Brain Tumors

2016 ◽  
pp. 11-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikezie Eseonu ◽  
Jordina Rincon-Torroella ◽  
Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Preoperative Care ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Surgical Approaches

Brain tumor cases make up a significant part of the neurosurgery Oral Board Exam. A multitude of brain tumors exist and can be intraaxial or extraaxial. When considering a differential diagnosis for a brain lesion, infection, hematomas, infarctions, thrombosed aneurysms, inflammation, and demyelinating disease must be considered in addition to tumors. Common adult brain tumors consist of gliomas, meningiomas, metastases, and pituitary tumors. Management of brain tumors consists of understanding preoperative care, indications for surgery, surgical approaches, interpretation of preoperative and postoperative imaging, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and the role of adjuvant therapy, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Reviewing these essential points for the most common brain tumor cases and mastering the current treatment recommendations for common tumors will also be helpful for the boards.

scholarly journals The Role of Neurodevelopmental Pathways in Brain Tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel N. Curry ◽  
Stacey M. Glasgow
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Developmental Factors ◽  
Developmental Signaling ◽  
Cell Signaling Pathways

Disruptions to developmental cell signaling pathways and transcriptional cascades have been implicated in tumor initiation, maintenance and progression. Resurgence of aberrant neurodevelopmental programs in the context of brain tumors highlights the numerous parallels that exist between developmental and oncologic mechanisms. A deeper understanding of how dysregulated developmental factors contribute to brain tumor oncogenesis and disease progression will help to identify potential therapeutic targets for these malignancies. In this review, we summarize the current literature concerning developmental signaling cascades and neurodevelopmentally-regulated transcriptional programs. We also examine their respective contributions towards tumor initiation, maintenance, and progression in both pediatric and adult brain tumors and highlight relevant differentiation therapies and putative candidates for prospective treatments.

scholarly journals The Association of Human Herpesviruses with Malignant Brain Tumor Pathology and Therapy: Two Sides of a Coin

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2250
Author(s):  
Evita Athanasiou ◽  
Antonios N. Gargalionis ◽  
Fotini Boufidou ◽  
Athanassios Tsakris
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Malignant Brain Tumor ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Tumor Pathology ◽  
Human Herpesviruses

The role of certain viruses in malignant brain tumor development remains controversial. Experimental data demonstrate that human herpesviruses (HHVs), particularly cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), are implicated in brain tumor pathology, although their direct role has not yet been proven. CMV is present in most gliomas and medulloblastomas and is known to facilitate oncomodulation and/or immunomodulation, thus promoting cancer cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. EBV and HHV-6 have also been detected in brain tumors and high-grade gliomas, showing high rates of expression and an inflammatory potential. On the other hand, due to the neurotropic nature of HHVs, novel studies have highlighted the engagement of such viruses in the development of new immunotherapeutic approaches in the context of oncolytic viral treatment and vaccine-based strategies against brain tumors. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent scientific data concerning the emerging dual role of HHVs in malignant brain pathology, either as potential causative agents or as immunotherapeutic tools in the fight against these devastating diseases.

Role of Hospital Medicine in Management of Intracranial Brain Tumors

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
Donald Y. Ye ◽  
Thana Theofanis ◽  
Tomas Garzon-Muvdi ◽  
James J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hospital Medicine ◽  
Intracranial Tumors ◽  
Medical Oncologists ◽  
Insight Into

Intracranial tumors reflect a broad range of benign and malignant processes that are often managed by neurosurgeons and medical oncologists. Patients presenting with new brain tumors will undergo biopsies or resection for tissue diagnosis and resolution of neurological symptoms. These patients have significant perioperative risk factors that must be addressed to ensure the best possible outcomes. Hospitalists play a pivotal role in identifying these risk factors and offering management strategies prior to the development of an operative plan. This chapter provides insight into the range of preoperative considerations and postoperative complications that a hospitalist may face when managing brain tumor patients.

scholarly journals TMIC-56. ROLE OF HUMAN BRAIN TUMOR STEM CELLS-DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES ON THE PHENOTYPIC TRANSDIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN NEURAL PROGENITOR CELLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_6) ◽  
pp. vi260-vi260
Author(s):  
Natanael Zarco ◽  
Emily Norton ◽  
Montserrat Lara-Velazquez ◽  
Anna Carrano ◽  
Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Cell Subpopulation ◽  
Tumor Stem Cells ◽  
Brain Tumor Stem Cells

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive of all the brain tumors with a median patient survival less than 15 months. Despite of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, recurrence rate is almost 100%. A great percentage of GBM tumors (~60%) infiltrate and contact the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). Interestingly, these tumors are the most aggressive, and invariably lead to higher distal recurrence rates, shorter time to tumor progression, and lower overall survival of the patient. The reason for this role of V-SVZ-proximity on the outcome of GBM patients is unknown. We suggest that a potential explanation is the interaction of GBM with the V-SVZ. This region is the largest neurogenic niche in the adult brain where neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to newborn neuroblasts that migrate toward the olfactory bulb. In GBM there is a cell subpopulation called brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) with NSCs-like characteristics, but with added potential for tumor initiation, recurrence and invasiveness. Tumor microenvironment plays an important role in migration and invasion process. In the present work, we used the total exosome isolation kit to purify Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) from human primary cultures of BTSCs. We determined that BTSCs-derived EVs contain specific information that is transfer to primary cultures of human Neural Progenitors Cells (NPCs) modulating their proliferation rate, cell viability, and migration. In addition, we identify that NPCs taken up BTSCs-derived EVs and significantly increase the expression levels of stemness-related genes such as Nestin, Nanog, and Sox2, suggesting that a phenotypic transdifferentiation is being carry out. These results support our hypothesis that GBM modulate the tumor microenvironment close to the V-SVZ by releasing EVs that target cellular components in this region and promote their phenotypic transformation, highlighting that NPCs biology changes in the context of tumor environment.

scholarly journals 3D extracellular matrix microenvironment in bioengineered tissue models of primary pediatric and adult brain tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Disha Sood ◽  
Min Tang-Schomer ◽  
Dimitra Pouli ◽  
Craig Mizzoni ◽  
Nicole Raia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Pediatric Ependymoma ◽  
Extracellular Lipid ◽  
Tumor Cell Behavior

Abstract Dynamic alterations in the unique brain extracellular matrix (ECM) are involved in malignant brain tumors. Yet studies of brain ECM roles in tumor cell behavior have been difficult due to lack of access to the human brain. We present a tunable 3D bioengineered brain tissue platform by integrating microenvironmental cues of native brain-derived ECMs and live imaging to systematically evaluate patient-derived brain tumor responses. Using pediatric ependymoma and adult glioblastoma as examples, the 3D brain ECM-containing microenvironment with a balance of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions supports distinctive phenotypes associated with tumor type-specific and ECM-dependent patterns in the tumor cells’ transcriptomic and release profiles. Label-free metabolic imaging of the composite model structure identifies metabolically distinct sub-populations within a tumor type and captures extracellular lipid-containing droplets with potential implications in drug response. The versatile bioengineered 3D tumor tissue system sets the stage for mechanistic studies deciphering microenvironmental role in brain tumor progression.

scholarly journals OR32-03 Serum Cell-Free Methylation-Based Signatures Distinguishes Pituitary Tumors According to Functional Status and from Other Neoplasia: A Liquid Biopsy Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wells ◽  
Karam P Asmaro ◽  
Thais S Sabedot ◽  
Maritza S Mosella ◽  
Tathiane M Malta, PharmD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Liquid Biopsy ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Surgical Approaches ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Cell Material ◽  
Independent Cohort

Abstract BACKGROUND: Several reports have indicated that distinct epigenomic patterns of pituitary tumors (PT), specifically DNA methylation, distinguish these tumor tissues according to their functionality and could be involved in their pathogenesis. Thus far, molecular diagnosis and classification criteria that guide clinical management of these tumors rely on the tissue profiling obtained by invasive surgical approaches (e.g. excision). However, increasing evidence confirmed that central nervous system (CNS) tumors release cell material into the circulation creating an opportunity for molecular profiling of these tumors using a blood-based liquid biopsy. Considering that 1) the pituitary portal system and the invasion of the cavernous system by PT may facilitate the spillage of tumor cell material into the bloodstream and 2) the stability, cell-specificity and reportedly the role of DNA methylation in PT, we hypothesized that liquid biopsy would be feasible to detect and define specific methylation-based signatures in the serum of patients harboring PT. Methods and Findings: We conducted analyses of the methylomes of paired serum circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and tumor tissue from patients harboring PT (EPIC array) to identify serum-derived pituitary tumor-specific methylation-based signatures (sPTMet n=37) in a cohort comprised by 13 patients with pituitary macroadenomas (9 males; median age: 62; 9 Nonfunctioning/4functioning, 6 invasive/7noninvasive), 4 controls (non-tumor) and patients with other CNS tumors or conditions (114 gliomas, 6 meningiomas, 1 brain metastasis, 1 colloid cyst, 6 radiation necrosis). Unsupervised and supervised analysis indicated that the serum methylome from patients harboring PT was distinct from controls and other CNS diseases. Using the sPTMet as input into a machine learning algorithm, we generated a PT score that classified the serum of an independent cohort as PT or non-PT, with high accuracy. We identified serum-derived differentially methylated probes (DMP, n=3288) that distinguished PT according to their function (functioning and nonfunctioning). When overlapped with an independent cohort, these DMP also distinguished PT tissue according to their functional status. Conclusion: Our results showed the feasibility to identify PT-specific methylation signatures by profiling the methylome of serum cfDNA from patients with PT. These signatures distinguished PT from other CNS tumors and according to their subtypes. These results underpin the potential role of methylation profile and liquid biopsy as a noninvasive approach to assess clinically relevant molecular features. Potentially, tumor-specific serum-derived methylation signature may be used as a diagnostic, prognostic and surveillance tool as well to identify actionable molecular markers in patients with PT.

scholarly journals OMIC-13. THE ROLE OF COPY NUMBER ALTERATIONS IN PREDICTING SURVIVAL AND INFLUENCING TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD BRAIN TUMORS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. i40-i40
Author(s):  
Sharon Freshour ◽  
Bryan Fisk ◽  
Christopher Miller ◽  
Obi Griffith ◽  
Malachi Griffith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Pediatric Brain Tumor ◽  
Copy Number Alterations ◽  
Childhood Brain Tumors ◽  
Entire Cohort

Abstract Brain and central nervous system tumors are the most common form of solid tumor cancers and the second most common cancer overall among children. While many advances have been made in understanding the genomics of childhood brain tumors in recent years, the role of copy number alterations (CNAs) has not been fully characterized. Although the genomes of childhood brain tumor patients are generally considered to be relatively stable diploid genomes, analysis of a subset of pretreatment diagnostic samples from a cohort of 84 deceased patients from Washington University revealed widespread alterations, suggesting CNAs may play a larger role in the progression and prognosis of childhood brain tumors than originally thought. Follow up analysis of the entire cohort, containing a variety of tumor types that had low-pass whole genome sequencing performed, similarly showed evidence of CNAs across samples. 75 out 84 patients showed the presence of CNAs with an average of 16% of the genome being altered per sample and a median of 7%. Preliminary results examining correlations between the percentage of the genome that was copy number altered and event free survival or overall survival indicated that CNA percentage may have some prognostic value. For example, ependymoma samples showed positive correlation between alteration percentage and overall survival, while glioblastoma samples showed negative correlation. To explore copy number alteration in a larger cohort and increase statistical power, similar analyses are being performed using an additional 950 samples from the Pediatric Brain Tumor Atlas curated by The Children’s Brain Tumor Network (CBTN) to determine if CNVs and CNV percentage or specific alterations can serve as prognostic markers and whether the biology of this genomic instability could inform therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals The Emerging Role of Non-Coding RNAs in Pituitary Gland Tumors and Meningioma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5987
Author(s):  
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ◽  
Atefe Abak ◽  
Bashdar Mahmud Hussen ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Guive Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Tumors ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding transcripts which are involved in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. LncRNAs that participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors mainly serve as sponges for miRNAs. CLRN1-AS1/miR-217, XIST/miR-424-5p, H19/miR-93a, LINC00473/miR-502-3p, SNHG7/miR-449a, MEG8/miR-454-3p, MEG3/miR-23b-3p, MEG3/miR-376B-3P, SNHG6/miR-944, PCAT6/miR-139-3p, lncRNA-m433s1/miR-433, TUG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-187-3p, SNHG1/miR-302, SNHG1/miR-372, SNHG1/miR-373, and SNHG1/miR-520 are identified lncRNA/miRNA pairs that are involved in this process. Hsa_circ_0001368 and circOMA1 are two examples of circRNAs that contribute to the pathogenesis of pituitary gland tumors. Meanwhile, SNHG1, LINC00702, LINC00460, and MEG3 have been found to partake in the pathogenesis of meningioma. In the current review, we describe the role of non-coding RNAs in two types of brain tumors, i.e., pituitary tumors and meningioma.

Current treatment status of adult brain tumors in the Philippine general hospital.

2017 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranhel C de Roxas ◽  
Karlo M Pedro ◽  
Jonathan P Rivera ◽  
Julette Marie F Batara
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumors ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Treatment Status
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