal potency as allicin, but may still have potential as a larvicidal agent. Based on the current results, allicin is a potential ovicidal agent that may be used independently or incorporated with current treatment methods for H. contortus control.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genotypic approaches for detection of anthelmintic resistant sheep gastrointestinal nematodes from Brazilian northeast

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vilemar de Araújo-Filho ◽  
Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽  
Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽  
Géssica Soares Cavalcante ◽  
Jéssica Maria Leite dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Phenotypic Tests ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the anthelmintic resistance (AR) of a sheep gastrointestinal nematode population, named Caucaia, from northeastern Brazil. Phenotypic tests performed were: egg hatch (EHT), larval development (LDT) and fecal egg count reduction (FECRT). Benzimidazoles (BZs) genotypic evaluation was by frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) F200Y, F167Y and E198A, and for levamisole (LEV), by frequency of resistance alleles of Hco-acr-8 gene. The primers were designed specifically for Haemonchus contortus. Effective concentrations 50% (EC50) for BZs (EHT), and for macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and LEV (LDT) were 1.02 µg/mL, 1.81 ng/mL and 0.04 µg/mL, respectively. Resistance ratios for MLs and LEV were 0.91 and 3.07, respectively. FECRT efficacies of BZs, MLs, monepantel (MPTL) and LEV were 52.4; 87.0; 94.5 and 99.6%, respectively. qPCR for BZs demonstrated resistance allele frequencies of 0%, 26.24% and 69.08% for SNPs E198A, F200Y and F167Y, respectively. For LEV, 54.37% of resistance alleles were found. There was agreement between EHT, FECRT and qPCR for BZs, and agreement between LDT and qPCR for LEV. Thus, based on higher sensitivity of qPCR, and phenotypic evaluation, the Caucaia population was considered resistant to BZs, MLs, LEV and suspect for MPTL.

scholarly journals Ovicidal and larvicidal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis to control gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-811
Author(s):  
Natália Berne Pinto ◽  
Leonardo Mortagua de Castro ◽  
Rosária Helena Machado Azambuja ◽  
Gabriela de Almeida Capella ◽  
Micaele Quintana de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Larval Migration

Abstract Gastrointestinal Nematode Infection (GIN) are the main constraint to the production of small ruminants. Studies of medicinal plants have been an important alternative in the effort to control these parasites. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro ovicidal and larvicidal activity of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis. The oil was extracted, analyzed by gas chromatography and tested on GIN eggs and larvae in six concentrations, 227.5mg/mL, 113.7mg/mL, 56.8mg/mL, 28.4mg/mL, 14.2mg/mL and 7.1mg/mL. To determine the ovicidal activity, GIN eggs were recovered from sheep feces and incubated for 48h with different concentrations of the oil. For the evaluation of larval migration, third-stage larvae (L3) were obtained by fecal culture, and associated with the essential oil for 24h at the same concentrations, after which they were left for another 24 hours on microsieves, followed by the count of migrating and non-migrating larvae. The assays of R. officinalis oil showed a significant (p<0.05) 97.4% to 100% inhibition of egg hatching and a significant (p<0.05) 20% to 74% inhibition of larval migration. The main constituent revealed by gas chromatography was Eucalyptol. The results indicate that R. officinalis essential oil has ovicidal and larvicidal activity on sheep GINs.

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