scholarly journals 56 Observations on pre-weaning piglet mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Naomi Cooper ◽  
Caleb M Shull
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Feeding Programs ◽  
The People ◽  
Piglet Mortality

Abstract Pre-weaning piglet mortality (PWM) is a substantial economic loss and a welfare concern. It is not a new issue; however, there is evidence that levels are increasing in US herds. Genetic improvements in prolificacy have been accompanied with lower average piglet birth weights, increased within-litter variation in birth weight, and an increasing proportion of low birth weight piglets. Low birth weight is a major pre-disposing factor for PWM. In a survey involving over 11,000 piglets (average birth weight 1.44 ± 0.390 kg), PWM for piglets weighing 1.5 kg was 44, 15, and 8%, respectively. However, the percentage of total mortality from these 3 weight groupings was 35, 42, and 23%, respectively. This suggests that efforts to reduce PWM should mainly focus on lightest 50% of piglets in a population. The major causes and timing of PWM have not changed over time. Crushing and starvation are predominant; the majority of losses occur in the first few days after birth. A substantial proportion of dead piglets have empty stomachs. Pre-weaning mortality is multifactorial in origin; reducing levels requires attention to all factors, starting with farrowing accommodation design and basic facility hygiene programs. Minimizing piglet body temperature decline after birth, and encouraging early colostrum and milk intake are critical. Strategies to reduce competition between piglets for access to the udder and/or supplementary feeding programs are important. Cross-fostering is central to maximizing piglet survival; however, there is a dearth of research-based information to use to design the optimum strategy. The potential influence of gestation nutrition on PWM requires clarification. Pre-weaning mortality is strongly influenced by the people managing the farrowing facilities; developing approaches for early identification of at risk pigs would have benefit. Ultimately, minimizing PWM requires systems-based approaches involving all components from genetic selection for survival through to facility and animal management practices.

scholarly journals Selective tooth clipping in the management of low-birth-weight piglets

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Robert ◽  
B.K. Thompson ◽  
D. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Small Litter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Lower Birth Weight ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Piglet Mortality

A study was designed to test the potential benefits of selective tooth clipping (the practice of leaving the eye teeth intact in the smallest piglets of a litter to make them more competitive) under commercial conditions. A total of 346 litters were assigned to either the control treatment where all piglets had their teeth clipped, or the experimental treatment where one or more piglets of low birth weight had their teeth left intact. Piglets were weighed within 24 h of birth and at 7, 21 and 56 d. In litters of 12–14 animals, but not in smaller litters, the lower-birth-weight piglets had lower mortality in experimental than in control litters (32.0 vs. 39.8%), whereas higher-birth-weight piglets showed a trend in the opposite direction, with 14.4% mortality in experimental vs. 13.2% in control litters (P = 0.05). The weight gain of lower-birth-weight piglets was greater (166 vs. 143 g d−1) in experimental than in control litters of 9–11 piglets, but the heavier piglets competing against the small litter-mates with intact teeth had lower weight gains than the controls (177 vs. 187 g d−1) (P < 0.02). Within-litter variance of 21-d weights was about 15% smaller (P < 0.005) in experimental than in control litters. Thus, selective tooth-clipping does not improve overall growth and survival, but it contributes to more uniform weaning weights and may help the most vulnerable piglets to remain alive until fostering or other intervention can be accomplished. Key words: Tooth clipping, piglet, mortality, weight gain

scholarly journals IGF-2R-Gαq signaling and cardiac hypertrophy in the low-birth-weight lamb

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (7) ◽  
pp. R627-R635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley C. W. Wang ◽  
Darran N. Tosh ◽  
Song Zhang ◽  
I. Caroline McMillen ◽  
Jaime A. Duffield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Increased Risk

The cardiac insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in a heterotrimeric G protein receptor-coupled manner involving αq (Gαq) or αs (Gαs). We have previously shown increased left ventricular weight and cardiac IGF-2 and IGF-2R gene expression in low-birth-weight (LBW) compared with average-birth-weight (ABW) lambs. Here, we have investigated the cardiac expression of IGF-2 gene variants, the degree of histone acetylation, and the abundance of proteins in the IGF-2R downstream signaling pathway in ABW and LBW lambs. Samples from the left ventricle of ABW and LBW lambs were collected at 21 days of age. There was increased phospho-CaMKII protein with decreased HDAC 4 abundance in the LBW compared with ABW lambs. There was increased GATA 4 and decreased phospho-troponin I abundance in LBW compared with ABW lambs, which are markers of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and impaired or reduced contractility, respectively. There was increased histone acetylation of H3K9 at IGF-2R promoter and IGF-2R intron 2 differentially methylated region in the LBW lamb. In conclusion, histone acetylation of IGF-2R may lead to increased IGF-2R mRNA expression and subsequently mediate Gαq signaling early in life via CaMKII, resulting in an increased risk of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiovascular disease in adult life.

scholarly journals Low birth weight and birth weight status in Bangladesh: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274
Author(s):  
Saijuddin Shaikh ◽  
Md. Tanvir Islam ◽  
Rebecca K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
North East ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) is high in Bangladesh, but no study has collated recent estimates of LBW prevalence from throughout the country. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of LBW and birth weight status in Bangladesh. We searched PubMed, Medline, Ovo and Google Scholar to find published articles in national and international journals from 2000–2020 and reviewed for relevance. Meta-analysis and Q test were performed to estimate the prevalence and heterogeneity of LBW from all included articles. Meta-regression was done to quantify associations with sample size and study year. Stratified analysis was conducted and effect size calculated for differences in LBW prevalence by sex, division and urban/rural area. In total 48 studies with 166,520 births were found and included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of LBW was 29.1% (95% CI, 28.9–29.3%) in overall, 29.9% (29.7–30.2%) in rural and 15.7% (14.9–16.6%) in urban areas. There was no significant difference in average birth weight between boys and girls (SD, 0.71; 95% CI, −0.43–1.83). Prevalence of LBW was higher in north-east Bangladesh compared to other zones (p<0.05). The pooled prevalence of LBW did not change significantly for last two decades. The prevalence of LBW in Bangladesh remains high. Lack of improvement suggests an urgent need for scaled up maternal and prenatal interventions and services known to reduce LBW. Urban/rural and divisional differences in rates suggest areas of greatest need.

scholarly journals Cesarean section was not associated with mortality or morbidities advantage in very low birth weight infants: a nationwide cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Kyu Kim ◽  
Yun Sil Chang ◽  
Jong Hee Hwang ◽  
Myung Hee Lee ◽  
Won Soon Park
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

AbstractThis study investigated the role of cesarean section (CS) in mortality and morbidity of very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) weighing less than 1500 g. This nationwide prospective cohort study of the Korean Neonatal Network consisted of 9,286 VLBWIs at 23–34 gestational weeks (GW) of age between 2013 and 2017. The VLBWIs were stratified into 23–24, 25–26, 27–28 and 29–34 GW, and the mortality and morbidity were compared according to the mode of delivery. The total CS rate was 78%, and was directly proportional to gestational age. The CS rate was the lowest at 61% in case of infants born at 23–24 GW and the highest at 84% in VLBWIs delivered at 29–34 GW. Contrary to the significantly lower total mortality (12%) and morbidities including sepsis (21%) associated with CS than vaginal delivery (VD) (16% and 24%, respectively), the mortality in the 25–26 GW (26%) and sepsis in the 27–28 GW (25%) and 29–34 GW (12%) groups were significantly higher in CS than in VD (21%, 20% and 8%, respectively). In multivariate analyses, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mortality (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.89–1.25) and morbidity including sepsis (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.98–1.27) were not significantly reduced with CS compared with VD. The adjusted ORs for respiratory distress syndrome (1.89, 95% CI 1.59–2.23) and symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (1.21, 95% CI 1.08–1.37) were significantly increased with CS than VD. In summary, CS was not associated with any survival or morbidity advantage in VLBWIs. These findings indicate that routine CS in VLBWIs without obstetric indications is contraindicated.

scholarly journals Management of Low Birth Weight in Canine and Feline Species: Breeder Profiling

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2953
Author(s):  
Amélie Mugnier ◽  
Sylvie Chastant ◽  
Claude Saegerman ◽  
Virginie Gaillard ◽  
Aurélien Grellet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Cluster 2

Low birth weight (LBW) has been identified as a major risk factor for neonatal mortality in many species. The aim of this survey was to determine the profiles of canine and feline breeders concerning their perceptions of, and management practices relating to, LBW individuals. An anonymous online survey was addressed to French cat and dog breeders in September 2019 via social networks. Multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering were used to explore breeders’ profiles. Three clusters were identified among the 649 breeders included in this analysis. Cluster 1 (49%) included dog and cat breeders who weighed newborns (and thus identified LBW) and controlled nursing by the dam (controlled suckling) but did not warm them up. Cluster 2 breeders (21%) of both species did not weigh puppies or kittens to identify LBW or to monitor the evolution of their weight afterwards. Cluster 3 (30%) including mostly cat breeders who weighed neonates routinely as in Cluster 1, but they practiced artificial feeding rather than controlled suckling. This survey provides a basis for better understanding of perceptions and practices regarding LBW puppies and kittens. It will be useful to provide guidelines for neonatal management to increase their chances of survival.

scholarly journals 21 Effects of supplementing late gestation sow diets with zinc on pre-weaning mortality of pigs under commercial rearing conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Pedro E Urriola ◽  
Mark Schwartz ◽  
Jae-Cheol Jang ◽  
Gerald C Shurson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to determine pre-weaning survival of pigs when sows were supplemented with 3 dietary levels of Zn in late gestation. Gilts and sows (n = 339) were assigned to one of three dietary treatments based on parity. Treatments were: 1) Control – corn-soybean meal-based diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (75 ppm Zn) and AvailaZn™ (50 ppm Zn, CON); 2) Intermediate – as Control + 240 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (INT); and 3) High – as Control + 470 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (HI). Final supplemental Zn concentrations of diets were: 1) CON – 125 ppm; 2) INT – 365 ppm; and 3) HI – 595 ppm. Sows received dietary treatments from about d 85 of gestation until farrowing. Individual piglet birth weights were recorded within 12 h of parturition and all instances of piglet mortality were recorded. The statistical model considered fixed effects of diet and random effects of parity. Chi-square analysis was used to determine diet effects on piglet mortality. There were no differences in total pigs born, born alive, or weaned per litter. However, piglets from sows fed the INT diet had heavier (P &lt; 0.05) birth weights (1.42 kg) than those fed CON (1.38 kg). Furthermore, incidence of low birth weight pigs was less (P &lt; 0.05) for sows consuming INT compared with sows fed CON and HI (Table 1). Overall piglet mortality tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) as dietary Zn increased. Furthermore, mortality of low birth weight pigs decreased (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Zn increased. Overall, effects of supplemental dietary Zn at 365 and 595 ppm in late gestation improved pre-weaning survival of low birth weight piglets and reduced overall pre-weaning mortality of piglets.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Study on the Incidence of Hearing Impairment in Children Up to 3 Years of Age and Associated Risk Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Kremena K. Atanasova ◽  
Georgi N. Nikolov ◽  
Joana I. Simeonova ◽  
Boris I. Duhlenski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
Negative Test Result ◽  
Low Birth Weight Children ◽  
Test Result

Summary Early diagnosis of congenital hearing impairment is of great importance to later development and social life of the affected newborns. Otoacoustic emission screening test (OAEs) is a useful tool for early evaluation of hearing in neonates and infants. Some specific risk factors (RFs) associated with prenatal, birth and early postnatal periods may influence the first screening results and further diagnostic findings. Results from OAEs in newborns in University Hospital in Pleven between 2013-2015 years are analyzed. In low birth weight children (under 2500 grams or g), and those born before the 36th gestation week (GW), we found deviations in the OAEs. A negative test result proved higher in newborns subjected to oxygen therapy during the first hours after birth (15.5%), as well as in newborns with higher leucocytes count (11.0%) or higher serum bilirubin value immediately after birth. The average birth weight of the newborns was lower in the cases with negative test results (2848.7±506.5 g) and unilateral negative test results (2823.3±535.2 g), as compared with the group with positive test results (3191.9±387.9 g). Elevated bilirubin levels were more frequently established and can be expected with higher probability in low birth weight children. They shall be subject to a follow-up in time, and newborns with initial negative test result shall undergo a second test 2 months after birth. Long term monitoring is recommended for newborns with these risk factors.

scholarly journals SINGLE CENTRE, OPEN-LABEL & NON RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL TESTING LMWH EFFICACY ON PERINATAL OUTCOME INLATE SECOND TRIMESTER OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS CASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 952-56
Author(s):  
Bushra Iftikhar ◽  
Aysha Shahid ◽  
Nuzhat Aisha Akram ◽  
Afeera Afsheen ◽  
Rabia Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Index ◽  
Average Birth Weight

Objective: To find out low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) efficacy inlate second trimester oligohydramnios cases. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Malir, from Jan to Jun 2017. Methodology: A total of 30 patients having amniotic fluid index (AFI) <8 on ultrasound scan during their late second trimester phase were enrolled in the study after informed consent. Exclusion criteria included congenital anomalies on U/S, PPROM, and drug-induced oligohydramnios. Personal, medical and obstetric history was obtained for age, parity and co-morbids like hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, and previous oligohydramnios. Low molecular weight heparin was started at dose of 0.5mg/kg of body weight subcutaneously for 8-12 weeks and stopped 24 hours prior to delivery. Rescan for amniotic fluid index and fetal bio-metry assessment done every 2 weeks till date of delivery. Fetal outcome in terms of maturity, mode of delivery, birth weight, APGAR score and need for NICU admission were measured. Results: There were 28 live births and two intrauterine deaths. Twelve patients were delivered normally and 18 had elective LSCS. Of twenty eight cases, eight were premature low birth weight (LBW) babies. Twenty six patients showed significant improvement in amniotic fluid index. Average birth weight was 2.5kg. Neonates showed an average APGAR score of 7. Eight neonates admitted in NICU (for prematurity and/or low birth weight) and discharged within a week. Conclusion: Low molecular weight heparin plays significant role in treating oligohydramnios in cases with or without risk factors. However further studies with large sample............

scholarly journals Neonatal Gastric Perforation

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Abu Daud Md Shariful Islam ◽  
Md Abdul Aziz ◽  
Md Shahjahan ◽  
Md Ayub Ali
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gastric Perforation ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Neonatal Gastric Perforation ◽  
Overall Mortality

Introduction: Neonatal Gastric Perforation is a rare but life threatening condition. Its incidence is reportedly to be 1 in 5000 live births. In most cases, the underlying cause could not be precisely determined. Prematurity, low birth weight, mechanical stress, and male gender are important factors.Objectives: The objective of this study is to share the experience of neonatal gastric perforation in Dhaka Shishu Hospital with regard to etiology, clinical presentation and surgical outcome.Materials and Methods: This retrospective study of seven neonates with Gastric Perforation was carried out at Dhaka Shishu Hospital from July 2008 to June 2011. The data reviewed included birth weight, gestational age at birth, age at presentation, clinical manifestations, pathological findings and outcome.Results: There were 5 male and 2 female neonates among them 3 were mature and 4 were premature. The average birth weight was 2.67 kg. Associated anomalies were present in 2 neonates (28.57%). Four patients had perforations in the greater curvature of stomach (57.14%), 2 in the anterior wall (28.57%), and 1 in the posterior wall (14.28%). The overall mortality in our series was 57.14%. The overall mortality of reported series was 48.91%. Among them thirty three were premature with 75.75% mortality, and 59 were term neonates with 33.89% mortality.Conclusion: Premature and low birth weight neonates are at increased risk of gastric perforation as well as mortality from it.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.11(1) 2015: 34-37

scholarly journals Fatores de Risco para Sépsis Associada aos Cuidados de Saúde em Recém-nascidos de Muito Baixo Peso

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Pereira ◽  
Ema Grilo ◽  
Patrícia Cardoso ◽  
Natália Noronha ◽  
Cristina Resende
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Healthcare Associated

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Healthcare associated infections in very low birth weight infants are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and are also a cause of increased length of stay and hospital costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of healthcare-associated sepsis and associated risk factors in very low birth weight infants.<br /><strong>Material and Methods:</strong> Retrospective observational study including very low birth weight infants hospitalized in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit during ten years (2005-2014). We evaluated the association between several risk factors and healthcare-associated sepsis.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> 461 very low birth weight infants were admitted. There were 110 episodes of HS in 104 very low birth weight infants and 53 episodes of sepsis associated with central vascular catheter. The density of the sepsis was 7.5/1 000 days of hospitalization and the density of central vascular catheter - associated sepsis was 22.6/1 000 days of use. The infants with HS had lower average birth weight and gestational age (959 ± 228 g vs 1191 ± 249 g and 27.6 ± 2 vs 29.8 ± 2.2 weeks), p &lt; 0.001. After adjusting for birth weight and gestational age we verified an association between healthcare-associated sepsis and antibiotic therapy in D1, the duration of parenteral nutrition and central vascular catheter. After logistic regression only the gestational age and duration of parenteral nutrition remained as independent significant risk factors for healthcare-associated sepsis. <br /><strong>Discussion:</strong> The independent factors for healthcare-associated sepsis are gestational age and duration of parenteral nutrition.<br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> For each extra week on gestational age the risk declined in 20% and for each day of NP the risk increased 22%.</p>

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