scholarly journals 349 The use of low antioxidant mineral concentrations in the growing diet as a method to increase marbling deposition in feedlot cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Author(s):  
Jerad R Jaborek ◽  
Alejandro E Relling
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The presence of reactive oxygen species has been associated with the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into lipid filled mature adipocytes in vitro. We hypothesized offering a diet without supplemental antioxidant minerals (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) to steers during the growing phase, a time when intramuscular fat cells are believed to be proliferating, would promote differentiation of pre-adipocytes, leading to more desirable marbling scores compared with steers supplemented to meet their mineral requirements. After adaptation to the feedlot, 168 Sim-Angus steers were divided into four weight blocks, placed in one of twenty-four pens, and randomly assigned a dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were: 1) no supplemental (Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se) minerals; 2) control diet with supplemented minerals to meet the mineral requirements of growing beef steers (NRC, 2016); 3) Cu, Mg, Zn, and Se concentrations supplemented at twice the concentration of the control diet. After dietary treatments were applied for the 4-wk long growing phase, steers were offered a common finishing diet until reaching a similar backfat thickness until harvest. Feedlot performance and carcass data were analyzed in SAS with pen as the experimental unit in the following model: Yij = μ+Di+wj+eij, where Di was the fixed effect of diet, wj was the random effect of weight block, and eij was the random error. No significant (P > 0.35) treatment effects were found for feedlot performance and carcass measurements. The feedstuffs in the basal diet may have contained sufficient concentrations of antioxidant minerals to meet the mineral requirements of the steers and mask differences in marbling. Additionally, offering a similar diet during the finishing period may have resulted in compensatory marbling growth, which offset marbling differences after the growing phase and resulted in uniform marbling accumulation across dietary treatments.

scholarly journals PSI-4 Effects of increasing metabolizable protein on starch digestion in lightweight beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
Cierra Crowell ◽  
Sara Tondini ◽  
Miles Redden ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Stomach Tube ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing MP on starch digestion in lightweight beef steers. Greater provision of metabolizable protein (MP) may increase RUP and aid in pancreatic amylase production for optimum digestion of starch in the small intestine. Twelve crossbred steers were early weaned and used in a crossover design with two 18-day periods and 4 dietary treatments. Lightweight steers (BW = 153 kg) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence for the 2 periods. Diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg/d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Additional MP was provided through greater inclusion of blood meal. Feed and total feces were collected on d 12-18 to determine total tract starch digestion. Rumen fluid was sampled prior to feeding on d 17 via stomach tube to assess in vitro starch disappearance over 8 h for each steer. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment and period, and a random effect of steer. Starch intake was not affected (P = 0.18) by treatment with MP1 and MP4 having similar starch intake values (3.3 kg/d and 3.1 kg/d, respectively). In vitro starch disappearance and final in vitro pH were not affected (P ≥ 0.18) by increasing MP. Similarly, fecal starch output was not different (P = 0.65) among treatments with MP1 treated steers having 0.21 kg/d of starch output and MP4 steers having 0.18 kg/d of starch output. Low fecal starch output values resulted in high total tract starch digestion ranging from 90-96% and were not affected (P = 0.52) by treatment. Overall, increasing dietary MP did not affect ruminal in vitro or total tract starch digestion.

scholarly journals 180 Evaluation of soluble concentrated yeast product on sow and litter performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
Robyn Thompson ◽  
Amanda Graham ◽  
Brandon Knopf ◽  
Laura Greiner ◽  
Sangita Jalukar
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Yeast Product ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Cross Fostering ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Two hundred and forty sows (Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were started on study at 35 d post-breeding through lactation to determine the effects of soluble concentrated yeast product (Celmanax SCP, Arm and Hammer, Princeton, NJ) on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed their respective dietary treatments: 1) Control diet gestation x control diet lactation; 2) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x control diet lactation; 3) Control diet gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation; and 4) 0.01% Celmanax SCP in gestation x 0.02% Celmanax SCP in lactation. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) requirements and contained a feed disinfectant. Sows were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water in lactation. Litters were weighed after cross-fostering, 48 h post-farrow (after litter adjustments and cross-fostering) and at weaning. Sows were weighed entering farrowing and at weaning. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete parity block using PROC MIXED of SAS with sow as the experimental unit, treatment as a fixed effect, and parity as a random effect. There were detectable levels of fumonisin (2 ppm), vomitoxin (1.3 ppm) and zearalenone (243 ppb). There were no differences in sow feed intake or body weight loss (P > 0.10). There was a significant difference in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 for days between wean to estrus (5.99, 5.12, 4.90, 4.49; P = 0.01) and percent bred within 7 d (86.53, 97.06, 97.85, 100.00; P = 0.01), respectively. Average piglet wean weights (kg) were 5.82, 5.87, 5.93, 6.01; P = 0.02 for treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Furthermore, there were no responses in piglet average daily gain or mortality (P > 0.10). The feeding of the soluble yeast product to sows does appear to improve subsequent breeding and litter performance.

PSIII-14 The influence of dietary barley supplementation on American Wagyu feedlot performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 289-289
Author(s):  
Briana V Tangredi ◽  
Meghan P Thorndyke ◽  
Octavio Guimaraes ◽  
Rebecca K Barrington ◽  
Shaniece M Borgerding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Distillers Grain ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract Eighty-nine American Wagyu steers were used to evaluate the effects of dietary barley supplementation on feedlot performance. We hypothesized that barley supplementation would increase ADG compared to non-supplemented control animals. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. Steers were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly assigned within block to one of two treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no supplemental barley) and 2) Control diet + 0.9 kg∙animal-1∙d-1 of supplemental barley. Steers were housed in feedlot pens (all pens contained n = 4 steers/pen with the exception of one Control pen that contained n=5 steers; 11 replicates/treatment; experimental unit = pen) and fed a traditional American Wagyu finishing diet (DM basis: 68.42% DM, 14.33% CP; TDN: 74.76%, NEg: 1.16 Mcal/kg, 5.25% EE) for 270d. The basal diet consisted of grass hay, corn silage, cracked corn grain, soybean meal, corn distillers grain, white salt, ground limestone, and olive byproduct. Diets were fed once daily in the morning and barely was top dressed to the appropriate pens, immediately after the basal diet was delivered. Steers were individually weighed on d -1 and 0, and approximately every 28 days throughout the 270d experiment. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model (PROC MIXED, SAS) for a completely randomized block design. Initial pen BW was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis of all performance data and significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Initial and final BW, ADG, DMI, and feed:gain were similar across treatments. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, these data suggest that barley supplementation for 270d to American Wagyu cattle did not impact overall animal performance.

PSVI-30 Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of beef steers under intensive management with or without an added nutritional packet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 446-446
Author(s):  
Andrea M Osorio ◽  
Kaue Tonelli Nardi ◽  
Igor Gomes Fávero ◽  
Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽  
Kymberly D Coello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Vitamin B1 ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Abstract The effects of a nutritional packet on performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot beef steers were evaluated. Thirty Angus-crossbred steers (BW = 542 ± 8.4 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design and allocated into pens with SmartFeed (C-Lock; 15 steers/treatment). Steers were consuming a steam-flaked corn-based finishing-diet, ad libitum, for the last 65-d on feed prior to slaughter, in which treatments were: 1) control and 2) a nutritional-packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. Individual BW was recorded every 14 d and carcass quality data was collected at slaughter. Steer was considered the experimental unit. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Total DMI was unaffected (P = 0.610) by treatment from d 0–65; however, control steers had greater (P = 0.030) DMI from d 54–65. The G:F was unaffected (P = 0.830) by treatment from d 0–35; however, it was greater (P ≤ 0.001) for steers fed the nutritional packet from d 0–50, and 0–65. Treatment did not affect (P = 0.920) ADG from d 0–35, however it increased (P ≤ 0.001) ADG from d 0–50 and tended (P = 0.060) to increase ADG from d 0–65. Carcass adjusted final BW tended (P = 0.060) to increase by 28% for treated cattle, whereas the Longissimus dorsi area tended to decrease (P = 0.090). No differences (P = 0.240) were observed for fat thickness, while yield-grade (P = 0.03) increased for treated cattle. The nutritional packet appears to improve performance in the final days of feeding steers under intensive management, and energy partitioning may be altered to fat deposition.

Canola screenings as a fiber source in barley-based feedlot diets: effects on rumen fermentation and performance of steers

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Pylot ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
J. Popp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Barley Silage

Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of canola screenings in combination with barley grain for beef steers. Four dietary treatments were used. These included canola screenings:barley grain ratios of 100:0; 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 (as-fed basis). In a metabolic trial, the effects of dietary treatment on ruminal fermentation parameters were determined in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment using four ruminally fistulated steers. In a production trial, 66 individually fed steers were used in an 83-d finishing trial to determine the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle fed different levels of canola screenings. A barley grain/barley silage-based control diet was also fed for comparison purposes. Ruminal pH decreased (P < 0.05) while total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0.05) as the level of barley grain in the diet increased. Ruminal NH3–N followed a pattern (P < 0.05) similar to that of pH. Inclusion level of canola screenings had no effect on DM intake. However, ADG and feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) as the level of barley grain in the diet increased. Increasing the level of barley grain in the finishing diet decreased (P < 0.05) lean meat yield and increased (P < 0.05) carcass fat. It was concluded that canola screenings can be included as a source of fiber in barley-based diets. However, levels in excess of 500 g kg−1 reduced the performance of feedlot steers. Performance and cost of gain with 250 and 500 g kg−1 canola screenings in barley-based finishing diets were comparable with those fed an 800 g kg−1 barley grain and 200 g kg−1 barley silage diet. Key words: Canola screenings, ruminal fermentation, feedlot steer performance

287 Effects of a Novel Rumen-protected Folic Acid Supplement on Feedlot Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Beef Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Emma Niedermayer ◽  
Olivia N Genther-Schroeder ◽  
Christopher Blank ◽  
Remy Carmichael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Feedlot Performance ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract To assess effects of a novel rumen-protected folic acid (RPFA) supplement, 180 Angus-cross steers (292 ± 18 kg) were blocked by body weight to pens and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (n = 6 pens/treatment): target intake of 0 (CON), 30 (RPFA-30), 60 (RPFA-60), 90 (RPFA-90), 120 (RPFA-120), or 150 (RPFA-150) mg RPFA·steer-1·d-1. Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 55, 56 (end of growing), 86, 87, 181, and 182. Liver and blood were collected (two steers/pen) before trial initiation and at the end of growing and finishing. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using ProcMixed of SAS (fixed effects of treatment and block; experimental unit of pen). Liver abscess scores were analyzed using ProcGenmod of SAS. Contrast statements evaluated polynomial effects of RPFA and compared CON vs. RPFA-30. At end of growing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid (P &lt; 0.01) and linearly decreased plasma glucose (P = 0.01). Liver folic acid concentrations at end of growing were greatest for CON, RPFA-90, and RPFA-120 (cubic P = 0.01), and growing period (d 0 to 56) average daily gain and gain:feed were greatest for CON and RPFA-120 (cubic P ≤ 0.03). At end of finishing, RPFA linearly increased plasma folic acid concentrations (P &lt; 0.01), and liver folic acid concentrations were lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Severe liver abscess percentage tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09), while dressing percent was lesser for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.04). Overall (d 0 to 182) carcass-adjusted gain:feed tended to be greater for CON vs. RPFA-30 (P = 0.09). Although RPFA increased plasma folic acid concentrations throughout the study, feedlot performance was not improved, possibly due to low vitamin B12 status (plasma &lt; 200 pg/mL) of steers, regardless of treatment.

scholarly journals RESPONSE OF FINISHING BROILERS TO GRADED LEVELS OF HEAT TREATED SOLVENT EXTRACTED THEVETIA OIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
O. A. ADEYEMI
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The experiment reported herein considered the effect of using solvent extracted thevetia oil which was subjected to heat treatment at 110°C for 25 minutes. Four experimental diets consisting of a basal diet and three other diets in which 2.5, 5.0 and 10% of the control diet was replaced by the thevetia oil were formulated and fed to broilers during the finishing stage (4 - 8 weeks). Eighty broilers were individually weighed and randomly divided into four groups of 20 birds each and these were further divided into 4 replicates of 5 birds each. The four groups were then randomly allocated to the four dietary treatments. Feed Intake and Feed: Gain improved with increase in thevetia oil concentration (P<0.05). Flowever, there was a 10 significant effect of the dietary treatment on weight gain. increasing the concentration of thevetia oil improved the retention of both protein and fat (P<0.05). It was concluded that solvent extracted thevetia oil will serve as a valuable feed ingredient for finishing broiler if a mild heat treatment is employed since Some of the toxic compounds in it are probably thermolabile.

scholarly journals PSXIV-18 Feeding behavior of feedlot steers fed combinations of feed additives

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 437-437
Author(s):  
Evandro Dias ◽  
Jhones O Sarturi ◽  
Tosha opheim ◽  
Darren D Henry ◽  
Carly A Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Single Animal ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The effects of dietary feed additives (single or combination) on feeding behavior of feedlot cattle, and the representativeness of one individual animal within the experimental unit were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus beef steers (n = 240; initial BW = 319 ± 29 kg) were used in an randomized complete block design (block = BW), 4 steers/pen (experimental unit; n = 12/treatment), and randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) no feed additive; 2) monensin (300 mg/animal-daily) + tylosin (90 mg/animal-daily); 3) monensin + L. salivarius L28 (106 CFU/animal-daily); 4) tylosin; and 5) L. salivarius. Animals were fed (steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet) once-daily (clean-bunk management). Feeding behavior (24 h; 5 min intervals) was measured as time spent in activities. In addition, one steer/pen was individually assessed. The Glimmix procedures of SAS were used for statistical analyses (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = block). Feed additives did not affect time spent eating (163 min/d; P = 0.42); ruminating (71 min/d; P = 0.82); chewing (234 min/d; P = 0.21); drinking (18 min/d; P = 0.59); ruminating/kg of DM (9 min/d; P = 0.75); chewing/kg of DM (30 min/d; P = 0.40); resting (1085 min/d; P = 0.25); or other activities (102 min/d; P = 0.32). The difference between feeding behavior pen average and the value from the single animal marked within the same pen was different from zero for rumination (P ≤ 0.04), eating (P = 0.03), and other activities (P = 0.04), while not different from zero for chewing (P ≥ 0.21), drinking (P ≥ 0.13; except for one treatment P &lt; 0.01), and resting (P ≥ 0.12; tendency exhibited by one treatment P &lt; 0.09). Feed additives seem to not affect feeding behavior half-way-through the finishing phase. One animal within a 4-animal/pen unit did not represent the pen average feeding behavior.

scholarly journals 138 Evaluation of different combinations of medium chain fatty acids and monolaurin as a dietary additive for nursery pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Lori L Thomas ◽  
Ashley Hartman ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A total of 360 pigs (DNA 400×200, initial BW=6.8 kg) were used a 35-d trial to evaluate the effects of adding MCFA and monolaurin blends to the diet on growth performance of nursery pigs. Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomized to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (12 pens per treatment). Treatments consisted of a basal diet containing no MCFA (control), the control diet with 1.0% added MCFA (a 1:1:1 blend of C6, C8, and C10; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), or a 1.0% inclusion of 4 different blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin (1, 2, 3, and 4). The 4 blends consisted of 50% C6, 20% lactic acid and increasing levels of monolaurin (0, 10, 20, and 30%) at the expense of C12 (30, 20, 10, and 0%). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend had increased (P = 0.037) ADG compared to the control group. Pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend and the mean of the 4 blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin had improved (P < 0.037) G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. From d 14 to 35, ADFI and subsequently ADG increased (P < 0.057) for pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend compared with the control group. Overall, pigs fed the 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend had increased (P < 0.034) ADFI and ADG, resulting in 0.9 kg greater final BW (P = 0.014) compared with the control group. There was no evidence for differences between the mean of pigs fed blends of MCFA, lactic acid, and monolaurin compared with the control. In summary, the addition of a 1.0% 1:1:1 MCFA blend resulted in improved ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with pigs fed a control diet.

scholarly journals Relative bioavailability of organic bis-glycinate bound copper relative to inorganic copper sulfate in beef steers fed a high antagonist growing diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L Deters ◽  
Allison J VanDerWal ◽  
Katherine R VanValin ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Relative Bioavailability ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Lower Solubility ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract To assess the relative bioavailability of bis-glycinate bound Cu, 90 Angus-cross steers (265 ± 21 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) to pens with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (14-18 steers/treatment): 0 mg supplemental Cu/kg dry matter (DM; CON), 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM as Cu sulfate (CS5; CS10) or bis-glycinate bound Cu (GLY5; GLY10). Steers received a high antagonist growing diet (analyzed 4.9 mg Cu/kg DM, 0.48% S, and 5.3 mg Mo/kg DM). Steers were weighed at the beginning (d -1 and 0) and end (d 125 and 126) of the trial to determine average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed (G:F). Blood was collected from all steers on d 0, 28, 56, 84, and 126. Liver samples were collected on d -3 or -2 and d 123 or 124. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; fixed effect = treatment and block). Plasma Cu was analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma and liver Cu concentrations were regressed against total Cu intake using ProcGLM to calculate relative bioavailability of GLY. Final BW and overall ADG were greatest for CS5 and CS10 and least for CON and GLY5 (P = 0.01). Overall DMI was not affected by treatment (P = 0.14), but overall G:F tended to be greatest for CS5, CS10, and GLY5 and least for CON (P = 0.08). Total and supplemental Cu intake was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM and least for CON (P &lt; 0.01). However, total and supplemental Cu intake was greater for CS5 than GLY5 (P &lt; 0.01). Final liver Cu concentrations were greatest for CS10, least for CON, CS5, and CS10, and intermediate for GLY10 (P &lt; 0.01). Final plasma Cu was greatest for steers supplemented either source at 10 mg Cu/kg DM (P &lt; 0.01). Relative bioavailability of GLY was 82% compared to CS based on liver Cu (P &lt; 0.01) but did not differ based on plasma Cu (P = 0.60). The lesser bioavailability of GLY relative to CS could be due to a high concentration of dietary antagonists and lower solubility of GLY (68.9% relative to CS) in pH conditions (5.2) similar to the ruminal pH of a beef animal consuming a high concentrate diet. Future studies should examine the effects of bis-glycinate bound Cu fed in blended combination with inorganic Cu sulfate to determine the most effective blend of sources for feedlot cattle experiencing varying amounts of dietary Cu antagonists.

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