Empirical Foundations and Limits

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-87
Author(s):  
Antoinette Kavanaugh ◽  
Thomas Grisso
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Adolescent Offenders ◽  
Violent Offending

Chapter 3 identifies, reviews, and provides references to reviews of research relevant for various factors assessed in Miller cases. The first section reviews research on serious and violent offending and re-offending among adolescents, patterns of life-course offending, and research specifically on homicides by juveniles. The next section reviews neuroscience and psychological research on adolescent decision making and risk taking. The research on personality and psychopathology of adolescent offenders is reviewed, followed by research on factors related to youths’ amenability to rehabilitation as well as what is known about the effectiveness of various interventions to reduce re-offending among youth. Finally, the chapter offers background and research on structured assessment tools useful for assessing the characteristics associated with the Miller immaturity factors.

Data Collection

2020 ◽  
pp. 110-146
Author(s):  
Antoinette Kavanaugh ◽  
Thomas Grisso
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Personality Psychopathology ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
General Section ◽  
Data Checking

This chapter offers guidance for the collecting the various types of information needed for Miller evaluations. It begins with a general section on the process, focusing on the need for multiple sources of data, checking consistencies and inconsistencies in information across sources, attending to dissimulation, and adjusting one’s assessment plan as unexpected information arises. Then separate sections are provided for obtaining data from various specific sources. Guidance is offered for the various types of records that should be obtained and why they are important. Suggestions are made for interviewing the defendant and for interviewing caregivers and other collateral informants. Finally, recommendations are offered for various types of structured assessment tools that will provide normative data on the defendant’s personality, psychopathology, decision-making and risk-taking characteristics, and amenability to rehabilitation.

Healthy aging is associated with decreased risk-taking in motor decision-making.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Valsecchi ◽  
Jutta Billino ◽  
Karl R. Gegenfurtner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Healthy Aging

Psychology and the New Private Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
Tess Wilkinson-Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Normative Models

This chapter presents a framework for understanding the most promising contributions of psychological methods and insights for private law. It focuses on two related domains of psychological research: cognitive and social psychology. Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which one might shorthand as “thinking.” Social psychology asks about the role of other people—actual, implied, or imagined—on mental states and human behavior. The chapter is oriented around five core psychological insights: calculation, motivation, emotion, social influence, and moral values. Legal scholarship by turns tries to explain legal decision-making, tries to calibrate incentives, and tries to justify its values and its means. Psychology speaks to these descriptive, prescriptive, and normative models of decision-making. The chapter then argues that psychological analysis of legal decision-making challenges the work that the idea of choice and preference is doing in private law, especially in the wake of the law and economics movement.

Protesting During a Pandemic: Narratives on Risk Taking and Motivation to Participating in the 2020 March on Washington

2021 ◽  
pp. 001112872199933
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cobbina ◽  
Ashleigh LaCourse ◽  
Erika J. Brooke ◽  
Soma Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
The Media ◽  
March On Washington

The study elucidates the interplay of COVID-19 and the wave of Black Lives Matter protests to assess motivation and risk taking for protest participation. We draw on protesters’ accounts to examine how police violence influenced the participants decision making to participate in the 2020 March on Washington during a pandemic that exacerbated the risks already in place from protesting the police. We found that protesters’ social position and commitment to the cause provided motivations, along with a zeal to do more especially among White protesters. For Black participants, the images in the media resonated with their own experiences of structural racism from police.

scholarly journals Sustainability Assessment and Agricultural Supply Chains Evidence-Based Multidimensional Analyses as Tools for Strategic Decision-Making—The Case of the Pineapple Supply Chain in Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2060
Author(s):  
Doriane Desclee ◽  
David Sohinto ◽  
Freddy Padonou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Agricultural Supply

Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030 is a shared objective of all institutions and people. The challenges differ according to the characteristics of every context. In developing countries, strongly dependent on the agricultural sector, agricultural supply chains are recognized as crucial for economic growth and enablers for livelihood improvement. Moreover, sustainable development issues are correlated and can meet in agricultural supply chains. For several decades, parallel to decision-makers, the research community has elaborated sustainability assessment tools. Such tools evolved to fit with actuality, but it is challenging to find decision-making support tools for sustainable development adequate in agricultural supply chains and developing countries contexts. There is a necessity to define evidence-based tools and exhaustive analytical frameworks according to sustainability multidimensionality and strategical tradeoffs necessity. The VCA4D method aims to go beyond the limits of previous methods. It proposes a combination of multidisciplinary analytical tools applied empirically to analyze agricultural supply chains in their context. It provides evidence-based analytical results allowing to identify enablers for strategic sustainable and inclusive interventions. However, to even better meet contextual exhaustiveness’s expectations and indicators’ robustness to lead to relevant interventions, we should insist on a stricter framing of contextual data collection processes.

scholarly journals Design space exploration for flexibility assessment and decision making support in integrated industrial building design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Reisinger ◽  
Maximilian Knoll ◽  
Iva Kovacic
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Space Exploration ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Parametric Design ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Industrial Buildings

AbstractIndustrial buildings play a major role in sustainable development, producing and expending a significant amount of resources, energy and waste. Due to product individualization and accelerating technological advances in manufacturing, industrial buildings strive for highly flexible building structures to accommodate constantly evolving production processes. However, common sustainability assessment tools do not respect flexibility metrics and manufacturing and building design processes run sequentially, neglecting discipline-specific interaction, leading to inflexible solutions. In integrated industrial building design (IIBD), incorporating manufacturing and building disciplines simultaneously, design teams are faced with the choice of multiple conflicting criteria and complex design decisions, opening up a huge design space. To address these issues, this paper presents a parametric design process for efficient design space exploration in IIBD. A state-of-the-art survey and multiple case study are conducted to define four novel flexibility metrics and to develop a unified design space, respecting both building and manufacturing requirements. Based on these results, a parametric design process for automated structural optimization and quantitative flexibility assessment is developed, guiding the decision-making process towards increased sustainability. The proposed framework is tested on a pilot-project of a food and hygiene production, evaluating the design space representation and validating the flexibility metrics. Results confirmed the efficiency of the process that an evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm can be implemented in future research to enable multidisciplinary design optimization for flexible industrial building solutions.

scholarly journals How Do We Assess Patient Skills in a Competence-Based Program? Assessment of Patient Competences Using the Spanish Version of the Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire and Real Practical Cases in Women with Pelvic Floor Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2377
Author(s):  
Beatriz Sánchez-Sánchez ◽  
Beatriz Arranz-Martín ◽  
Beatriz Navarro-Brazález ◽  
Fernando Vergara-Pérez ◽  
Javier Bailón-Cerezo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Pelvic Floor Disorders ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Pelvic Organ ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Competence Assessment ◽  
Knowledge Questionnaire

Therapeutic patient education programs must assess the competences that patients achieve. Evaluation in the pedagogical domain ensures that learning has taken place among patients. The Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire (PIKQ) is a tool for assessing patient knowledge about urinary (UI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) conditions. The aim of this study was to translate the Prolapse and Incontinence Knowledge Questionnaire (PIKQ) into Spanish and test its measurement properties, as well as propose real practical cases as a competence assessment tool. The cross-cultural adaptation was conducted by a standardized translation/back-translation method. Measurement properties analysis was performed by assessing the validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability. A total of 275 women were recruited. The discriminant validity showed statistically significant differences in the PIKQ scores between patients and expert groups. Cronbach’s alpha revealed good internal consistency. The test–retest reliability showed excellent correlation with UI and POP scales. Regarding responsiveness, the effect size, and standardized response mean demonstrated excellent values. No floor or ceiling effects were shown. In addition, three “real practical cases” evaluating skills in identifying and analyzing, decision making, and problem-solving were developed and tested. The Spanish PIKQ is a comprehensible, valid, reliable, and responsive tool for the Spanish population. Real practical cases are useful competence assessment tools that are well accepted by women with pelvic floor disorders (PFD), improving their understanding and their decision-making regarding PFD.

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