Two Stages of Old Testament translation for the King James Bible

The Library ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol s6-II (1) ◽  
pp. 16-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD CRANEY JACOBS
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
King James Bible ◽  
Two Stages

scholarly journals Chrystofania nad Jeziorem Tyberiadzkim (J 21, 1-14). Problemy interpretacyjne i znaczenie

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Ryszard Wróbel
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Symbolic Meaning ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
The Past ◽  
Paschal Mystery ◽  
John's Gospel ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Parallel Texts

Among many New Testament texts concerning the paschal events the appearances of the Risen Christ are mentioned. They fit right in between the Old Testament theophanies and Christ’s second coming, as in a way they crown the past, earthly being of Jesus of Nazareth and anticipate His coming again in glory.The author of this article – as suggested by the title – is interested in the meeting of the Risen Christ with seven disciples on Lake Tiberias shore described in Jn 21: 1-14. He neither intends to present an exhaustive exegesis, nor to carry out a critical, literary study of the quoted chapter. He passes over the question of the text’s authorship and origin as well.Instead he indicates the problems one sees while reading the pericope, presents the possible ways to solve them and discovers the meaning of the text.The issue of the article is discussed at two stages: first the reader gets aquainted with the structure of christophany’s description, next the symbolic meaning of the text is presented on the basis of some parallel texts and existing traditions.Many issues related to this particular text remain more or less probable assumptions. Opinions of different exegesists and theologians are to a large degree based on their attitude to the whole of paschal events. It is therefore impossible – according to the author – to reach an unquestionable solution. However, there is no doubt that the appearances of Jesus became crucial in leading the apostles to true faith in the reality of resurrection. They also became the object of testimonies of those whose preaching was fundamental for the faith of the whole Church. The first christophany – as the one from Lake Tiberias can be considered the first – is of great significance here.The author hopes that the present article may be a good example of various difficulties that can be found by everyone who tries to fathom the paschal mystery of Jesus Christ, which the christophany from the last chapter of John’s gospel is an inseparable part of.

scholarly journals Cultural Words in Sacral Text and their Translation: Linguistic and Extra-Linguistic Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-508
Author(s):  
Georgy T Khukhuni ◽  
Irina I Valuitseva ◽  
Anna A Osipova
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
The Bible ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Religious Cult ◽  
Linguistic Evolution ◽  
King James Bible ◽  
Holy Writ

The purpose of this article is to study the issue of key features of the so-called cultural words (realia) in sacred texts (the Bible is taken as an example) as well as a distinctive nature of their cross-language transfer. This problem is essential not only for the Bible translation as such but it also enables to clarify some aspects related to the representation of the vocabulary with cultural identity in the target language that is explained by the very nature of the Old and New Testaments containing a wide variety of the realia that refer directly to a religious cult and to the everyday life of Palestinian people and their neighborhood in the Bible times. The material for the present research includes versions of the Holy Writ created in different periods in a number of languages (Latin, Church Slavonic, Russian and English). While analyzing, the classical translations labelled often as “national” ones have been used (the King James Bible, Synodal Translation), as well and the versions created in the 20th and 21st centuries. The main approach applied herein is the identifying of the corresponding units in the said Bible texts, the ascertainment of the possibility of their ambivalent interpretation, the correlation within the considered versions of translation, the determination of translation strategies used for representing the realia and their comparative analysis. When considering the options presented, special attention has been paid to extra-linguistic factors, since they often play a decisive role in solving the said task. The key results of the made survey can be formulated as follows: 1) since translations could have been made from different versions of the source text, there are cases when certain realia are available in some translations but are missing in others; 2) the use of transcription / transliteration of the realia in Russian versions of the Old Testament in some cases is determined by their representation in the Greek and Church Slavonic texts of the Bible and therefore in both the Synodal and the new translations they can be presented in a form different from that available in European languages; 3) the representation of the Greek word diopetês ( fallen from heaven ) as the proper name Diopet in the Synodal Translation is usually qualified as an elementary mistake, but it could have been also provoked by an intention to follow Greek and Church Slavonic traditions; 4) the existence of the so-called ‘undefined realia’ in the source text, an exact meaning of which is not known, causes their various interpretations in the target language; 5) during the analysis of the units of the target language used in the translation of the Holy Writ, the diachronic aspect must be taken into account considering, on the one hand, the possibility of losing or changing the meaning in the course of linguistic evolution, and on the other hand, avoiding vesting the reality with the meaning that it could not have; 6) a number of translations made in recent decades are characterized by a pronounced pragmatic orientation, in some cases causing a significant neutralization of the national-cultural specificity or its adaptation to the corresponding cultural environment, the degree of admissibility of which in some cases is controversial. The above items enable to clarify a number of aspects related to the methods of translating the realia and the importance of such aspects for attaining the translation adequacy.

scholarly journals Translating the Old Testament: Learning from the King James Bible

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Hebrew Word ◽  
King James Bible

AbstractThe Hebrew word “dabar” is translated in the King James Bible by no fewer than 82 different English words. This article explores how and why it is translated like this, considering some of the issues at stake in Bible translation more generally, and with the King James Bible, in particular. It examines more closely six ways in which translation decisions either affect interpretation or reveal the translation process. It draws out implications for translators, readers, and for evaluating the KJB.

scholarly journals ЛЕКСИКО-СТИЛІСТИЧНІ ОЗНАКИ КОНФЕСІЙНОЇ СФЕРИ В АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ ТА УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВАХ: ЗІСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ (ЧАСТИНА 2)

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Леонід Черноватий
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Verbal Noun ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Bible Translations ◽  
King James Bible ◽  
High Degree

The paper deals with the contrastive analysis of the Ukrainian (Ivan Ohiyenko) and English (King James Bible) translations of the Old Testament (Genesis, Chapter 1) with the purpose to establish their comparative lexical and stylistic features. The assessment of the stylistic devices in the Ukrainian (UTT) and English (ETT) target texts proves a high degree of their similarity. There is a considerable parallelism in the use of repetition, paraphrase, aphorisms, generic nouns, stylistically coloured lexemes, rhetorical address and homogenous elements’ structure. The polysyndeton is a distinctive feature of both texts as well as gradation and a systematic use of archaic or unusual words. The dissimilarities of the two texts include alliterative repetition in verse 10, a double-focus repetition and a weakened polysyndeton in verse 29 in ETT, repetition in ETT (verses 14-15) which appeared to be impossible in UTT due to the specifi c structure used there and the strengthened verb repetition in the refrain of each period in UTT. Other distinctions include a systematic use of the state verb (be) in ETT, whereas the UTT utilizes a range of dynamic verbs indicating the transition from one state to another; the use of two monotypic metaphors in ETT, as compared to neutral lexemes in UTT; or, conversely, the ETT counterpart of an elevated style word is stylistically neutral in UTT. Another divergence is the use of parceling in ETT, which shifts the stylistic emphasis to the parceled fragment, while in the UTT the preference is given to the double synonymic structure; the use of archaism, metaphor and synecdoche in ETT whereas they are absent in UTT. Other unilaterally used stylistic devices include personifi cation in ETT versus alliteration and assonance in UTT; the use of an infi nitive stricture in ETT and a verbal noun in UTT to render purpose; greater variability of attributes (prepositional, postpositional, subordinate clauses), as well as lexical stylistic means in UTT; greater phonetic and lexical diversity of generalizing attributes in UTT. Overall, a somewhat greater variety of lexical stylistic means in UTT may be assumed, although it can hardly be regarded as the latter’s advantage because the standards of stylistic acceptability substantially vary in diff erent languages and cultures. The scope of further research is outlined. Key words: English and Ukrainian languages, Bible (Genesis), comparative stylistics, comparative lexicology, confessional style, teaching translation and interpreting, comparative lexical and stylistic analysis, lexical and stylistic features.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

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