178 Grazing Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Alters Monocyte Abundance and White Blood Cell Expression of Prolactin and NF-kB Pathway Genes in Beef Steers

Abstract The hypotheses tested were that (a) summer-long (84 d) grazing of endophyte-infected tall fescue (TE) would alter the count of circulating leukocytes (WBC) and WBC expression of key prolactin and NF-kB pathway genes and (b) that ad libitum intake of an 1:1 blend (MIX) sodium selenite (ISe) and SELPLEX vs ISe in a vitamin-mineral mix (V-M, 27 ppm Se) would ameliorate negative TE effects. Sixteen TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption of ISe vs MIX for 35 d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers (ISe = 316±37 kg, MIX = 314±39 kg) were randomly assigned to graze each of 4, 2-acre TE paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. Paddock was the experimental unit (n = 4). The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effect of grazing TE (d 0 vs 84), Se-form (ISe vs MIX), and their interaction on clinical parameters WBC, and relative mRNA content (RT-PCR) in blood. Whole blood Se was 24% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers and decreased (P < 0.01) 34% by d 84. Serum prolactin decreased 88% by d 84 and was 98% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers on d 84. Monocytes decreased (P < 0.01) 47% with TE and were 67% lower (P = 0.04) in MIX steers. Grazing of TE altered mRNA content of CISH, STA5B, PPIB, AGAP2, and SPRLR; and IL-8, RELA, NFKBIA, TLR, IKBKG, ZAP70, and LCK; of the prolactin (P ≤ 0.05) and NF-kB (P ≤ 0.04) pathways, respectively. In contrast, Se form had no effect (P ≥ 0.07) on mRNA content. Summer-long consumption of TE by steers altered monocyte numbers and expression of prolactin and NF-kB genes, but ad libitum intake of MIX Se forms did not ameliorate these effects.

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177 Ad Libitum Consumption of a 1:1 Blend of inorganic:organic Se by Steers Grazing Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Increases Serum Prolactin and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity, but Not Average Daily Gain

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.169 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 94-95

Author(s):

Kelsie Webb ◽

Ronald J Trotta ◽

Phillip Bridges ◽

James Matthews

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase Activity ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Ad Libitum Intake ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract To test the hypothesis that average daily gain (ADG) and clinical parameters of steers grazing novel non-toxic (NTE) or toxic KY-31 (TE) endophyte-infected tall fescue would be improved by ad libitum intake of vitamin-mineral mixes (V-M) that contain 27 ppm Se as a 1:1 blend of SELPLEX:sodium selenite (MIX) vs sodium selenite (ISe), 32 TE-naïve beef steers depleted of Se were randomly assigned to ad libitum consumption ISe vs MIX for 35 d and fed enough of a NTE/alfalfa/grain diet to achieve 0.57 kg BW gain/d. Within Se-form treatments, 2 steers were randomly assigned to each of 4, 2-acre NTE (ISe = 316 ± 31 kg, MIX = 315 ± 22 kg) or TE (ISe = 316 ± 37 kg, MIX = 314 ± 39 kg) paddocks for 84 d and had ad libitum access to their respective V-M. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to assess effects of day, Se-form (ISe, MIX) and endophyte (NTE, TE) treatments, and their interactions. Whole blood Se decreased (P < 0.01) 31% from d 0 to 84 and was 6.2% greater (P < 0.01) for MIX steers. Serum prolactin decreased (P < 0.01) 18% for NTE and 48% for TE steers from d 0 to 84 and was 17% greater (P = 0.01) for MIX vs. ISe TE steers. Alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) decreased (P < 0.02) 27% from d 0 to 84 and was 15% greater (P < 0.02) for MIX steers. Serum urea nitrogen increased (P < 0.02) 8.2% from d 0 to 84 for TE but not NTE steers. Average daily gain (kg/d) was less (P < 0.01) in TE (-0.18) vs NTE (0.09) steers. We conclude that the ad libitum intake of MIX ameliorated the negative effects of consuming TE on serum prolactin and AP but not ADG.

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160 Can growth performance, digesta characteristics, and oxidative status of swine fed diets high in insoluble fiber be improved? An investigation into the mode of action of xylanase

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.162 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 89-90

Author(s):

Amy L Petry ◽

Nichole F Huntley ◽

Mike R Bedford ◽

John F Patience

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Block Design ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Ad Libitum Intake ◽

Insoluble Fiber

Abstract Xylanase may improve the utilization of insoluble fiber by the pig, but its mode of action (MOA) is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase MOA in vivo in growing pigs fed a diet higher in insoluble fiber. Sixty gilts (n = 15 pigs/treatment; 25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; NDF=8.45%), a 30% corn bran higher-fiber control (HF; NDF=24.5%), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3–7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 10-d period of being limit fed (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housed in metabolism crates for use in a related study. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0 and 36. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta pH were measured; serum was collected for malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Insoluble fiber reduced ADG (858 vs. 698 g/d; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001) and GF (0.433 vs. 0.353; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001), but not ADFI (P > 0.05). Xylanase, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to HF, improved ADG (762 vs. 698 g/d; P < 0.05), GF (0.382 vs. 0.353; P < 0.05), and final BW (P < 0.05). Cecal and colonic pH did not differ (P > 0.05), but LF and HF+XY reduced ileal pH (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased serum TAC (P < 0.05), and tended to reduce MDA (P = 0.098). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved insoluble fiber utilization. The MOA could include mitigation of reactive oxygen species.

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PSVII-10 Xylanase improved the nutrient and energy digestibility of diets high in insoluble corn fiber fed to swine following a 36-d dietary adaptation period

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz122.381 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 216-217

Author(s):

Amy L Petry ◽

Nichole F Huntley ◽

Mike R Bedford ◽

John F Patience

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Control Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Corn Fiber ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

High Fiber ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Limit Feeding ◽

Ad Libitum Intake

Abstract The efficacy of xylanase in practical swine diets is inconsistent and poorly understood. The experimental objective was to investigate the efficacy of xylanase in growing pigs fed a diet high in insoluble corn fiber and afforded a longer adaptation period than typically reported in the literature. Sixty gilts (25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN; n = 15 per treatment), were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; 8.45% NDF), a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 24.5% NDF), HF + 100 mg/kg of xylanase (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg/kg of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Diets contained 0.5% chromium (III) oxide. Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 7-d period of adaptation to limit feeding (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housing in metabolism crates, followed by 3 d of urine and fecal collection. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared to the LF diet, the HF diet reduced the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM (88.7 vs. 75.6%), GE (89.0 vs. 77.4%), CP (87.2 vs. 81.8%), NDF (63.3 vs. 44.4%), ADF, and hemicellulose (P = 0.01). Xylanase supplementation, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to the HF control diet, improved the ATTD of DM by 3.3% (78.2 vs. 75.6%), GE by 2.2% (79.1 vs. 77.4%), CP by 2.9% (84.2 vs. 81.8%), NDF by 17.5% (53.9 vs. 44.4%), ADF by 16.3% (52.1 vs. 42.9%), and hemicellulose by 16.4% (P < 0.05). These data indicate insoluble fiber reduced nutrient and energy digestibility, but xylanase was effective in partially mitigating that effect.

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PSIII-29 Effects of late gestational tall fescue forage system on spring-calving beef cow performance, circulating metabolites, and colostrum quality

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.525 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 258-258

Author(s):

Emma L Stephenson ◽

Meera C Heller ◽

Ann L Kenny ◽

Allison M Meyer

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Serum Urea ◽

Beef Cow ◽

Esterified Fatty Acids ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Forage System ◽

Cow Performance

Abstract Multiparous cows [n = 56; 639 ± 73 (SD) kg initial BW; 5.3 ± 0.4 initial BCS; 5.9 ± 3.0 yr of age; February 16, 2016 average calving date] were allocated by BW, BCS, age, and expected calving date to strip-graze endophyte-infected stockpiled tall fescue (STF; n = 4 pastures; 12.5% CP, 59.5% NDF; DM basis) or consume ad libitum endophyte-infected tall fescue hay (n = 4 uncovered drylots; 7.5% CP, 65.3% NDF; DM basis) for the last 75.0 ± 11.9 d of gestation. At 13.5 ± 1.6 d pre-calving, STF cows were moved to drylots and fed tall fescue haylage (12.6% CP, 61.7% NDF; DM basis). Effects of forage system were included in the model with pen as experimental unit. For gestational metabolites, effects of forage system, day, and their interaction were included with day as a repeated measure. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.35) cow BW. Cows fed STF had greater (P ≤ 0.06) BCS than hay-fed cows at d 32 and 62 of study. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.12) gestational plasma glucose or triglycerides. Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were greater (P ≤ 0.005) in hay-fed cows at d 32 and 82 of study and less (P = 0.02) at d 62 of study. After study initiation, serum urea N was greater (P ≤ 0.002) in STF-fed cows than hay-fed cows. At colostrum sampling (6.8 ± 0.9 h postpartum), forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.10) circulating NEFA, glucose, or triglycerides. Cows fed STF had greater (P ≤ 0.002) serum and colostrum urea N than hay-fed cows. Forage system did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) colostrum protein, lactose, triglyceride, or immunoglobulin concentrations. In conclusion, grazing STF improved cow BCS and altered cow metabolic status but did not affect colostrum quality.

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Summer-Long Grazing of High vs. Low Endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum)-Infected Tall Fescue by Growing Beef Steers Results in Distinct Temporal Blood Analyte Response Patterns, with Poor Correlation to Serum Prolactin Levels

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2015.00077 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Joshua J. Jackson ◽

Merlin D. Lindemann ◽

James A. Boling ◽

James C. Matthews

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

Poor Correlation ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Response Patterns ◽

Neotyphodium Coenophialum

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Determining the Rate of Ergot-alkaloid Degradation in Toxic Endophyte-infected Tall Fescue Hay and Haylage During Long Term Storage

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab096.038 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 22-22

Author(s):

Charles A Zumbaugh ◽

Susannah A Gonia ◽

Kathryn M Payne ◽

Thomas B Wilson

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Ergot Alkaloid ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

High Performance ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Day Treatment ◽

Random Effect ◽

Storage Period ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Experimental Unit

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to determine changes in the nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations of endophyte-infected tall fescue hay and haylage during a 180-d storage period. Forage from a single field of Kentucky-31 tall fescue was cut for hay in late June and allowed to dry in the field. The dry matter (DM) of the windrow of cut forage was measured every 2 h after clipping. Forage was sampled from the windrow in 6 location blocks once forage DM reached target levels for haylage and hay treatments. Haylage and hay samples were taken when the DM of the windrow reached 50% and 80%, respectively. Seven subsamples of each treatment within block were chopped to 1.91 cm in length with a lettuce chopper and vacuum sealed in oxygen-excluding bags. Sample bags were stored indoors and opened at 30 d intervals over the 180-d storage period. Samples were analyzed for pH, nutritive value, and individual ergot alkaloid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Within each storage day, treatment within block was considered the experimental unit. Data were analyzed in SAS using the MIXED procedure with fixed effects of treatment, day, and the treatment by day interaction. Location block was considered a random effect. As expected, pH was decreased for haylage compared to hay at all time points (P < 0.01) and DM was greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage. Neutral detergent fiber values were greater (P < 0.01) for hay compared to haylage and declined during storage (P < 0.01). Total ergot alkaloid concentrations did not differ by treatment (P = 0.61), but ergovaline concentrations declined (P < 0.01) during storage. Collectively, these results indicate minimal differences in nutritive value and ergot alkaloid concentrations between hay and haylage during storage, and that ergovaline concentrations decline during storage.

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PSXII-3 Rumen microbiome from beef steers undergoing grain adaptation with steam-flaked corn varying in bulk density

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 446-447

Author(s):

Kaue Tonelli Nardi ◽

Kaliu G Scaranto Silva ◽

Igor Gomes Favero ◽

Jordan K Hinds ◽

Carly A Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Block Design ◽

Order Effects ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Post Feeding ◽

Rumen Microbiome ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Microbiome Data ◽

Adaptation Phase

Abstract The effects of steam-flaked corn bulk density during grain adaptation phase on ruminal microbiome were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6; BW = 405 ± 42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight) to 1 of 2 grain adaptation strategies: 1) steam-flaked corn (SFC) bulk density of 335 g/L; and 2) 412 g/L. Steers were ad libitum fed, individually, during 6-7d phases, consisting of: HAY, followed by the STEP-UP1 through STEP-UP4, diets, respectively, in which roughage was gradually replaced with grain until FINISHER diet was fed. Respective SFC bulk densities were fed throughout STEP-UP diets, while the FINISHER diet consisted of 335 g/L strategy only for both groups. Ruminal fluid samples (100 mL) were collected on d-5 of each step, at 6h post-feeding for DNA extraction. Microbiome data were sequenced by Illumnia® NovaSeq™ 6000 (16S rRNA). The SFC bulk density did not affect (P > 0.50) the relative abundance (RA) for any taxonomy classification. Regardless of SFC bulk density, inclusion of grain throughout adaptation phases affected domain (P ≤ 0.03) when initial phases were compared to FINISHER. Phylum RA were affected (P ≤ 0.05) for Actinobacteria (27%), Bacteroidetes (11%), and Euryarchaeota (2%). Within Class RA were affected (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridia (46%), Actinobacteria (27%), and Bacilli (5%). Order effects on RA were observed (P ≤ 0.04) for Clostridiales (45%), Coriobacteriales (25%), and Lactobacillales (4%). Within Family RA was affected (P ≤ 0.03) for Coriobacteriaceae (25%), Lachnospiraceae (27%), Ruminococcaceae (6%), and Lactobacillaceae (4%), while a tendency (P = 0.09) was observed for Veillonellaceae (1%). In Genus, RA was affected (P ≤ 0.01) for Olsenela (22%), Pediococcus (3%), and Butyrivibrio (3%). As steers advance through subsequent grain adaptation phases until the FINISHER, more meaningful ruminal microbiome changes are observed than SFC density change.

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191 Effects of injectable vitamin C at weaning and prior to transit on growth performance and immune function of beef steers

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.278 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 152-153

Author(s):

Aubree M Beenken ◽

Erin L Deters ◽

Colten W Dornbach ◽

Stephanie L Hansen ◽

Joshua C McCann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin C ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Beef Steers ◽

Diarrhea Virus ◽

Plasma Ascorbate ◽

Antibody Titers

Abstract Ninety-one early-weaned (65 ± 11 d) Angus steers (92 ± 4 kg) were blocked by age to a 2 × 2 factorial examining effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) at weaning and/or prior to transport to the feedlot on antibody titers and growth performance. Injections (20 mL/steer) of VC (250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL) or saline (SAL) were given at time of weaning on d 0 (WEAN) and/or prior to a 6 hr trucking event to a feedlot on d 49 (TRANS). Steers were given booster vaccinations on d 0. Steers were weighed on d 0, 1, 14, 48, 49, 64, 106, and 107. Blood was collected (12 steers/treatment) on d 0, 1, 2, 14, 49 (pre- and post-transit), 50, and 51. Data were analyzed via Proc-Mixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; n = 22–23/treatment) with fixed effects of block, WEAN, TRANS, and WEAN × TRANS. Plasma ascorbate concentrations for weaning (d 0, 1, and 2) and transit (d 49-pre-trucking, 49-post-trucking, 50, and 51) were analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Plasma ascorbate concentrations were greater on d 1 and 2 for steers that received VC at weaning (VC = 19.6, SAL = 8.8 ± 1.26 µM; WEAN × day P < 0.01). Similarly, ascorbate concentrations were greater on d 49 post-trucking, 50, and 51 for steers that received VC pre-transit (TRANS × day P = 0.01). Treatments did not affect bodyweight or average daily gain throughout the trial (P > 0.32). There were no effects of treatment on serum Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus type 2 antibody titers on d 14 or 51 (P > 0.33). An injection of VC administered to early weaned beef steers at weaning or pre-transit increases plasma ascorbate concentrations but does not improve growth performance or antibody response to vaccination booster.

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