scholarly journals 42 Advancements in silage management and technology for beef and dairy cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Hugo Ramirez ◽  
Emily Branstad ◽  
Layla King
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In 2017, 2.6 million ha of American farmland were destined for corn silage production, which was estimated at 116.5 million tons. Data for 2018 are yet to be compiled but field observations provide insight of a difficult year for growing and harvesting conditions. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in making the most efficient use of forage resources. Since corn silage is a predominant forage for beef and dairy cattle, most advances have focused on improving harvesting, storage and feeding methods of this crop. The harvesting process has been modified with the introduction of various designs of kernel processors; commercial laboratory data show a trend towards greater and more uniform processing score since 2010. Furthermore, the degree of processing can now be objectively evaluated by combining hydrodynamic separation and image processing software to obtain a kernel processing score in real time in field conditions. Applications of plastic film technology, such as oxygen barriers, to seal and maintain an anaerobic environment, have aroused interest due to the possibility of reducing spoilage with a concomitant increase in recovery of dry matter from the uppermost layer of a silage pile. Throughout the storage phase, it has been recognized that starch digestibility increases over time due to prolamin solubilization. Recent work with reconstituted high-moisture corn demonstrated that bacterial proteolytic activity contributes 60% to protein solubilization and that fermentation acids play a minor role in this process. The field of inoculants has also seen innovations in terms of application equipment and species and strain selection, with Lactobacillus buchneri becoming relevant for certain conditions that require longer aerobic stability. During feed-out, dry matter monitoring can be done with instant measurements using NIR technology in various applications ranging from tractor-mounted instruments to hand-held devices. Even though silage making has been a longstanding practice, specific aspects of the process have evolved over time and are worthy of consideration to improve forage management and quality in support of ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals Breathing In-Depth: A Parametrization Study on RGB-D Respiration Extraction Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Kempfle ◽  
Kristof Van Laerhoven
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Depth Camera ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Depth Cameras ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Over Time

As depth cameras have gotten smaller, more affordable, and more precise, they have also emerged as a promising sensor in ubiquitous systems, particularly for detecting objects, scenes, and persons. This article sets out to systematically evaluate how suitable depth data can be for picking up users’ respiration, from small distance changes across the torso over time. We contribute a large public dataset of depth data over time from 19 persons taken in a large variety of circumstances. On this data, we evaluate and compare different state-of-the-art methods and show that their individual performance significantly depends on a range of conditions and parameters. We investigate the influence of the observed torso region (e.g., the chest), the user posture and activity, the distance to the depth camera, the respiratory rate, the gender, and user specific peculiarities. Best results hereby are obtained from the chest whereas the abdomen is least suited for detecting the user’s breathing. In terms of accuracy and signal quality, the largest differences are observed on different user postures and activities. All methods can maintain a mean accuracy of above 92% when users are sitting, but half of the observed methods only achieve a mean accuracy of 51% while standing. When users are standing and additionally move their arms in front of their upper body, mean accuracy values between the worst and best performing methods range from 21 to 87%. Increasing the distance to the depth camera furthermore results in lower signal quality and decreased accuracy on all methods. Optimal results can be obtained at distances of 1–2 m. Different users have been found to deliver varying qualities of breathing signals. Causes range from clothing, over long hair, to movement. Other parameters have shown to play a minor role in the detection of users’ breathing.

scholarly journals Production and quality of corn silage with forage and pigeon peas in a crop-livestock system

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 861-876
Author(s):  
Vinicius Carreteiro Gomes ◽  
◽  
Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles ◽  
Ciniro Costa ◽  
Juliana da Silva Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Livestock System

The objective of this study was to evaluate maize in consortium with forage in a crop-livestock system for silage production, with subsequent formation of pasture. The experimental design comprised randomized blocks, with four replications, two types of corn cultivation, intercropped with two Brachiaria species (marandu grass and convert grass), and with and without intercropping with the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) BRS Mandarin. Dry matter productivity, the morphological composition of the corn, the botanical composition of the Brachiaria and pigeon peas, and the bromatological composition of the silage and Brachiaria were evaluated, as well as the losses caused by effluents. The consortia did not interfere with the productivity of corn for silage, and the silage from the consortium with pigeon peas exhibited a higher concentration of crude protein, demonstrating that the modality of the integrated agricultural production system of corn culture with Brachiaria and pigeon peas is an alternative to increase the protein content of the ensiled material and provide greater diversity of the remaining forage.

Growth and chemical composition of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 1. Dry matter yield and nitrogen content in response to superphosphate

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
NH Shaw ◽  
CT Gates ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor

In a field experiment on a solodic soil, applications of superphosphate, in the presence of molybdenum, increased the dry matter yield of S. humilis H.B.K. from 2,450 to 5,800 lb an acre, and increased the relative nitrogen content from 2.36 to 3.28 per cent. When this result was examined under more closely controlled conditions in a pot experiment, using the constituent elements of molybdenized superphosphate, it was found that the combination of phosphorus and sulphur produced the greatest dry weight and nitrogen responses. Nevertheless, substantial increases in dry weight of plant tops were obtained with added phosphorus in the absence of sulphur, although the relative nitrogen content of this dry matter was low unless sulphur was also present. There was a small response to molybdenum in this experiment, but calcium played only a minor role. In the pot experiment three replicates were placed in a glasshouse, and one under a light bank in a growth room. Plants grew faster and gave higher dry matter and nitrogen yields under the light bank than in the glasshouse. Attention is drawn to the adaptability that S. humilis displays to a wide range of nutritional conditions, and it is suggested that both the yield and nitrogen content of this legume are probably being limited by nutrient deficiency in most areas of northern Australia where it is being grown.

scholarly journals EFFETS DE LA DENSITE DU PEUPLEMENT ET DE L’APPORT DES ELEMENTS N, P ET K SUR LA PRODUCTION D’ENSILAGE DE MAIS DE MATURITE DIFFERENTE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-743
Author(s):  
JEAN GENEST ◽  
JEAN-LOUIS DIONNE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
K Fertilization ◽  
Corn Hybrid

The experiment was designed to measure the effect of corn maturity, plant density, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization on corn silage production. Funk’s G 4252 corn hybrid planted 10 cm apart in rows 75 cm apart produced an average of 18,325 kg/ha of dry matter over 4 yr, when fertilized with 200 kg/ha of N. Nitrogen fertilization, plant density, and choice of hybrid were the most important factors in dry matter production. Yield increases of 30% were associated with a 3% decrease in quality. Optimum yields were predicted for plant densities of 133,000 pl/ha with 180 kg/ha of N. There was no significant response to P and K fertilization. Yearly applications of P at 50 kg/ha allowed an increase in available P in the soil. Even with yearly applications of K at 200 kg/ha, a constant decrease in soil exchangeable K content was observed.

Effect of different grazing strategies on dry matter yields and nutritive characteristics of whole crop cereals

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
J. Hill ◽  
T. Jenkin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cattle

Forage cereals offer the potential to increase the amount of forage grown and consumed on dairy farms in southern Australia. The effect of single or multiple grazing of winter cereal forages by lactating dairy cattle on dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value at grazing and on subsequent silage production harvested at the soft-dough stage of growth was determined in three studies in south-western Victoria. In the first two studies, a range of forage cereals and an annual ryegrass were grazed either once (G1) during tillering (GS 21–29), followed by locking up for silage, grazed twice (G2) (GS 21–29 and GS 32–34), followed by locking up for silage, or not grazed (NG) and harvested for silage only. In the third study, two forage cereals were either ungrazed (NG) or grazed at either GS 21, GS 24, GS 30 or GS 32 and subsequently locked up and harvested for silage. All silage harvests occurred at GS 84 (soft dough). In all studies, grazing at early tillering resulted in DM yield of less than 1.4 t DM/ha, although crude protein (CP) (30–37% DM) and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) (12.2–14 MJ/kg DM) were high. Deferring grazing until the start of stem elongation resulted in higher DM yields (1.8–4.3 t DM/ha). Silage DM yields were higher (P < 0.05) for G1 and NG treatments than for G2 in all cases apart from McKellar wheat in study 1. At silage harvest, CP and estimated ME contents of cereals were lower than for annual ryegrass. In general, total DM yields across the growing season were higher for the G1 and NG treatments compared with forages that were grazed twice before silage harvest. Deferment of a single grazing from early tillering to stem elongation did not adversely affect total DM production. However, delaying grazing until stem elongation resulted in significant declines in CP concentration and estimated ME. These studies highlight the potential of cereal forages to contribute to DM production on dairy farms in southern Australia. They can provide additional flexibility into forage systems through the provision of forage for a single grazing in early winter and in the production of high DM yield silage harvests. Cereals grazed in early winter have a high estimated ME and CP content, whereas the nutritive characteristics when harvested for silage at soft dough are of only moderate feed value. Consideration is required as to how best to incorporate these into diets of lactating dairy cattle.

scholarly journals PSIV-15 Influence of genetics on fatty acid profile, vitamin and mineral content of beef from grain and grass-finishing systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 277-277
Author(s):  
Lucas Krusinski ◽  
Isabella Cristina de Faria Maciel ◽  
Selin Sergin ◽  
Travis Goeden ◽  
Jenifer I Fenton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Total N ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
Fat Extraction ◽  
Red Angus ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Grass Genetics

Abstract Finishing systems and genetics can affect nutritional profiles. The objectives of this study were to quantify fatty acids (FA), vitamins, and minerals from two different breeds of cattle finished either on grain or on grass. Red Angus (RA, n = 30) and RA x Akaushi (AK, n = 30) were equally assigned to one of the finishing systems: a mixed-species pasture forage (GRASS) or a total mixed feedlot ration (GRAIN) in three replications. Animals were slaughtered between 18 (GRAIN) and 26 (GRASS) months of age, and meat samples were collected between the 11th and 13th rib. FA profiles were determined using microwave-assisted fat extraction, acid-base methylation, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Vitamin and mineral content were analyzed by commercial laboratory. Overall (µg/g dry), vitamin E (31.05±5.11 vs 17.43±3.07, P &lt; 0.0001), iron (69.28±6.71 vs 47.04±7.64, P &lt; 0.0001), copper (1.56±0.89 vs 0.86±0.9, P = 0.037), zinc (139.57±35.72 vs 110.53±15.4, P = 0.0002), and molybdenum (0.15±0.04 vs 0±0.01, P &lt; 0.0001) were significantly higher in GRASS compared to GRAIN and did not differ by breed. Manganese was significantly higher in GRAIN (0.31±0.07 vs 0.25±0.05, P = 0.0005). Iron was significantly higher in GRASS and differed when comparing AK to RA (73.04±6.9 vs 65.51±3.92, P = 0.018). Regarding FA (mg/100g beef), total n-6 (115.12±55.7 vs 87.43±33.89, P &lt; 0.01) and the n-6:n-3 ratio (8.39±2.66 vs 1.46±0.34, P &lt; 0.0001) were higher in GRAIN, while total n-3 (62.77±30.59 vs 14.39±8.34, P &lt; 0.0001), ALA (35.96±25.6 vs 6.23±5.82, P &lt; 0.0001), and EPA (8.98±2.22 vs 2.01±0.84, P &lt; 0.0001) were higher in GRASS. These results suggest that there are differences in n-3, n-6, n-6:n-3 ratios, ALA, EPA, minerals, and vitamins with results favoring GRASS. Genetics seem to play a minor role in FA profiles and only significantly affected iron content.

The effect of slurry application timing on grass silage fermentation and intake by dairy cattle

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
R.D. Allison ◽  
S.J. Lane ◽  
K. Smith ◽  
J.A. Laws
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Silage Production

Many farmers apply slurry to grassland as a fertiliser or a means of waste disposal. There is evidence that winter slurry application leads to higher losses of nitrogen due to leaching subsequently reducing the efficiency of slurry N utilisation when compared with spring applications (Smith et al 1995). This suggests that slurry applications should be undertaken in spring, but the effect of timing on the extent of grass contamination is unknown. When grassland is used for silage production, contamination of the sward can lead to reduced silage fermentation and acceptability (Boxem and Remmelink 1987). A study was conducted to investigate the effect of timing of slurry application on fermentation and dry matter intake of first and second cut grass silage.

scholarly journals Feeding Value of High Dry Matter Corn Silage for Dairy Cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 1942-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Owens ◽  
N.A. Jorgensen ◽  
H.H. Voelker
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Value

THE EFFECT OF SHADE STRESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CORN FOR SILAGE VERSUS GRAIN

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. N. MBEWE ◽  
R. B. HUNTER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Light Stress ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Stover Yield ◽  
Silage Quality ◽  
Silage Production

A field study was conducted near Guelph, Ontario, to investigate the effects of shade stress on the yield of corn grown for silage versus grain. The effects of shading on the quality of whole-plant corn silage were also examined. Shade was provided by two layers of fiberglass screen, which reduced the amount of light by approximately 65%. The shade treatments were applied during either the vegetative, reproductive or grain-filling stages of development. Shading at any stage reduced whole-plant dry matter (WPDM) yield at the silage corn harvest stage and the level of this reduction was relatively independent of the stage at which the shade was applied. Grain DM yield at the grain harvest stage was also reduced by light stress, with the greatest reduction resulting from light stress during the reproductive stage. However, for silage production, high stover yield compensated for the reduction in grain yield, resulting in little reduction in whole-plant yield. Shading during either the reproductive or filling stage reduced WPDM content due to reduced grain content and higher stover moisture content.Key words: Corn, silage quality, whole-plant corn silage

scholarly journals Silage production and the chemical composition of corn and Grass-tanzania intercropping

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1607
Author(s):  
Fabiana Luiza Matielo de Paula ◽  
Luis Fernando Glasenapp de Menezes ◽  
Wagner Paris ◽  
Ricardo Ronsani ◽  
Sarah Maria Hoppen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Recovery Indices

The objective of this study was to evaluate the production and chemical composition of silages of grass Tanzania and corn, grown single or intercropping. The experiment was conducted at UTFPR Câmpus Dois Vizinhos in the period between October 2011 and July 2012, a 600 m² area. The treatments were: TMI - single corn, TMT - corn and grass Tanzania consortium at the time of sowing, TT - Tanzania grass single, TT32 - grass Tanzania silage to 32% dry matter (content similar to that of corn). The experimental design a randomized block design with four treatments and five replications. Agronomic evaluations were performed 120 days after planting, as follows: number of linear-1 plants metro, plant height and ear insertion and number of ears.plants-1. In the grass we evaluated canopy height, where it was held the botanical separation in green leaves, dried and stem. Silage started being held in 100 mm PVC pipe (mini-silos) kept sealed for 60 days. At the time of opening of the silo were determined the following parameters: DM, pH, total loss of DM (PDM), specifies mass (SM), dry matter recovery indices (IRDM), losses gas (LG), and size particle. Chemical analysis of the results of OM, MM, ADF were higher for TMI treatments, TT and TT, respectively. CP and LIG had superior results for the treatments containing grass. Corn intercropping with grass Tanzania silage provides more crude protein and lignin compared to exclusive corn silage without damaging the crop yield. Silage maiden Tanzania has higher levels of ADF and crude protein as well as increased production of dry matter than corn silage. The grass Tanzania should be harvested with 30% DM as presented better pH values, higher dry matter recovery rate, less loss of gas as well as increased production of dry matter that Tanzania harvested at the same age corn.

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