scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Culicoides stellifer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Southeastern United States Compared With Sequences From Ontario, Canada

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 1324-1327
Author(s):  
Phillip Shults ◽  
Alphina Ho ◽  
Estelle M Martin ◽  
Bethany L McGregor ◽  
Edward L Vargo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Genetic Divergence ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease

Abstract Much of the bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) research in North America focuses on white-tail deer and Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth & Jones) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), though several other biting midge species have been suggested as vectors. Culicoides stellifer (Coquillett) has been associated with hosts susceptible to hemorrhagic disease (HD), and more recently, specimens from Florida have tested positive for EHD and BT viral RNA. If C. stellifer is acting as a vector, this could have an impact on the distribution of HD in North America. To determine if gene flow is occurring across the range of C. stellifer within the southeast United States, a mitochondrial haplotype analysis was performed using the COI gene. Our haplotype network showed no population structure in C. stellifer from Florida, Texas, and South Carolina, as the overall genetic divergence between these sites was equal to the genetic divergence within each. We also compared these haplotypes to published sequences of C. stellifer collected in Ontario, Canada. Surprisingly, the genetic diversity of the flies from Ontario was two times greater than what was observed between the southeast U.S. collection sites. This considerable divergence could be evidence of a cryptic species. A better understanding of the connectivity between C. stellifer populations across all of North America will give insight into the distribution of HD. Our results show that gene flow is occurring between sites in the southeastern United States and potentially throughout the eastern distribution of the species.

Distribution of an Invasive Weevil, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs, in the Southeastern United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wheeler ◽  
David W. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Northeastern United States

The twobanded Japanese weevil, Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus Roelofs, first found in North America near Philadelphia, PA, in 1914, is better known in the northeastern United States than in the Southeast. Based on examination of specimens in 11 museums, fieldwork, and review of the literature, we document the presence of this pest of ornamental plants in Alabama (3 counties), Georgia (12), North Carolina (16), and South Carolina (19). The southeastern distribution is mapped, and locality and date are provided for the first collection in each state: North Carolina, 1955; Georgia, 1956; South Carolina, 1966; and Alabama, 1970.

Shell Mounds in the Southeast: Middens, Monuments, Temple Mounds, Rings, or Works?

2010 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mound Construction ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Shell Mounds ◽  
Shell Rings ◽  
Oriented Approach

Focusing on the southeastern United States, I provide some alternative perspectives on shell mounds previously interpreted as architectural features, temple mounds, and feasting sites. The same pattern of deposition often inferred to indicate mound construction—darker-colored, highly organic strata alternating with lighter-colored, shell-rich strata—can be accounted for by domestic midden accumulation and disposal of refuse away from living areas. Observed abundances of particular shell species can result from local or regional ecological conditions. Site complexes interpreted as architectural may have evolved largely in response to short-term climate changes. Shell rings on the Georgia and South Carolina coasts probably functioned to conserve and store unconfined water. To understand ancient shell mounds, we need a sediment-oriented approach to the study of mound deposits and more attention to the environmental contexts in which shell mounds accumulated.

scholarly journals Progression of Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) Dieback and Mortality in the Southeastern United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilee M Poole ◽  
Michael D Ulyshen ◽  
Scott Horn ◽  
Patrick Anderson ◽  
Chip Bates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Canopy Gaps ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Celtis Laevigata ◽  
Branch Dieback

Abstract The southeastern United States has been experiencing unexplained sugarberry (Celtis laevigata) mortality for over a decade, representing one of the most severe and widespread Celtis mortality episodes ever reported from North America. Here we describe external symptoms, progression of mortality, and the known geographic extent of the problem. More than half of all trees monitored at one site within the affected area died over five years of observation. Although many trees died within a year of first exhibiting symptoms (e.g., small yellow leaves, branch dieback, premature leaf fall), many others continued living for years after becoming symptomatic. A preliminary insecticide trial found no improvements in survivorship among trees treated with insecticides, emamectin benzoate and imidacloprid, relative to control trees. Our findings suggest the problem will likely continue and become more widespread in the coming years. Study Implications Sugarberry mortality in urban and forested environments is an ongoing problem that has the potential to spread throughout the southeastern United States and perhaps more widely, depending on the susceptibility of other native Celtis species. Many trees die within a year of first showing external symptoms, whereas others can live for many years after appearing symptomatic. Declining trees in rights-of-way and public spaces are presenting costly hazards to cities, and canopy gaps in natural areas are likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive plants. Studies aimed at determining the cause of this problem are urgently needed.

Do centers of origin have a center?

Paleobiology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
Centers Of Origin ◽  
Single Region ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
A Current ◽  
Considerable Intensity

A current question being debated with considerable intensity is whether or not certain geographic areas act as centers of evolutionary radiation and supply species to other areas that are less active or less effective in an evolutionary sense. Darwin (1859) was the first to write about centers of origin which he called “single centers of creation.” He argued that each species was first produced within a single region and that it subsequently migrated from that area as far as its powers of migration and subsistence under past and present conditions permitted. Adams (1902), in discussing the influence of the southeastern United States as a center of distribution for the flora and fauna of North America, provided a series of criteria for the determination of “centers of dispersal.” His first, and evidently most important criterion was the location of “the greatest differentiation of a type.”

scholarly journals The Interannual Variability of the Haines Index over North America

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 2396-2409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lejiang Yu ◽  
Shiyuan Zhong ◽  
Xindi Bian ◽  
Warren E. Heilman ◽  
Joseph J. Charney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North America ◽  
Interannual Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Fire Weather Index

AbstractThe Haines index (HI) is a fire-weather index that is widely used as an indicator of the potential for dry, low-static-stability air in the lower atmosphere to contribute to erratic fire behavior or large fire growth. This study examines the interannual variability of HI over North America and its relationship to indicators of large-scale circulation anomalies. The results show that the first three HI empirical orthogonal function modes are related respectively to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and the interdecadal sea surface temperature variation over the tropical Pacific Ocean. During the negative ENSO phase, an anomalous ridge (trough) is evident over the western (eastern) United States, with warm/dry weather and more days with high HI values in the western and southeastern United States. During the negative phase of the AO, an anomalous trough is found over the western United States, with wet/cool weather and fewer days with high HI, while an anomalous ridge occurs over the southern United States–northern Mexico, with an increase in the number of days with high HI. After the early 1990s, the subtropical high over the eastern Pacific Ocean and the Bermuda high were strengthened by a wave train that was excited over the tropical western Pacific Ocean and resulted in warm/dry conditions over the southwestern United States and western Mexico and wet weather in the southeastern United States. The above conditions are reversed during the positive phase of ENSO and AO and before the early 1990s.

scholarly journals Fungicide Rotation Programs for Managing Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Watermelon in Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar (Shaker) S. Kousik ◽  
Pingsheng Ji ◽  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Before And After

About 50% of the watermelons in the United States are produced in the southeastern states, where optimal conditions for development of Phytophthora fruit rot prevail. Phytophthora fruit rot significantly limits watermelon production by causing serious yield losses before and after fruit harvest. Efficacy of fungicide rotation programs and Melcast-scheduled sprays for managing Phytophthora fruit rot was determined by conducting experiments in Phytophthora capsici-infested fields at three locations in southeastern United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The mini seedless cultivar Wonder and seeded cultivar Mickey Lee (pollenizer) were used. Five weekly applications of fungicides were made at all locations. Significant fruit rot (53 to 91%, mean 68%) was observed in the nontreated control plots in all three years (2013 to 2015) and across locations. All fungicide rotation programs significantly reduced Phytophthora fruit rot compared with nontreated controls. Overall, the rotation of Zampro alternated with Orondis was highly effective across three locations and two years. Rotations of Actigard followed by Ranman+Ridomil Gold, Presidio, V-10208, and Orondis, or rotation of Revus alternated with Presidio were similarly effective. Use of Melcast, a melon disease-forecasting tool, may occasionally enable savings of one spray application without significantly impacting control. Although many fungicides are available for use in rotations, under very heavy rain and pathogen pressure, the fungicides alone may not offer adequate protection; therefore, an integrated approach should be used with other management options including well-drained fields.

scholarly journals The Sarracenia Pitcher Plants and Bog Gardening

2008 ◽  
pp. 79-99
Author(s):  
T Lawrence Mellichamp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Extra Dimension ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Pitcher Plants ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World

The Sarracenia pitcher plants are among the world’s most beautiful and intriguing plants, and being carnivorous adds an extra dimension of fascination. They are endemic to North America – 10 species are found only in the southeastern United States and one species is widely distributed, from the northeastern US and across Canada. They are easy to cultivate if you understand their basic needs and are grown the world over. Every botanical garden should have them because they are so popular with the public. They go hand-in-hand with other unusual carnivorous plants to make a display that is captivating (puns intended!) to both children and adults. This paper covers types of pitcher plants, their habitats, brief descriptions of the species, a key to identification, cultivation and a short note on conservation.

scholarly journals Population structure and demographic history of the chukar partridge Alectoris chukar in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Song ◽  
Shijie Bao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xinkang Bao ◽  
Bei An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
North America ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Population History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chukar Partridge

Abstract Pleistocene climate fluctuations have shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in extant species. Although the effects of recent glacial cycles on genetic diversity have been well studied on species in Europe and North America, genetic legacy of species in the Pleistocene in north and northwest of China where glaciations was not synchronous with the ice sheet development in the Northern Hemisphere or or had little or no ice cover during the glaciations’ period, remains poorly understood. Here we used phylogeographic methods to investigate the genetic structure and population history of the chukar partridge Alec-toris chukar in north and northwest China. A 1,152 – 1,154 bp portion of the mtDNA CR were sequenced for all 279 specimens and a total number of 91 haplotypes were defined by 113 variable sites. High levels of gene flow were found and gene flow estimates were greater than 1 for most population pairs in our study. The AMOVA analysis showed that 81% and 16% of the total genetic variability was found within populations and among populations within groups, respectively. The demographic history of chukar was examined using neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analyses and results indicated Late Pleistocene population expansion. Results revealed that most populations of chukar experienced population expansion during 0.027 ? 0.06 Ma. These results are at odds with the results found in Europe and North America, where population expansions occurred after Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 0.023 to 0.018 Ma). Our results are not consistent with the results from avian species of Tibetan Plateau, either, where species experienced population expansion following the retreat of the extensive glaciation period (0.5 to 0.175 Ma).

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