Indeterminacy in medical classification: On continuity, uncertainty, and vagueness

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rico Hauswald ◽  
Lara Keuck
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Epistemological Perspective ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
Medical Classification

This chapter aims to clarify the terminology of and relations between ontological, epistemological, and semantic aspects of indeterminacy in medical classification systems. Although classifications of diseases and mental disorders are often characterized as having blurred boundaries, there is no consensus on what exactly this means. The following clarification may remedy this shortcoming: from an ontological point of view, disease entities are found to be discrete or continuous, depending on whether realisation gaps occur. From an epistemological perspective, the certainty of a classification depends on how controversial the assessment of its validity is throughout contexts and how much different legitimate interests of classification users vary. Finally, as semantic categories, medical classifications can be defined precisely or vaguely. The chapter analyses how the ontological, epistemological, and semantic levels are interrelated and how the proposed terminological clarifications may help to disentangle discussions about the validity of medical classifications.

scholarly journals Validity of nosological classification

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-190
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Medical Classification ◽  
Dsm Iv

The term "nosological classification" is often used in connection with medical classification systems, and the tendency is to equate it with "diagnosis" and "validity." However, particularly in the case of psychiatry this is far from always being the case. From a scientific point of view, the two most up-to-date classification systems in use today - the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) - may be considered as the theoretical basis of current psychiatric nosology. In this paper we show that the instrumentally generated DSM-IV or ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia have relatively low validity in comparison with clinician expert diagnoses. If medical classification is to be realistic, simple to use, and reliable, nosological systems must be based not only on established facts, but also on theoretical assumptions regarding the nature of disease.

Prospects for the classification of mental disorders of children and adolescents

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Schmidt ◽  
J. Sinzig
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
General Question ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Dimensional Classification ◽  
Dsm V

AbstractSuggestions for classification of mental disorders of children and adolescents in DSM-V and ICD-11 have been made, which differ strongly from the current descriptive approach of dimensional classification.These suggestions even comprise a dichotomized system for health care as well as for scientific purposes.Nevertheless it is obvious that we are far behind an “etiological” classification, so that trade-offs have necessarily to be made in DSM-V and ICD-11.Appropriate proposals concern the strict separation of disorders that are typical for children and adolescents as well as for adults.Furthermore a differentiation of diagnosis for infants, toddlers and preschool children is required in both classification systems. As far as it is relevant for treatment, combined diagnosis in DSM-V and subthreshold diagnosis as well as coding-possibilities for findings in molecular biology should be permitted.As personality disorders should only be diagnosed after the age of 16, it is recommended to dimensionally classify personality traits that are pathognomonic for specific symptom patterns and of prognostic relevance.DSM-V and ICD-11 should allow age-specific information on axis-IV. The article discusses the general question of how relational disorders respectively disturbances should be classified and include furthermore special recommendations concerning ICD and DSM categories.

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE THEORY OF PRE-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
Alesya V. Demkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Special Rules

The article deals with the relatively new rules of Art. 434.1 the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the conduct of negotiations. Taking into account the current wording of the said rule and the experience of foreign legislation on pre-contractual liability, the article argues for different theories justifying the nature of pre-contractual legal relations and liability and gives different positions of the authors on this issue. Proceeding from the doctrinal concept of obligation and characteristics of pre-contractual relations themselves the conclusion is made that these relations, firstly, are regulated by law and, secondly, they are not simply a legal relation but an obligation. It is based on certain actions of the negotiating partners that give rise to such an obliga-tion. As such, any action that is sufficiently certain (in some cases it may be required by law) and expresses the intention of the person to regard himself as negotiating with the addressee, who will in return perform the same sufficiently certain action, can be regarded as such. The specified characteristics of an action allow us to conclude that, from the point of view of classification of legal facts, this action is an act (because it is performed with a certain in-tention evident to other participants of civil turnover) and, moreover, it is also a transaction. Special rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation stipulate that the actions performed to enter into negotiations (for example, if the conclusion of a contract is binding on one party) or the actions of both partners entail legal consequences - the obligation to negotiate in good faith. The analysis of these legal relationships identifies three stages in their development, charac-terises them and attempts to answer more precisely the question of who can be a participant in the negotiation process depending on the stage of the negotiation process. The subject matter of an obligation arising during pre-contractual contacts will be actions aimed at negotiating and concluding a contract. The content of the obligation arising in the course of pre-contractual contacts, based on Art. 434.1 of the Civil Code will be the obligation to negotiate in good faith (paragraph 2 of the above rule). Assuming that the legislator provides an indicative list of actions that should fall within the scope of bad faith conduct, an indicative list of the "standard" of good faith conduct at the negotiation stage is given. This includes the obligation to provide full and truthful information to a party, including the reporting of circumstances that, due to the nature of the contract, must be brought to the attention of the other party (e.g. in a sale, all encumbrances on the subject of the contract must be reported). In addition, persons are obliged to negotiate only if they intend to conclude a contract, not to terminate negotiations suddenly and unjustifiably, and to take into account the rights and legitimate interests of the other party to the negotiation. The obligation under this obligation may also include a requirement not to disclose infor-mation obtained during the negotiation of the contract.

scholarly journals To the problem of legal regulation of agricultural land turnover in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Irina P. Chupina ◽  
Natalia N. Simachkova ◽  
Oksana S. Trotsenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
The Russian Federation

The authors comprehensively investigated theoretical and practical problems of legal regulation of agricultural land turnover in the Russian Federation. They analyzed the jurisprudence in the field of agricultural land turnover, examined the legal regime of agricultural land in the Russian Federation, investigated the peculiarities of land plots turnover from agricultural lands, identified a number of significant problems in the legislation in the field of legal regulation of agricultural purposes land turnover. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of land, which is a nonrecoverable natural resource. From this point of view, agricultural land has a unique unrepeatable natural fertility capacity that determines the possibility of producing life support products, being an essential component of the environmental system. In the annual Address to the Federal Assembly of the President of Russia in 2019, V.V. Putin, specifying the main directions of strategic development of the country, noted the high importance of the land legislation development. The peculiarities of the agricultural land plots turnover are due to the public nature of land relations regulation. For this category of land, a special legal regime is established for food security purposes of Russia, which leads to the prevention of removing these lands from agricultural circulation, as well as building development. According to articles 9, 36 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, “land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the lives and activities of peoples living on the the relevant territory” and the exercise of authority by land owners is limited to conditions for potentially damaging the environment and violation of rights and legitimate interests of other persons.

The theory of symptom complexes, mind and madness

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio V Daker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
World War ◽  
Mental Symptom ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Disease Entities ◽  
The Mind

Kahlbaum’s seminal approach to symptom complexes, as opposed to disease entities, is still relevant. Many psychopathologists have approached mental symptom complexes without prejudging them as necessary physical deficits or diseases, favouring a broader dimensional and anthropological view of mental disorders. Discussions of symptom complexes gained prominence in psychiatry in the early twentieth century – through Hoche – and in the period leading up to World War II – through Carl Schneider. Their works, alongside those of Kraepelin, Bumke, Kehrer, Jaspers and others, are reviewed in relation to the theme of symptom complexes, the mind, and mental disorders. A particular feature of symptom complexes is their relationship to aspects of the normal mind and how this affects clinical manifestations. It is further suggested that symptom complexes might offer a useful bridge between the psychic and the biological in theories of the mind.

scholarly journals Classification in psychiatry: ICD–10 v. DSM–IV

1999 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. First ◽  
Harold Alan Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
American Psychiatric Association ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Classification ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Harmful Use ◽  
Dsm Iv

The editorial by Andrews et al (1999) usefully calls attention to issues of compatibility between diagnostic classification systems but we believe that the editorial greatly overstates the compatibility problem as well as its implications. The article begins with the suggestion that the DSM–IV authors' position is to downplay the differences between DSM–IV and ICD–10. After stating that the American Psychiatric Association “felt sufficiently confident to publish a DSM–IV International Version in which the DSM–IV criteria are listed against the ICD–10 codes”, the authors go on to report concordances between the classifications for the main mental disorders as ranging from a low of 33% (for substance harmful use or abuse) to 87% (for dysthymia), with an overall concordance of only 68%. The authors conclude that if this “unnecessary dissonance between the classification systems continues, patients, researchers and clinicians will be all the poorer”. Although we acknowledge that there are a number of differences between the two systems, the authors fail to assess fully the sources, significance and solutions for this compatibility problem.

scholarly journals A Systematic Search and Review of Questionnaires Measuring Individual psychosocial Factors Predicting Return to Work After Musculoskeletal and Common Mental Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gragnano ◽  
Patrizia Villotti ◽  
Christian Larivière ◽  
Alessia Negrini ◽  
Marc Corbière
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Multiple Item ◽  
The Individual

AbstractPurpose Individual psychosocial factors are crucial in the return to work (RTW) process of workers with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and common mental disorders (CMDs). However, the quality and validity of the questionnaires used to measure these factors have rarely been investigated. The present systematic search and literature review aims at identifying, categorizing, and evaluating the questionnaires (measurement tools) used to measure individual psychosocial factors related to the perception of the personal condition and motivation to RTW that are predictive of successful RTW among workers with MSDs or CMDs. Methods Through a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO library databases and grey literature, we identified the individual psychosocial factors predictive of successful RTW among these workers. Then, we retrieved the questionnaires used to measure these factors. Finally, we searched for articles validating these questionnaires to describe them exhaustively from a psychometric and practical point of view. Results: The review included 76 studies from an initial pool of 2263 articles. Three common significant predictors of RTW after MSDs and CMDs emerged (i.e., RTW expectations, RTW self-efficacy, and work ability), two significant predictors of RTW after MSDs only (i.e., work involvement and the self-perceived connection between health and job), and two significant predictors of RTW after CMDs only (i.e., optimism and pessimism). We analyzed 30 questionnaires, including eight multiple-item scales and 22 single-item measures. Based on their psychometric and practical properties, we evaluated one of the eight multiple-item scales as questionable and five as excellent. Conclusions: With some exceptions (i.e., self-efficacy), the tools used to measure individual psychosocial factors show moderate to considerable room for improvement.

scholarly journals Mnemonics for diagnostic criteria of DSM V mental disorders: a scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. e100109
Author(s):  
Pavan Kumar Kadiyala
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Specific Symptom ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Google Books ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Google Search

A multitude of psychiatric disorders have been described in classification systems like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM V). Diagnosing a specific mental disorder requires memorising specific symptom criteria, and their improper recall may result in misdiagnosis. Clinicians may use mnemonics, considering them as narratives or anecdotes of the diagnostic criteria. A scoping review of previously described mnemonics for DSM diagnostic criteria was carried out. An electronic search was done in PubMed, Google Scholar, Google Books and Google Search engine using a prespecified search strategy. Reference lists of relevant articles and chapters were hand searched to identify original and additional articles. Mnemonics retrieved from websites were manually searched in Google to identify published journal articles or chapters for the same mnemonics. Additionally, some mnemonics were developed, modified or added based on the author’s knowledge. The comprehensive search identified 93 records (44 journal articles, 45 books and 4 websites) eligible for the review. Most of the mnemonics retrieved were related in some way to the disorder itself. They were listed under the heading of their respective disorders and indexed in the same order as in DSM V. The mnemonics that reflect a facet of their respective disorders were elaborated in detail.

PECULIARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ACTIVITY OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN RUSSIA IN THE 17th – THE 21st CENTURIES

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
Denis Viktorovich SHEPELEV ◽  
Dina Viktorovna SHEPELEVA
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Regulation Of Activity ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
State Defense

The peculiarities of the historical way of development of state-owned enterprises and the expression of their legitimate interests in obtaining profit are considered. That acquires the actual aspect taking into account modern economic realities and market conditions. The development of social values that make up the legal culture of society is dynamic with the market and economy development. The existence on the market of such public legal structures as state-owned enterprises allows the state simultaneously to make profit and realize specific, sometimes unique goals and objectives, such as the implementation of separately subsidized activities, chemical and military industries. By their legal nature, state-owned enterprises have the purpose of making a profit and are commercial organizations. The concept of “state-owned enterprise” had not been directly fixed in the domestic legislation until the adoption of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Such formulations as “state-owned factories”, “state-owned plants” were typical for state-owned enterprises in the pre-revolutionary period. In this regard the use of the term “state-owned enterprises” was applicable to all state-owned industry. In Soviet legislation the term “enterprise” was used without specifying the characteristics that reflect their state nature. It is concluded that the historical way of state-owned enterprises formation in Russia has passed a rather long and complicated process from the point of view of ownership, but the essence and historical purpose of the creation have not changed – it is the state defense and industry maintenance.

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