Estimating the Age of Forensically Useful Blowfly, Sarconesia chlorogaster (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Using Larval Length and Weight

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melise Cristine Lecheta ◽  
Mauricio Osvaldo Moura
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Larval Length ◽  
Different Temperatures

AbstractDetermining the age of an insect collected in a corpse is a key element to estimate the minimum postmortem interval in forensic entomology. Along with models of accumulated degree-hours, the estimation of the age based on larval weight and length is among the most common methods for this purpose. Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann, 1830), along with other Calliphoridae, is an important species in forensics in South America. However, studies analyzing the weight and length of S. chlorogaster larvae during development have not yet been done. In this work, we develop growth models based on the weight and length of larvae in different temperatures and provide formulas that can be used to estimate the age of the larvae based on the weight and length for each temperature. Larvae were reared at six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C), and the measurements of larval length and weight were taken during all development until they stopped feeding. For the measurements, we attempted to use methodologies that can be easily replicated and do not require equipment that could be of difficult access. The results of this work come to complement and improve the use of S. chlorogaster in forensic applications.

Forensically Relevant Flesh Flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaginae) of Southern Brazil

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tais Madeira-Ott ◽  
Carina M Souza ◽  
Paulo R S Bunde ◽  
Ana C R Ries ◽  
Betina Blochtein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Important Species ◽  
First Time ◽  
Flesh Flies ◽  
Pmi Estimation

Abstract Flesh flies comprise a large fly family distributed worldwide that has great importance for forensic entomology. A robust and updated checklist of Sarcophaginae flies recorded in Southern Brazil is presented, based on material collected in the Rio Grande do Sul state and on a literature review. The forensic importance (high, moderate, or none) of the recorded flesh flies for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) or inferring cases of neglect was determined based on their ecological habits. A total of 2,831 specimens representing 38 taxa were collected from three studies. Oxysarcodexia was the most abundant and species-rich genus in all three studies. Dexosarcophaga carvalhoi (Lopes) was registered for the first time in Southern Brazil. The checklist for Southern Brazil comprises 91 species distributed in 19 genera, with Oxysarcodexia, Peckia, and Lepidodexia representing the richest genera. Considering the importance of species for PMI estimation, 10, 42, and 39 species were classified as having high, moderate, or no forensic relevance, respectively. Moreover, five myiasis-causing sarcophagine flies recorded in Southern Brazil were considered to have the potential to reveal cases of neglect or mistreatment. This study revealed that Microcerella halli (Engel) and Peckia (Euboettcheria) australis (Townsend) are the most important species for PMI estimation in Southern Brazil, as they are often found breeding in corpses in this region.

scholarly journals Study of Morphometric Aspects of Eri Silkworm (Samia ricini D.) reared on the host plant

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-196
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Larval Duration ◽  
Larval Weight ◽  
Larval Length ◽  
Qualitative Characters

The environmental conditions play a significant role and influence the quantitative and qualitative characters of silkworm such as larval length, larval breadth, larval weight and larval duration. Larvae of Eri silkworm (Samia ricini D.) were reared on Castor leaves (Ricinus communis). The data that were recorded for larval length (cm) from first to fifth instar are 0.76 ± 0.003; 1.49 ± 0.023; 3.09 ± 0.020; 4.39 ± 0.04 and 6.57 ± 0.04 respectively, for larval breadth (cm) are 0.122 ± 0.007; 0.24 ± 0.0; 0.46 ± 0.0; 0.74 ± 0.0 and 1.14 ± 0.0 respectively and for larval weight (g) are 0.007 ± 0.01; 0.033 ± 0.02; 0.37 ± 0.01; 1.07 ± 0.02 and 3.74 ± 0.03 respectively and the larval period of the reared larvae lasted for about 20 days.

scholarly journals Population Dynamics of Whiteflies and Associated Viruses in South America: Research Progress and Perspectives

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 847
Author(s):  
Renate Krause-Sakate ◽  
Luís Fernando Maranho Watanabe ◽  
Eduardo Silva Gorayeb ◽  
Felipe Barreto da Silva ◽  
Daniel de Lima Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
South American ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The World

By having an extensive territory and suitable climate conditions, South America is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world, providing different kinds of vegetable products to different regions of the world. However, such favorable conditions for plant production also allow the development of several pests, increasing production costs. Among them, whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) stand out for their potential for infesting several crops and for being resistant to insecticides, having high rates of reproduction and dispersal, besides their efficient activity as virus vectors. Currently, the most important species occurring in South America are Bemisia afer, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and the cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1, Mediterranean, and New World, from Bemisia tabaci complex. In this review, a series of studies performed in South America were compiled in an attempt to unify the advances that have been developed in whitefly management in this continent. At first, a background of the current whitefly distribution in South American countries as well as factors affecting them are shown, followed by a background of the whitefly transmitted viruses in South America, addressing their location and association with whiteflies in each country. Afterwards, a series of management strategies are proposed to be implemented in South American fields, including cultural practices and biological and chemical control, finalizing with a section containing future perspectives and directions for further research.

Potential of random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) to typify and discriminate varieties of Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.

2018 ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Eli Amanda Delgado-Alvarado, Norma Almaraz-Abarca ◽  
Cirenio Escamirosa- Tinoco ◽  
Jose Natividad Uribe-Soto, Jose Antonio Avila-Reyes ◽  
Rene Torres-Ricario, Ana Isabel Chaidez-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
South America ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Genetic Closeness

Physalis ixocarpa is an edible species of Solanaceae. This is one of the few cultivated and economically important species of the genus in Mesoamerica. In Mexico, several varieties and landraces have been developed, which have not been molecularly characterized. In the current study, five RAMS primers were used to characterize and assess the genetic variability of two varieties and three landraces of this species. The capacity of these markers to discriminate between them was also evaluated. With comparative aims, Physalis peruviana, the most economically important species of the genus in South America, was analyzed in the same manner. The results revealed that the varieties and landraces of P. ixocarpa conserve important levels of genetic variability (21.75% > Polymorphism < 42.75%), which were higher than that found for P. peruviana (10.75% Polymorphism). RAMS were useful specific markers, as P. peruviana and P. ixocarpa were clearly distinguished one from each other by both cluster analysis and principal components analysis. Close genetic relationships were found between the landraces San Isidro Chihuiro and Verde Puebla, and between the varieties Diamante and Rendidora. In spite of the genetic closeness, the RAMS amplification profiles had a clear varietal-specific tendency, in such a way that they may represent varietal fingerprints, which can be used as authentication tool for varieties and landraces of P. ixocarpa.

scholarly journals Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for two subspecies of Handroanthus chrysanthus

Rodriguésia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusta Yadira Cueva-Agila ◽  
Carlos Manchego ◽  
Cristian Bastidas ◽  
Manuel Curto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
South America ◽  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Polymorphic Microsatellites ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure

Abstract An understanding of the genetic diversity and structure of plant species is essential in order to comprehend the degree of biodiversity loss and to develop successful restoration programs. Handroanthus is an important genus that presents one of the most valuable timbers of South America. Handroanthus chrysanthus is an important species distributed in Central and South America. Microsatellite markers are not previously developed for this species. Ten microsatellites for Handroanthus chrysanthus developed using high-throughput sequencing are presented here. The usefulness of these microsatellite loci for the genetic analysis of subspecies H. chrysanthus subsp. chrysanthus (distributed in coastal dry forests) and subspecies H. chrysanthus subsp. meridionalis (distributed in premontane moist forests) is analyzed. At least eight polymorphic microsatellites are useful for each subspecies, seven of which can be used in both subspecies.

Development of Hydrotaea spinigera (Diptera: Muscidae) at Constant Temperatures and Its Significance for Estimating Postmortem Interval

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Yingna Zhang ◽  
Man Wang ◽  
Guoliang Hu ◽  
Yangfan Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
Developmental Threshold ◽  
Development Models ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Development Duration ◽  
Lower Developmental Threshold ◽  
Length Changes

Abstract Hydrotaea spinigera Stein is a necrophagous species, widely distributed in Oriental and Australasian regions. Considering that the postfeeding larvae or puparia of this species can still be found in abundance at the advanced decomposition stage or even the skeleton stage of remains, it can serve as a good supplementary indicator for estimating the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). This could also extend the range of PMImin when the primary colonizers are no longer associated with the corpse or have emerged as adults. This study investigated the development duration, accumulated degree hours, and larval body length changes of H. spinigera at seven constant temperatures ranging from 16 to 34°C, and established three development models for estimating PMImin, including isomorphen diagram, isomegalen diagram, and thermal summation model. At 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34°C, the development durations of H. spinigera from egg to adult stage were 1,412.6 ± 62.9, 867.4 ± 14.9, 657.1 ± 22.9, 532.3 ± 10.1, 418.8 ± 21.3, 379.8 ± 16.6, and 340.0 ± 20.3 h, respectively. The lower developmental threshold L0 was estimated as 10.50 ± 0.20°C, and the thermal summation constant K was 7,648.83 ± 146.74 degree hours. Using regression analysis, equations were obtained modeling the change of larval body length with time after hatching at different temperatures. This study provided basic data based on the growth and development of H. spinigera for the estimation of PMImin in forensic science.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Triterpenes Isolated fromProtium paniculatumOil-Resins

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia D. O. de Almeida ◽  
Ana Paula de A. Boleti ◽  
André Luis Rüdiger ◽  
Geane A. Lourenço ◽  
Valdir Florêncio da Veiga Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Therapeutic Role ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenes ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Rats And Mice

Protiumis the main genus of the Burseraceae family and one of the most common genera in South America, with an important species called “breu.” Gum and oil-resins of this species are used as tonic and stimulant and for the treatment of ulcers and inflammation. The present study aims to isolate and investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of triterpene compounds isolated from oil-resin ofProtium paniculatum. The pentacyclic triterpenesα,β-amyrin, acetylatedα,β-amyrin,α,β-amyrone, and brein/maniladiol did not alter the viability of murine J774 macrophages (IC50> 20 µg/mL), with the exception of mixture of brein/maniladiol which showed moderate cytotoxic activity. Also it was observed that compounds at 10 µg/mL inhibited more than 80% of production of NO•, although onlyα,β-amyrin was able to inhibit the production of TNF-α(52.03±2.4%). The compounds inhibited the production of IL-6 and induced the production of IL-10 in murine J774 macrophages stimulated by LPS.α,β-Amyrone inhibited the expression of COX-2 and also inhibited the formation of paw or ear edema in rats and mice, having a quick and immediate effect. This study may provide the basis for future investigations on the therapeutic role ofα,β-amyrone in treating inflammation.

Intrapuparial Age Estimation of Forensically Important Dohrniphora cornuta (Diptera: Phoridae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian-Xing Feng ◽  
Jing Wu ◽  
Da-Peng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Age Estimation ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Forensic Entomology ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Minimum Duration ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
Development Data ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Systematic Development

Abstract Dohrniphora cornuta (Bigot) is a forensically important phorid fly indoors and in burial environments. The determination of a minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) often relies on the determination of the age of the immatures. Although the larval development data of D. cornuta under different temperatures has been established, the intrapuparial stage which lasts for about half of the total immature development is scarce. In this study, we investigated the key morphological changes during intrapuparial development at constant temperatures (15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36°C), with an aim to estimate the intrapuparial age of D. cornuta. Puparia were sampled at 12-h (24, 27, 30, and 33°C), 24-h (18 and 21°C), and 48-h (15°C) intervals. The morphological developments within the puparium were analyzed using a stereomicroscope after the puparium was removed. The average minimum duration of intrapuparial stage was inversely related to temperature, ranging from 184.79 ± 3.00 h at 30°C to 1102.86 ± 25.55 h at 15°C for female, and 197.40 ± 4.12 h at 30°C to 1175.33 ± 18.55 h at 15°C for male. It did not develop at 36°C. Some morphological traits that changed during development within the puparium could be used as age markers. According to these changes, the intrapuparial stage of D. cornuta was divided into nine stages which could be used for both sexes. This study provides relatively systematic development data of D. cornuta intrapuparial for the estimation of PMImin in forensic entomology.

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