scholarly journals 43 Nutritional management for tropical-subtropical-adapted cattle receiving high-concentrate diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
Madeline Rivera ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Luis O Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Diet Formulation

Abstract Contemporary nutritional research investigates the effects of diet formulation and feeding strategies on animal performance and global sustainability under different climates. Functional nutrition models have incorporated the effects of heat stress on net energy for maintenance requirements, dry matter intake (DMI), and milk production when accounting for animal and the environmental factors. It is commonly assumed that growing Bos indicus breeds receiving feedlot-type diets in tropical and subtropical regions have exhibited lower maintenance energy requirements than Bos taurus breeds. However, the ability to predict supplies of energy, protein, and minerals available to meet animal requirements depends on the accuracy and consistency of feed composition values obtained through digestibility trials and chemical analyses. Empirical observations indicate that feedstuffs grown in high temperatures affect cell wall lignification and metabolic activity rates, requiring special procedures for digestion trials. Similarly, physiological adaptation mechanisms in cattle in response to heat stress conditions include evapotranspiration, sweating, and drooling. Heat stress studies have reported a correlation between reduced DMI and increased dry matter digestibility for all breeds of cattle exposed to temperatures that exceed the upper critical temperatures. For that reason, diet formulation with integrated mathematical nutrition modeling can account for nutrient and animal variability, to improve total digestible nutrient values. Furthermore, the water requirement is influenced by stage and type of production, activity, diet composition, feed intake and environmental temperature. Adjustments in management practices could potentially result in reduced production losses caused by thermal heat stress. The utilization of region-specific facilities that accommodate cattle and ensure the availability and quality of drinking water will improve overall animal health and production. Cattle receiving high-concentrate diets in tropical and subtropical regions require adjustments in management and nutrition to mitigate challenges induced by heat stress environments, but improvements are warranted for required energy and water for Bos indicus breeds.

scholarly journals 209 Effects of heat stress on the intestinal tract of poultry

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Marcos Rostagnos
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Heat Stress Response ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Animal Production System

Abstract Stress is a biological adaptive response to restore homeostasis, and occurs in every animal production system, due to the multitude of stressors present in every farm. Heat stress is one of the most common environmental challenges to poultry worldwide. It has been demonstrated that heat stress negatively impacts the welfare and productivity of broilers and laying hens. However, our knowledge of basic mechanisms associated to the reported effects, as well as related to poultry behavior and welfare under heat stress conditions is in fact scarce. The adaptive response of poultry to a heat stress situation is complex and intricate in nature, and it includes effects on the intestinal tract. Intervention strategies to deal with heat stress conditions (e.g., management practices, feed additives, diet formulation, and others) have been the focus of most published studies. Nevertheless, effectiveness of most of the interventions has been variable or inconsistent. This review focuses on the scientific evidence available on the effects of the heat stress response on different facets of the intestinal tract of poultry, including its integrity, physiology, immunology and microbiology.

ACCEPTABILITY OF FORAGE LEGUMES FOR IMPROVED FALLOWS – FIRST EXPERIENCES OF AGRO-PASTORALISTS IN SUBHUMID SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Muhr ◽  
S. A. Tarawali ◽  
M. Peters ◽  
R. Schultze-Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Fallow Land ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Fallow System

In the process of developing an improved fallow system based on forage legumes, the potential interest of crop-livestock farmers in enhancing soil fertility restoration and dry-season feed supply was assessed during a socio-economic study on 11 farms of settled agro-pastoralists in the subhumid zone of West Africa. Simultaneously, eight farmers in the group participated in simple and largely farmer-managed on-farm experiments testing the establishment of selected forage legumes on fallow land. In addition to agronomic parameters, the participatory approach included an evaluation of the technology by farmers both during farm visits and field days.With cropping and dry-season feeding strategies increasingly being limited by land availability, the agronomic performance of some of the tested legume species, in particular Stylosanthes guianensis, promised substantial productivity gains once they could be integrated into the traditional fallow system. The major concerns of the farmers were animal health and labour supply for cropping activities, rather than soil fertility and feed constraints. The need for initial weed control within most of the legume species, therefore, limited their acceptability by farmers at this early stage of innovation testing. Nevertheless, farmers' interest grew remarkably in the course of the study. Options for the selection of appropriate species and management practices, which aimed at facilitating the establishment of legumes on fallow land, are discussed as a means of enhancing further adoption of the innovation.

Effect of dietary net energy concentration on dry matter intake and energy partition in cows in mid-lactation under heat stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1352-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangquan Yan ◽  
Bai Xue ◽  
Liangrong Song ◽  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Siyan Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition

scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Nile tilapia farming in excavated rearing ponds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e1319119699
Author(s):  
Anderson Coldebella ◽  
Antonio Cesar Godoy ◽  
André Luis Gentelini ◽  
Pitágoras Augusto Piana ◽  
Priscila Ferri Coldebella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
New Production ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Supply Water

The purpose of this study was to determine the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) balance during intensive tilapia farming in excavated ponds. To quantify TN and TP released into the environment, the supply water, effluents at the harvest time, fish composition, feed, and sediment were analysed. The mass balance between the amount of nutrients that is inserted through the feed, which is transformed into biomass by the fish and is retained in the sediment was calculated based on dry matter. The nutrient load arriving from the supply water was calculated as a function of the concentration of TN and TP. The TN and TP dynamics during the harvesting process in three different pond sizes identified that, on average, 2.37% of TN and 2.05% of TP inserted into the system during rearing is eliminated with 10.64% TN and 37.01% TP are retained in the sediment. The TN and TP input into the system occurs through the water supply, young fish, and the feed, the latter being responsible for about 92.87% TN and 96.05% TP. The feed composition indicates that the P level of the food is above the nutritional recommendations for the species. The amount of TP accumulated in the sediments indicates that there is a need for good management practices for water quality during the rearing and sediment management period before the beginning of a new production cycle.

scholarly journals Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to improve thermoregulation and performance of finishing beef cattle under heat stress conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 4085-4092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A Colombo ◽  
Reinaldo F Cooke ◽  
Allison A Millican ◽  
Kelsey M Schubach ◽  
Giovanna N Scatolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract This experiment compared physiological and productive responses in finishing beef cattle managed under heat stress conditions, and supplemented (SUPP) or not (CON) with an immunomodulatory feed ingredient (Omnigen-AF; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). Crossbred yearling cattle (¾ Bos taurus × ¼ Bos indicus; 64 heifers and 64 steers) were ranked by initial body weight (BW) (440 ± 3 kg) and sex, and allocated to 1 of 16 unshaded drylot pens (8 heifers or steers/pen). Pens within sex were randomly assigned to receive SUPP or CON (n = 8/treatment). Cattle received a total-mixed ration (91% concentrate inclusion and 1.21 Mcal/kg of net energy for gain; dry matter [DM basis]) during the experiment (day 0 to 106). The immunomodulatory feed was offered as a top-dress to SUPP pens (56 g/d per animal; as-fed basis) beginning on day 7. Cattle BW were recorded on day 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 106. Feed intake was evaluated from each pen by recording feed offer daily and refusals biweekly. Intravaginal temperature of heifers was recorded hourly from day 1 to 6, 29 to 41, and 85 to 97. Environmental temperature humidity index (THI) was also recorded hourly throughout the experiment, and averaged 79.8 ± 0.6. Concurrently with BW assessment, hair samples from the tail-switch were collected (3 animals/pen) for analysis of hair cortisol concentrations. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 28, 56, 84, and 106 from all animals for plasma extraction. Whole blood was collected on day 0, 56, and 106 (3 animals/pen) for analysis of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and HSP72 mRNA expression. Cattle were slaughtered on day 107 at a commercial packing facility. Results obtained prior to day 7 served as independent covariate for each respective analysis. Heifers receiving SUPP had less (P ≤ 0.05) vaginal temperature from 1500 to 1900 h across sampling days (treatment × hour, P < 0.01; 39.05 vs. 39.19 °C, respectively; SEM = 0.04), when THI ranged from 85.3 to 90.1. Expression of HSP70 and HSP72 was less (P ≥ 0.03) for SUPP cattle on day 106 (22.6- vs. 51.5-fold effect for HSP70, SEM = 9.7, and 11.0- vs. 32.8-fold effect for HSP72; treatment × day, P ≤ 0.04). No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.22) for performance, carcass traits, plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin, or hair cortisol concentrations. Results from this study suggest that SUPP ameliorated hyperthermia in finishing cattle exposed to heat stress conditions, but such benefit was not sufficient to improve productive responses.

scholarly journals Tactical decisions of concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight of bulls of five beef breeds under Norwegian conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. BONESMO ◽  
L. NORDANG ◽  
L. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
New Production ◽  
Daily Return ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Concentrate Level

Beef production based on suckler cow breeds is a relatively new production system in Norway as in most Nordic countries. To ensure the continuation of this production, profitable management practices designed for Norwegian conditions have to be established. Thus a simulation model was developed that integrates the daily feed intake, the daily live weight (LW) gain, silage net energy concentration for beef production (feed units beef (FUb) kg?1 dry matter) and price, concentrate level and price, and carcass price for bulls of the country's five most common beef breeds. In this work the model was combined with production statistics to find general recommendations in the finishing of beef bulls under Norwegian conditions. Among all the five breeds the Limousin bulls had the highest estimated mean daily return and the Hereford bulls the lowest estimated mean daily return from 20 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 940 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter, and from 40 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 800 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter. Our estimated optimal slaughter ages and carcass weights shows that it pays to more intensively feed during the finishing period for all five breeds. Current farming practice in Norway for the five major breeds studied is that slaughter age is at least two months later with lighter carcass weights than the results expected from following our model estimated recommendations.

scholarly journals 46 The impact of heat stress on feedlot operations; nutritional and breeding options to reduce its impact

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 37-38
Author(s):  
Jenny Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Low Wind Speeds ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Heat stress can and always will be an issue in the feedlot industry. Heat stress can decrease performance in feedlot animals leading to substantial economic losses. High environmental temperatures, relative humidity, solar radiation, and low wind speeds can be life-threatening to beef cattle when these conditions occur simultaneously. Management strategies to decrease or alleviate heat stress-related production losses have been a focus of research for a long period of time. There is a plethora of research completed on the additions of shades, sprinklers, air circulation of covered pens, as well as the physiological changes cattle experience. The physiological discoveries have revealed a lot about how the animal copes with certain stressors and has aided in potential mitigation strategies. The use of sprinklers and shades are the most popular additions to feedlots; however, certain nutritional management strategies and breed selection can be viable options as well. My objectives to address those management strategies were to compile and review past research that specifically addresses bunk management, diet formulation, feeding strategies, and breed characteristics as well as incorporate current information available on the cattle we feed today.

INFLUENCE OF GREENHOUSE SHADING AND DIFFERENT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ALLEVIATING HEAT STRESS, IMPROVING PLANT NUTRIENTS STATUS, FLOWERING GROWTH AND YIELD OF TOMATO

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1014
Author(s):  
Sulaiman & Sadiq
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nutrition Programs ◽  
The Impact

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium), and micro nutrients (Iron, Zinc and Boron), except the Iron content in 2018 growing season. Furthermore, shading improved significantly the reproductive growth and tomato yield. Among the plant nutrition programs, the integrated nutrient management (INM) including the application of organic substances, bio inoculum of AMF and 50% of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers; lead to the enhancement of nutrients content, reproductive characteristics and plant yield. Generally, combination of both shading and INM showed positive effects on plants nutrient status and persisting balance on tomato flowering growth and fruits yield.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Growth and Development of Hybrid Maize Cultivar HQPM 1 in Mid-Hills of Meghalaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMBORLANG K. WANNIANG ◽  
A. K. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Green Manuring ◽  
Maize Cultivar ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hybrid Maize

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2011 on experimental farm of the College of Post Graduate Studies (CAU–Imphal), Umiam (Meghalaya) to evaluate the effect of integration of green manuring, FYM and fertilizers as integrated nutrient management (INM) practices on growth and developmental behaviour of quality protein maize cultivar QPM 1. The data revealed that comparatively higher amount of primary nutrients were added in green manured maize plots in comparison to non green manured treatments. Green manuring also left a positive response on plant height, CGR, RGR leaf area, and dry matter accumulation in plants though the difference between green manured and non-green manured treatments was at par. Treatments 75 % RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1, 50 % RDF + 7.5 t FYM ha-1, 100 % RDF ha-1 and 75 % RDF + 2.5 t FYM ha-1 recorded significantly higher values of all the above said growth parameters over 50 % RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 and control treatments. At all stages of observations, the maximum dry matter was associated with RDF (recommended doses of fertilizers) which was at par with 75 % RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1, but significantly higher over the plant dry weight recorded from all remaining treatments. A Significant difference in CGR at 30 – 60 and 60 – 90 DAS stage and in RGR at 90 DAS - harvest stage was observed due to various combinations of recommended dose of fertilizer with different doses of FYM. Number of days taken to attain the stages of 50% tasselling, silking and maturity did not differ significantly due to green manuring. However, treatment 75 % RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 took significantly lesser number of days for these stages than other treatment combinations. The superiority of the treatment 75 % RDF + 5 t FYM ha-1 indicated a possibility of substituting 25% of RDF with 5 t FYM ha-1 without any loss in dry matter accumulation in plants of the quality protein hybrid maize in mid-hill ecosystems of Meghalaya.

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