PSIII-32 The influence of liver copper concentration on copper homeostatic liver proteins in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
Nicole M Tillquist ◽  
Meghan P Thorndyke ◽  
Terry Engle
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Glutathione Synthetase ◽  
Flavin Reductase ◽  
Minimal Impact

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to investigate the influence of liver Cu concentrations on the relative abundance of liver Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Archived liver biopsy samples were selected based on Cu concentrations (n = 4 samples 21.7±1.35 mg Cu/kg DM-deficient; and n = 4 samples 73.3 ±10.7 mg Cu/kg DM-adequate). Liver samples were obtained from a subset of multiparous beef cows receiving a forage-based diet with no supplemental Cu (basal diet 6.25 mg Cu/kg DM) or 10 mg Cu/kg DM total diet (Cu supplemented as CuSO4·5H2O) for 99 d. Liver proteins were identified using mass spectrometry, normalized, and relative abundance determined using Scaffold software. A total of 895 identical proteins were identified in each sample and relative abundance of each Cu specific homeostatic protein (n = 13) was recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using R software. Copper homeostatic liver proteins identified were: aldehyde dehydrogenase, apolipoprotein A-1, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase, carbonic anhydrase II, Cu chaperone for superoxide dismutase, Cu transport protein, cytochrome c oxidase Cu chaperone, extracellular superoxide dismutase, flavin reductase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutathione synthetase, protein disulphide isomerase A3, and Cu-zinc superoxide dismutase. By design, liver Cu concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in Cu adequate vs. Cu deficient liver samples. Copper deficient liver samples had greater (P < 0.05) relative abundance of glutathione synthetase compared to Cu adequate liver samples. The relative abundance of all other Cu homeostatic liver proteins identified were similar (P > 0.05) across Cu concentrations. These data suggest that deficient and adequate liver Cu concentrations ranging from 16.0 to 109.0 mg Cu/kg DM have minimal impact on the relative abundance of Cu homeostatic proteins in beef cattle. Further investigation is needed to determine if liver Cu concentration influences Cu homeostatic protein function.

scholarly journals PSXII-12 The influence of long-term molybdenum supplementation (in drinking water or feed) on beef calf performance through weaning

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
Meghan P Thorndyke ◽  
Octavio Guimaraes ◽  
Nicole M Tillquist ◽  
Briana V Tangredi ◽  
Joanis T Zervoudakis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Calf Performance

Abstract Fifty-four multiparous beef cows were used to examine the effect of molybdenum (Mo) supplemented in drinking water or feed on offspring performance. Cows were blocked by body weight (BW) and age into one of 6 groups. Group were then randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments consisted of: 1) Control (no supplemental Mo or Cu), 2) Control+Cu (3 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4·5H2O added to the basal diet), 3) Control + 500 µg Mo/L from MoNa2O4·2H2O in drinking water (Mo 500-water), 4) Control + 1000 µg Mo/L of MoNa2O4·2H2O in drinking water (Mo 1000-water), 5) Mo 1000-water plus 3 mg Cu/kg DM from CuSO4·5H2O added to the basal diet (Mo 1000-water+Cu, and 6) Control plus 3 mg Mo/kg DM from MoNa2O4·2H2O added to the basal diet (3.0 Mo-diet). Cows were housed in dry lot pens (n = 3 cows/pen; 3 pens/treatment) and fed a low-quality grass hay diet (DM basis: 6.6% CP; 0.14% S, 6.2 mg Cu/kg, 2.3 mg Mo/kg) and a protein supplement (30% CP). Cows received their respective treatments beginning 60 d prior to breeding and remained on treatments until all calves were weaned at approximately 7 mo. of age. Calf birth weights were collected on the day of birth and all calves were weaned on the same day. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model for a completely randomized block design. Birthweight, ADG, and 205d adjusted weaning weights were similar (P > 0.05) across treatments. These data indicate that Mo supplemented in the drinking water or the diet regardless of the inclusion of additional Cu did not impact calf performance through weaning.

scholarly journals Oregano Essential Oils Promote Rumen Digestive Ability by Modulating Epithelial Development and Microbiota Composition in Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Jianping Wu ◽  
Yu Lei ◽  
Yunpeng Bai ◽  
Li Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Health Production ◽  
Bacteroides Thetaiotaomicron ◽  
Epithelial Development ◽  
Insight Into

This study aimed to explore the effects of oregano essential oils (OEO) on the rumen digestive ability using multi-omics sequencing techniques. Twenty-seven castrated Pingliang red cattle were randomly separated into three groups (3 cattle/pen; n = 9) and fed on a daily basal diet supplemented with 0 (Con group), 130 mg (L group), and 260 mg (H group) OEO. The finishing trial lasted for 390 days, and all cattle were slaughtered to collect rumen tissue and content samples. We found that the rumen papillae length in the H group was higher than in the Con group. Amylase concentrations were decreased in the H group than the Con group, whereas the β-glucosidase and cellulase concentrations increased. Compared to the Con group, the relative abundance of propionate and butyrate in the H group was significantly higher. Higher relative abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were observed with increasing OEO concentration. The function of rumen microbiota was enriched in the GH43_17 family, mainly encoding xylanase. Besides, metabolites, including heparin, pantetheine, sorbic acid, aspirin, and farnesene concentrations increased with increasing OEO dose. A positive correlation was observed between Parabacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and β-glucosidase, cellulase and propionate. The abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis and Parabacteroides_sp._CAG:409 were positively correlated with sorbic acid and farnesene. In summary, OEO supplementation increased the rumen digestive ability by modulating epithelial development and microbiota composition in beef cattle. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the OEO application as an alternative strategy to improve ruminant health production.

scholarly journals 181 Uterine and vaginal bacteria and cytokine profiles prior to artificial insemination between resulting pregnant and open postpartum beef cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 43-44
Author(s):  
Rebecca Poole ◽  
Taylor B Ault ◽  
Phillip R Myer ◽  
Andrea Lear ◽  
Ky Pohler
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Cytokine Profiles

Abstract Numerous factors impact reproductive success in beef cattle; however, the presence and activity of bacteria in the reproductive tract and its effects on fertility is relatively unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between reproductive tract bacterial communities and cytokine profiles prior to timed-AI (TAI) and compare between resulting pregnancy status at d30. Sixty-eight beef cows, 80 ± 2.6 d postpartum at TAI, were synchronized and subjected to TAI on d0. Pregnancy was diagnosed via transrectal ultrasonography on d30. Uterine and vaginal flushes were collected on d -21 and -2 for bacterial DNA extraction to sequence the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene and to measure pro-inflammatory [interlukin-6 (IL-6)] and anti-inflammatory [IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ)] cytokine concentrations using validated commercial ELISAs. Concentration data were analyzed using repeated measures in PROC MIXED of SAS and correlations were performed in SAS using Pearson correlation. There were no differences in cytokine concentrations by day or status x day. There were no differences in uterine IL-6 or IL-10 concentrations (P > 0.05). Uterine TGFβ concentrations were overall elevated in pregnant cows compared to open cows (72.6 vs. 13.7 ± 12.1 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.05). On d -2, a positive correlation exists between TGFβ and the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the uterus of pregnant cows (r=0.93, P = 0.02). There were no differences in vaginal IL-6 or TGFβ concentrations (P > 0.05). On d -2, vaginal IL-10 concentrations were elevated in open cows compared to pregnant cows (741.6 vs. 602.1 ± 47.0 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.05) and a positive correlation exists between IL-10 and the relative abundance of Lentisphaerae in the vagina of pregnant cows (r=0.89, P = 0.04). These data suggest a possible relationship between bacterial communities and cytokines concentrations within the reproductive tract of beef cattle which may affect fertility.

scholarly journals PSIX-5 Effects of live yeast on functional attributes of rumen microbiota in beef cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
Ibukun M Ogunade ◽  
Jerusha Lay ◽  
Kenneth Andries
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Carbohydrate Binding Modules ◽  
Live Yeast

Abstract This study applied whole-metagenomics shotgun sequencing to evaluate the effects of live yeast supplementation on functional potential of rumen microbiota in beef cattle. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatments in cross-over design with two 25-d experimental periods and a 10-d wash-out between the two periods. The steers were housed in individual pens and were fed 50% concentrate and 50% red clover hay ad libitum. Dietary treatments were (1) control (CON; basal diet) and (2) yeast (YEA; basal diet plus 15 g/d of yeast product; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA). Rumen fluid samples were collected at 3, 6 and 9 h after feeding on the last day of each period. Sequencing was done on an Illumina HiSeq 2500. Differences in the relative abundance of taxa at the species level were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using a model that included the effects of treatment, period, and their interaction. Dietary yeast supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of carbohydrate-fermenting bacteria, such as Ruminococcus albus, R. champanellensis, R. bromii, and R. obeum, and lactate-utilizing bacteria, such as Megasphera elsdenii, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, and D. vulgaris. A total of 154 differentially abundant microbial genes (DAGs) were obtained (false discovery rate < 0.01). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation analysis of the DAGs revealed that pathways involving amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, and polyketide sugar unit biosynthesis were enriched in steers fed YEA. Annotation of the DAGs in carbohydrate-active enzymes database revealed that genes coding for enzymes belonging to glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferases, and carbohydrate binding modules were enriched in steers fed YEA. These findings confirm the efficacy of live S. cerevisiae product at reducing redox potential and increasing cellulolytic and lactate-utilizing activities in the rumen.

PSVI-16 The Association of Benzoic Acid and Essential Oils Eo Reduces the Inflammatory Response of Weaned Piglets and the Diarrhea Incidence in the Nursery Phase

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Sudario Roberto Silva Junior ◽  
Maíra Resende ◽  
Rhuan F Chaves ◽  
Jéssica Aparecida Barbosa ◽  
Iana I M Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract Benzoic acid (BA) and essential oils (EO) can minimize growth performance losses due to the removal of antibiotics and change the intestinal health of weaned piglets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BA and EO on inflammatory response, diarrhea incidence, and growth performance of the nursery phase. One hundred and twenty barrows were weaned at 23 days (6.40 ± 0.53 kg) and assigned into 3 treatments (10 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC), basal diet with 200 ppm of colistin sulphate (PC), and association of 0,3% benzoic acid and essential oil (BA+EO). The feed intake and body weight were recorded at 0 and 42 days. The feces were assessed daily (per animal) and graded as normal feces (no diarrhea) or liquid or pasty stools (presence of diarrhea). On days 1, 3, and 9, blood samples were collected (5 replicates) for white blood cells (WBC) counts. Growth performance was analyzed by MIXED procedure (SAS, 2009) and the Tukey test was used to compare the means (P < 0.050). The WBC counts were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, by MIXED procedure. Diarrhea incidence was analyzed by GENMOD procedure (SAS, 2009). The BA+EO treatment showed a similar body weight (P = 0.014) and average daily gain (P = 0.012) than the PC group and lower feed conversion ratio (P = 0.037) compared to the NC group. The pigs of the BA+EO treatment had the lowest diarrhea incidence during the total period (P < 0.001). The supplementation with BA+EO or antibiotics reduced the counts of total WBC (P = 0.008) and neutrophils (P = 0.003). In conclusion, supplementation with BA+EO reduces the inflammatory response and the incidence of diarrhea in the nursery phase, that may be related to the improvement in the FCR.

scholarly journals 170 Energy values and digestibility of amino acids in dried yeast and soybean meal fed to pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Chan Sol Park ◽  
Ayodeji S Aderibigbe ◽  
Gary Hayen ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Blocking Factors

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in dried yeast (DY) and soybean meal (SBM) fed to pigs. In Exp. 1, 30 barrows with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.7 ± 1.01 were assigned to 5 diets in a randomized complete block design with period and BW as blocking factors. A basal diet was prepared to contain corn, canola meal, and soybean oil as energy-contributing ingredients. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 5 or 10 g/kg DY or SBM at the expense of energy-contributing ingredients in the basal diet to estimate the DE and ME in test ingredients by regression analysis. On a dry matter basis, estimated DE and ME in DY were 4,022 and 3,352 kcal/kg, respectively, and those in SBM were 3,876 and 3,601kcal/kg, respectively. There was no difference in estimated DE or ME between DY and SBM. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (initial BW = 20.0 ± 1.31 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to 3 diets in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Two diets were prepared to contain DY or SBM as the sole source of nitrogen, and a nitrogen-free diet was prepared to determine the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. The SID of AA, except for Gly and Pro, in SBM were greater (P < 0.05) than in DY. The SID of indispensable AA in DY ranged from 64.7% for Thr to 86.1% for Arg, whereas those in SBM ranged from 84.8% for Thr to 92.3% for Arg. In conclusion, energy values in DY was comparable with SBM, but the SID of most AA in DY were less than in SBM.

scholarly journals 109 Phytate supplementation has minimal impact on mineral digestibility in horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 89-90
Author(s):  
Katy Brinkley-Bissinger ◽  
Laura M Cersosimo ◽  
Kathleen E Sullivan ◽  
Shannon E Livingston ◽  
Jill M Bobel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Mixed Model Anova ◽  
Microbial Phytase ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Inorganic Mineral

Abstract Phosphorus in equine rations is supplied by inorganic mineral fortification or naturally-occurring P in forages and grains. Up to 70% of P in plant material is bound to phytate. In monogastrics like poultry and swine, phytate can reduce absorption of P and divalent cations, but the extent that this occurs in horses is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that phytate decreases mineral digestibility in horses. Six mature Quarter Horse geldings (mean ± SE, 586 ± 19 kg, 10 ± 1.5 y) were randomly assigned to two treatments applied in a cross-over design: IP6 (Ca-Mg-phytate isolated from rice bran fed at 15 mg phytic acid/kg BW) or CON (equivalent Ca, Mg and P from inorganic minerals to match intake from IP6). The level of phytate added represented an amount present in grain-rich rations typically fed to broodmares, growing horses and performance athletes. Supplements were added to a basal diet (1.75% BW, DM basis) consisting of 75% timothy hay and 25% roughage-based concentrate. Each 14-d period had an 11-d treatment adaptation followed by a 3-d total fecal collection. After acid digestion, P was determined colorimetrically and other minerals were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Data were analyzed using mixed model ANOVA. Intakes of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu and Fe were similar between treatments (140, 72, 40, 1.05, 0.24, and 1.78 mg/kg BW respectively). Apparent P digestibility (18.8 and 17%, SEM 1.9; P = 0.41) and estimates of true P digestibility (32.8 and 30.8%, SEM 1.9; P = 0.39) were similar between CON and IP6. Apparent digestibilities of other minerals were also not affected by IP6 supplementation. Findings suggest horses have sufficient microbial phytase activity in the gastrointestinal tract to mitigate impacts of dietary phytate. Higher levels or different forms of phytate and marginal mineral intake may yield different results.

PSVI-14 Blend of Additives in Nursery Pig Diets as an Antibiotics Substitute Increases the Growth Performance and Intestinal Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
Sudario Roberto Silva Junior ◽  
Rhuan F Chaves ◽  
Maíra Resende ◽  
Ygor Henrique De Paula ◽  
Kenio De Gouvêa Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Intestinal Health ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Diarrhea Incidence

Abstract Antibiotics growth promoting (AGP) in animal feed has been restricted. With this, several additives have been tested in order to replace AGP and ensure intestinal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a blend of additives on growth performance, diarrhea incidence and cecal content microbiota of nursery pigs. A total of 576 weaned pigs (6.21 ± 1.16 kg) were assigned into 4 treatments (12 replicates) in randomized block design: basal diet without additives (NC); basal diet with 120 ppm of halquinol (PC); NC + 0,05% blend of lactic acid (3,5%), benzoic acid (2,5%), flavonoids (3,5%) (B5); NC+ 0,1% of same blend (B10). The pigs were weighed 0 and 42 days into the experiment. On day 10, one animal per pen (10 replicates) was euthanized for microbiota analyses. The diarrhea incidence was calculated by the percentage of visual pens with diarrhea, by day, in the period. The growth performance was analyzed by GLIMMIX procedure and the means were compared with Tukey test (P < 0.050) (SAS, 2009). Diarrhea incidence was analyzed by GENMOD procedure (SAS, 2009). The Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare microbial biodiversity (P < 0.050) by statistical program STAMP. The final weight (P = 0.010) and average daily gain (P = 0.001) of B10 and PC were higher than NC. Regarding diarrhea, it was observed that the B5 and B10 had lower incidence when compared to other groups in the total period. In the microbiome analyses, it was observed that the B5, B10, and PC groups had lower (P = 0.021) biodiversity when compared to the NC piglets. However, the B5 and B10 group had higher biodiversity when compared to the PC group. In conclusion, the supplementation with 0,1% blend of additives can be a substitute for AGP.

Response of beef heifers and non-suckling beef cows to different oestrous synchronization protocols

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cavestany ◽  
N. Negrin ◽  
R. Negrin ◽  
J. F. Groth
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Rates ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Beef Heifers

AbstractThe objective was to evaluate different oestrous synchronization schemes in beef cattle under range conditions. In experiment 1, 202 heifers averaging 26 months of age were assigned randomly to three treatments: (a) GnRH-PG. (no. = 44) day 0 (D0): injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D0 to D25 oestrous detection (OD) and artificial insemination (AI); (b) OD-PG. (no. = 45) D0 to D4; OD + AI; D5: injection of PGF2α; D5 to D25 OD + AI; and (c)Ovsynch. (no. = 113) D0: injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D9: injection of GnRH and 16 h later AI at fixed time. In experiment 2, 318 non-suckling cows were assigned randomly to three treatments: (a) GnRH-PG. (no. = 106) D0: injection of GnRH; D7: injection of PGF2α; D0 to D25 OD + AI; (b) GnRH-MAP-PG. (no. = 106) D0: injection of a GnRH analogue and insertion of an intravaginal sponge impregnated with 250 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate; D7: injection of PGF2α and sponge withdrawal; D0 to D25 OD + AI; (c) controls. (no. = 106) OD and AI. The experimental period lasted 25 days and, with exception of the Ovsynch treatment, oestrous detection was carried out twice a day (a.m./p.m.) and inseminations performed 12 h later. The pregnancy rates assessed by ultrasonography 30 days after AI were: experiment 1: (a) 30·0%; (b) 28·6% and (c) 62·3% (P < 0·05); experiment 2: (a) 60·2%; (b) 57·8% and (c) 45·5% (P < 0·05). It is concluded that in heifers and non-suckling cows, oestrous synchronization treatments result in higher pregnancy rates. In non-suckling cows, the addition of a progestagen did not improve the response.

scholarly journals Effects of Substitution of Corn with Ground Brown Rice on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gut Microbiota of Growing-Finishing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Sheena Kim ◽  
Jin Ho Cho ◽  
Younghoon Kim ◽  
Hyeun Bum Kim ◽  
Minho Song
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing corn with brown rice on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbiota of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 100 growing pigs (23.80 ± 2.96 kg BW; 10 weeks of age) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments (5 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = BW) as follows: corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON) and replacing corn with 50% (GBR50), 75% (GBR75), and 100% (GBR100) of ground brown rice. Each trial phase was for 6 weeks. During the growing period, there were no differences on growth performance and nutrient digestibility among dietary treatments. Similarly, no differences were found on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass characteristics of pigs during the finishing period among dietary treatments. As a result of the beta diversity analysis, microbial populations were not clustered between CON and GBR100 during the growing phase, but clustered into two distinct groups of CON and GBR100 during the finishing phase. In conclusion, brown rice can be added to the diets of growing-finishing pigs by replacing corn up to 100% without negatively affecting growth performance of the pigs; additionally, this may have an effect on changes in pig intestinal microbiota if continued for a long time.

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