scholarly journals 258 Intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation in sheep offered alfalfa silage alone or alfalfa and tall fescue-mixtures harvested after a killing frost

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
Valens Niyigena ◽  
K P Coffey ◽  
W K Coblentz ◽  
D Philipp ◽  
C Althaber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Polynomial ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Polynomial Trends

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvesting alfalfa and fescue after frost and ensiling mixtures of these forages on silage fermentation characteristics, intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation by ewes. Forages were harvested in October of 2018, wilted, and blended as either alfalfa alone, 67% alfalfa +33% fescue, 33% alfalfa + 67% fescue, or 100% fescue. Twenty bins were lined with 2 plastic bags, packed (n = 5/trt), stored for 3 months, and then randomly assigned to ewes (n = 20; mean BW = 34.7 ± 6.65 kg) for ad libitum consumption, using 5 animals per treatment. Ewes were given 17 d of adaptation followed by 5 d of total feces and urine collection. Data were analyzed using PROC-MIXED of SAS and orthogonal polynomial trends were used to identify the effects of different proportions of fescue-to-alfalfa silage. Silage total acids, lactate, and acetate increased linearly (P < 0.01) while silage moisture and ammonia decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing proportions of fescue in the diet. The proportions of lactate to total acids (mole/100 moles) increased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.05) by adding more fescue to alfalfa. Intake (g/kg BW), digestibility (%), and intake of digestible DM and OM (g/kg BW) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as fescue proportion was increased in the silages. Ruminal acetate and butyrate (%) increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing fescue concentrations in the diet. Ensiling alfalfa with fescue may improve forage fermentation characteristics, but may reduce intake and digestibility in sheep compared to feeding alfalfa silage alone. This study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052.

The effect of frequency of feeding and supplementation with sucrose on ruminal fermentation of alfalfa silage given ad libitum or restricted to sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charmley ◽  
D. M. Veira ◽  
L. Aroeira ◽  
H. C. V. Codagnone ◽  
G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Effect Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Eight ruminally cannulated wethers were used in a factorial trial to examine the effect of frequency of feeding alfalfa silage and sucrose supplementation on voluntary intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and rate and extent of digestion in and passage from the rumen. When diets were fed ad libitum, frequency of feeding had no effect on voluntary intake, apparent digestibility or the postfeeding concentrations of rumen ammonia N, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and pH. Similarly, VFA ratios and fluid kinetics in the rumen were unaffected. Supplementation with sucrose reduced ruminal concentrations of ammonia N at the higher level of feeding but failed to influence any other measured parameters. When intake was restricted (18 g DM kg−1 body weight), increased feeding frequency reduced the post-feeding ruminal ammonia peak and reduced the post-feeding decline in pH; however, sucrose supplementation had no effect. Kinetics of the liquid phase in the rumen, particulate rate of passage and rate of digestion were not affected by feeding frequency or sucrose supplementation. It was concluded that effects observed at a restricted feeding level may not be apparent when feed is available ad libitum and vice versa. Key words: Sucrose, feeding frequency, alfalfa, silage, sheep

scholarly journals 254 Digestibility of sheep offered tall fescue, meadow fescue and orchardgrass grasses ensiled with slurry or commercial urea fertilization

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
Jose M Diaz ◽  
K P Coffey ◽  
W K Coblentz ◽  
D Philipp ◽  
Valens Niyigena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Urea Fertilization

Abstract Silage intake by ruminants can be affected by both fertilization and forage type. The objective of this study was to evaluate digestion by sheep offered three different grasses fertilized with either urea (C) or dairy slurry (S). Plots of meadow fescue (MF), tall fescue (TF) or orchardgrass (OG) were planted on 25 July 2017, and first harvested on 29 June 2018. Plots were then fertilized with urea (52 kg N/ha) or slurry (71,150 L/ha). A second harvest was baled 6 August at approximately 57% moisture and wrapped in plastic. Eighteen lambs (59 ± 1.5 kg) were allocated randomly to one of the 6 treatment combinations to provide 3 lambs per treatment within each of 3 periods consisting of a 10-d adaptation and 7-d total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using PROC MIXED of SAS. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intakes (g/kg BW) were greater (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C than from the other forage-fertility combinations. Digestibility of DM and OM were greater (P < 0.05) from MF vs. OG, and OG vs. TF. Digestibility of OM also was greater (P < 0.05) from C vs. S. Digestible DM and OM intakes (g/kg BW) were greatest (P < 0.05) from MF fertilized with C. In addition, digestible DM intake (g/kg BW) was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to TF fertilized with C, and digestible OM intake was greater (P < 0.05) for MF fertilized with S compared to OG fertilized with S. Therefore, urea-fertilized meadow fescue may improve energy intake compared with that from orchardgrass or tall fescue, but fertilization of meadow fescue with slurry may reduce this advantage. The study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydrolysable Tannin with or without Condensed Tannin on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production, Fermentation Patterns, and Microbiota

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xueyan Bao ◽  
Gang Guo ◽  
Wenjie Huo ◽  
Qingfang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannin ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
The Individual

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of hydrolysable tannin (chestnut tannin, CHT) without or with condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) for modulating alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal methane (CH4) production, fermentation profile, and microbiota. Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control), 2% CHT (CHT2), 5% CHT (CHT5), the combination of CHT and QT at 1% each (CHQ2), and CHT and QT at 2.5% each (CHQ5) of forage dry matter (DM). The CHQ2 treatment was more effective in reducing DM losses, pH, and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen ratios of alfalfa silage than CHT2 and CHT5 treatments. All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH4 production, and the magnitude of the decrease was greater for the combinations than the individual ones. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments, but microbial protein (MCP) synthesis increased. The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments, but the MCP concentrations were comparable among these treatments. Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but enhanced Fibrobacter succinogenes. The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola as well as protease. The results revealed that a combination of HT from CHT and CT from QT at a low level can reduce proteolysis and CH4 production of alfalfa silage without impairing ruminal fermentation and microbiota.

177 Ad Libitum Consumption of a 1:1 Blend of inorganic:organic Se by Steers Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Increases Serum Prolactin and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, but Not Average Daily Gain

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 94-95
Author(s):  
Kelsie Webb ◽  
Ronald J Trotta ◽  
Phillip Bridges ◽  
James Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ppm Se as a 1:1 blend of SELPLEX:sodium selenite (MIX) vs sodium selenite (ISe), 32 TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption ISe vs MIX for 35 d and fed enough of a NTE/alfalfa/grain diet to achieve 0.57 kg BW gain/d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers were randomly assigned to each of 4, 2-acre NTE (ISe = 316 ± 31 kg, MIX = 315 ± 22 kg) or TE (ISe = 316 ± 37 kg, MIX = 314 ± 39 kg) paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effects of day, Se-form (ISe, MIX) and endophyte (NTE, TE) treatments, and their interactions. Whole blood Se decreased (P < 0.01) 31% from d 0 to 84 and was 6.2% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers. Serum prolactin decreased (P < 0.01) 18% for NTE and 48% for TE steers from d 0 to 84 and was 17% greater (P = 0.01) for MIX vs. ISe TE steers. Alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) decreased (P < 0.02) 27% from d 0 to 84 and was 15% greater (P < 0.02) for MIX steers. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P < 0.02) 8.2% from d 0 to 84 for TE but not NTE steers. Average daily gain (kg/d) was less (P < 0.01) in TE (-0.18) vs NTE (0.09) steers. We conclude that the ad libitum intake of MIX ameliorated the negative effects of consuming TE on serum prolactin and AP but not ADG.

scholarly journals 170 Effects of Dietary Phytogenic Supplementation to a Finishing Diet on Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and Carcass Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
Colton A Althaber ◽  
Ken Coffey ◽  
James D Caldwell ◽  
Michael C Pruden
Keyword(s):  
Urine Collection ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Rubber Mat ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Collection Period ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Urine Collection Period ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
N Use ◽  
D 43

Abstract Dietary manipulations to include tannins can change the proportion and amount of nitrogen (N) excreted in the urine and feces as well as improve N-use efficiency in ruminants. Our objective was to determine the effects of different levels of phytogenic supplementation (Actifor®) on intake, digestibility, carcass measures, and N balance of lambs offered a corn-based finishing diet. Twenty-six lambs (31.5 ± 5.39 kg BW) were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 corn-based finishing diets (85% concentrate) that were offered for ad libitum consumption. Lambs were housed individually in 1 × 1.5-m pens with plastic-coated grate flooring (n = 18; 6/trt) or 1.5 × 4.3-m pens with rubber mat flooring (n = 8; 2 or 3/trt). Diets were not supplemented or supplemented with 4 or 8 g/d of Actifor® (n = 8, 9, and 9 lambs/trt, respectively). A 7-d total fecal and urine collection period (n = 6 lambs/trt) began on d 43. On d 50, rumen samples were taken at 0800, 1100, and 1400 h for measurement of pH and VFA concentrations. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and orthogonal linear and quadratic contrasts were used to assess phytogenic supplementation level effects. Intake and digestibility of DM and OM were not different across treatments (P ≥ 0.32). Average fecal N and lamb shrink before slaughter increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing levels of phytogenic supplementation. Propionate and acetate:propionate decreased (P ≤ 0.05) and acetate, valerate, and pH tended to increase quadratically (P ≤ 0.08) with increasing phytogenic inclusion. Back-fat and yield grade tended (P = 0.06) to decrease linearly and dressing percentage tended (P = 0.06) to decrease quadratically with increasing phytogenic inclusion. Phytogenic supplementation increased average fecal N and improved some carcass measures, but did not affect diet digestibility.

178 Grazing Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Alters Monocyte Abundance and White Blood Cell Expression of Prolactin and NF-kB Pathway Genes in Beef Steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 95-95
Author(s):  
Cecilia Winfrey ◽  
Merlin D Lindemann ◽  
James Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Sodium Selenite ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake ◽  
Cell Expression

Abstract The hypotheses tested were that (a) summer-long (84 d) grazing of endophyte-infected tall fescue (TE) would alter the count of circulating leukocytes (WBC) and WBC expression of key prolactin and NF-kB pathway genes and (b) that ad libitum intake of an 1:1 blend (MIX) sodium selenite (ISe) and SELPLEX vs ISe in a vitamin-mineral mix (V-M, 27 ppm Se) would ameliorate negative TE effects. Sixteen TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption of ISe vs MIX for 35 d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers (ISe = 316±37 kg, MIX = 314±39 kg) were randomly assigned to graze each of 4, 2-acre TE paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. Paddock was the experimental unit (n = 4). The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effect of grazing TE (d 0 vs 84), Se-form (ISe vs MIX), and their interaction on clinical parameters WBC, and relative mRNA content (RT-PCR) in blood. Whole blood Se was 24% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers and decreased (P < 0.01) 34% by d 84. Serum prolactin decreased 88% by d 84 and was 98% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers on d 84. Monocytes decreased (P < 0.01) 47% with TE and were 67% lower (P = 0.04) in MIX steers. Grazing of TE altered mRNA content of CISH, STA5B, PPIB, AGAP2, and SPRLR; and IL-8, RELA, NFKBIA, TLR, IKBKG, ZAP70, and LCK; of the prolactin (P ≤ 0.05) and NF-kB (P ≤ 0.04) pathways, respectively. In contrast, Se form had no effect (P ≥ 0.07) on mRNA content. Summer-long consumption of TE by steers altered monocyte numbers and expression of prolactin and NF-kB genes, but ad libitum intake of MIX Se forms did not ameliorate these effects.

Treatment of barley straw with mixtures of calcium hydroxide and urea : Effect on intake and digestibility in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Md. Shahiduzzaman ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Concrete Mixer ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Block Experiment

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is widely available in Third World countries because of extensive limestone deposits. Previous studies (reviewed by Owen et al 1984) have shown Ca(OH)2-treated straw to be prone to mouldiness and low intakes. Urea was added to Ca(OH)2 in the present study to inhibit mould and supply nitrogen. Two experiments are reported which investigated the amounts of Ca(OH)2 and urea required for improving intake and digestibility of barley straw in sheep.Forty Suffolk x Mule store lambs (20 castrates, 20 ewe lambs) aged 8 months were used to measure intake and digestibility of 5 straws (Table 1) in a randomized block experiment, with blocking according to weight and sex. Animals were fed restricted concentrates (Table 1) and ad libitum straw (allowing refusals of 25% of intake) over a period of 35 days, with collection of faeces over the last 8 days. For treatment, straw was chopped, mixed with chemical solutions (Table 1) in a concrete mixer, and “ensiled” for 60 days (September & October) at 500 g dry matter (DM) per kg, in plastic bags contained in 45-gallon oil drums. Straw was aerated for 3 days before feeding. Untreated straw was simply chopped before feeding.

MONENSIN FED TO GROWING AND FINISHING CATTLE

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
J. W. WILTON ◽  
J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin with growing and finishing cattle. In experiment 1, 80 Hereford steer calves were fed two different silage rations. With alfalfa silage, monensin increased weight gains (+12%) and feed efficiency (P < 0.05) (+11%). When high moisture (HM) shelled corn was fed along with alfalfa silage, monensin had no effect on weight gains, but increased feed efficiency (P < 0.05) (+12%) largely by decreasing (P > 0.05) feed intake. In experiment 2, 72 steer and heifer crossbred calves were fed corn silage for 112 days followed by high levels of HM shelled corn through to marketing at a constant finish. Over an average total of 258 days on feed, monensin increased (P < 0.05) rate of gain (+9%) as well as feed efficiency (+13%). Monensin produced no effects on carcass characteristics. At least part of the improvement in feed efficiency could be attributed to altered ruminal fermentation. Molar percentage of propionic acid was increased (P < 0.05) and butyric and acetic acid decreased (P < 0.05) with monensin feeding.

scholarly journals Pectin Degradation is an Important Determinant for Alfalfa Silage Fermentation through the Rescheduling of the Bacterial Community

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Wang ◽  
Zhiqiang Sun ◽  
Zhu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Pectin Degradation ◽  
Bacterial Community Diversity ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the four kinds of additives on the silage quality and the relevant bacterial community diversity by Illumina HiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing. The four kinds of additives were Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), organic acids including gallic acid (GA) and phenyllactic acid (PA), pectin (PEC), and enzymes including pectinase (PEE) and cellulase (CE). After 30 d of fermentation, the pH value was shown to have the lowest value in the PEE and PEC groups, followed by the PA group, and then in CE and GA groups; the highest value of pH was found in both LP and control groups. The ammonia nitrogen concentration was lower in the PEE group compared to the other groups except for the PA group. In the comparisons among the seven groups, Lactobacillus was higher in the LP group, Paracoccus was higher in the GA group, Weissella was higher in the PA group, Leuconostoc was higher in the PEC group, Bacillus, Aeromonas, and Curvibacter were higher in the PEE group, and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG_002 was higher in the CE group compared to the other groups. This study proposed that the addition of PEC and PEE improved the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage compared to other additives by improving the bacterial community of Leuconostoc, and Bacillus and Aeromonas, respectively. Moreover, the enhanced fermentation quality of alfalfa silage by the supplementation of PEC and PEE might be attributed to other unclassified genera. This study provides an implication that pectin degradation is an important determinant for alfalfa silage fermentation through the rescheduling of bacterial community diversity.

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