Child development

2020 ◽  
pp. 723-736
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Developmental Milestone ◽  
Functional Areas

The expectation of the growing child is to develop the skills to mature into an individual that can eventually survive to cope independently in their environment. To do this, the child must develop skills in the key functional areas of gross motor, fine motor, and vision, speech–language, and social. The acquisition of these skills is sequential with age. There is variability in the time it takes to acquire skills and their acquisition is affected by factors that are intrinsic (e.g. genetic) and extrinsic (e.g. antenatal factors, postnatal insults, exposure to stimulation, nutrition, etc.) to the child. Achieving an expected developmental skill is known as a developmental ‘milestone’. A delay in achieving a key milestone in a functional area by a certain limit of time that most children would be expected to have reached is called ‘developmental delay’. Delay in all key functional areas of development is known as ‘global developmental delay’. The paediatrician must have a good grasp of what degree of skill acquisition should be expected for the child’s chronological age, know when to watch and wait, and when to refer and investigate further. This is in order to identify problems early, treat any underlying cause, and instigate timely interventions to support the child to maximize their developmental potential.

Developmental examination

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Tamuka Zengeya ◽  
Tiroumourougane V Serane
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Developmental Assessment ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Developmental Regression ◽  
Developmental Domains

All doctors working with children should have good knowledge of normal developmental milestones, as early diagnosis of developmental problems and appropriate intervention is desirable to improve the outcome. Candidates should be able to identify key warning signals and know the practical relevance of the milestones. ‘Developmental assessment’ is the comprehensive evaluation of a child’s physical, intellectual, language, emotional, and social development, and is an area where most candidates lack competence and confidence. It should be distinguished from ‘developmental screening’, which is a brief, formal, standardized evaluation for the early identification of children at risk of a developmental disorder. In the developmental assessment station, a candidate can be assessed in different ways: a developmental history with the parent and child; assessment of specific developmental domains (such as gross motor skills, fine motor skills, speech, language skills, etc.); or global assessment of an infant or older child. Occasionally, the candidate might be asked to just ‘observe the child’s play’ and comment on the development. The candidate should anticipate and be prepared for these scenarios. In the exam, a detailed assessment of development is impossible, as it is complicated and time consuming. Ideally, observations of the child should take place with several people in varied settings, which is not feasible in the exam. However, useful assessment of a child’s development can be easily performed as part of routine examination. The main purpose of the developmental assessment in the exam is to identify the child’s strengths and weaknesses, the developmental problem, and, if possible, the cause of the problem. The candidate is expected to give an approximate developmental age at the end of the assessment. Before we continue, it is important to understand the commonly used terminology. A child is said to have ‘developmental delay’ when he or she shows a significant lag (more than two standard deviations) in acquiring milestones in one or more domains. Global developmental delay is defined as a delay in two or more developmental domains. ‘Developmental deviance’ occurs when a child develops milestones outside or apparently ahead of the typical acquisition sequence. ‘Developmental regression’ is the loss of previously acquired milestones. Children develop skills in various areas, also called developmental domains: gross motor, speech and language, fine motor, cognitive, personal–social, and emotional.

scholarly journals Impact of food supplements on early child development in children with moderate acute malnutrition: A randomised 2 x 2 x 3 factorial trial in Burkina Faso

PLoS Medicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1003442
Author(s):  
Mette F. Olsen ◽  
Ann-Sophie Iuel-Brockdorff ◽  
Charles W. Yaméogo ◽  
Bernardette Cichon ◽  
Christian Fabiansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Factorial Trial ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Moderate Acute Malnutrition ◽  
Post Hoc

Background Lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) and corn–soy blends (CSBs) with varying soy and milk content are used in treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). We assessed the impact of these supplements on child development. Methods and findings We conducted a randomised 2 × 2 × 3 factorial trial to assess the effectiveness of 12 weeks’ supplementation with LNS or CSB, with either soy isolate or dehulled soy, and either 0%, 20%, or 50% of protein from milk, on child development among 6–23-month-old children with MAM. Recruitment took place at 5 health centres in Province du Passoré, Burkina Faso between September 2013 and August 2014. The study was fully blinded with respect to soy quality and milk content, while study participants were not blinded with respect to matrix. This analysis presents secondary trial outcomes: Gross motor, fine motor, and language development were assessed using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT). Of 1,609 children enrolled, 54.7% were girls, and median age was 11.3 months (interquartile range [IQR] 8.2–16.0). Twelve weeks follow-up was completed by 1,548 (96.2%), and 24 weeks follow-up was completed by 1,503 (93.4%); follow-up was similar between randomised groups. During the study, 4 children died, and 102 children developed severe acute malnutrition (SAM). There was no difference in adverse events between randomised groups. At 12 weeks, the mean MDAT z-scores in the whole cohort had increased by 0.33 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.37), p < 0.001 for gross motor; 0.26 (0.20, 0.31), p < 0.001 for fine motor; and 0.14 (0.09, 0.20), p < 0.001 for language development. Children had larger improvement in language z-scores if receiving supplements with milk (20%: 0.09 [−0.01, 0.19], p = 0.08 and 50%: 0.11 [0.01, 0.21], p = 0.02), although the difference only reached statistical significance for 50% milk. Post hoc analyses suggested that this effect was specific to boys (interaction p = 0.02). The fine motor z-scores were also improved in children receiving milk, but only when 20% milk was added to CSB (0.18 [0.03, 0.33], p = 0.02). Soy isolate over dehulled soy increased language z-scores by 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15), p = 0.10, although not statistically significant. Post hoc analyses suggested that LNS benefited gross motor development among boys more than did CSB (interaction p = 0.04). Differences between supplement groups did not persist at 24 weeks, but MDAT z-scores continued to increase post-supplementation. The lack of an unsupplemented control group limits us from determining the overall effects of nutritional supplementation for children with MAM. Conclusions In this study, we found that child development improved during and after supplementation for treatment of MAM. Milk protein was beneficial for language and fine motor development, while suggested benefits related to soy quality and supplement matrix merit further investigation. Supplement-specific effects were not found post-intervention, but z-scores continued to improve, suggesting a sustained overall effect of supplementation. Trial registration ISRCTN42569496

A Journey Towards 1st Step of Life – A Case Report on Vision Therapy for A Patient with Global Developmental Delay and Nystagmus

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-303
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Global Developmental Delay ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Vision Therapy

Introduction: Children with Global Developmental Delay (GDD) fail to achieve developmental milestones expected for their age range as compared to their peers. They typically have visual problems in addition to poor gross and fine motor skills. Developmental delays extend to speech, language, cognition, and personal-social domains, and impact activities of daily living. Case Summary: A 4-year-old child presented with chief concerns from his parents that he had difficulty making eye contact was unable to stand and walk. He was not making adequate progress in physiotherapy. Neuro-developmental assessment resulted in a diagnosis of GDD. Visual Evoked Potential showed decreased visual acuity, and nystagmus. Comprehensive examination showed that the patient had a face tilt and head turn. Spectacle lenses with prism was prescribed. A therapy treatment plan was recommended and it was divided into three phases, with the primary goal of improving visual functions through vision therapy. At the end of the therapy, the child developed the confidence to stand and walk without any support. Conclusion: This case report demonstrates the importance of vision therapy in improving the patient’s overall visual performance. In particular, it demonstrates the role of visual intervention in aiding motor skills to the extent that standing and walking was enabled without the need for additional support.

Neurodevelopmental Testing of Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seropositive and Seronegative Mothers: A Prospective Cohort Study in Kigali, Rwanda

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-848
Author(s):  
Philippe Msellati ◽  
Philippe Lepage ◽  
Deo-Gratias Hitimana ◽  
Christiaan Van Goethem ◽  
Philippe Van de Perre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Pediatric Hiv ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Objective. The results of developmental testing of 218 children born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive mothers and infected or uninfected themselves were compared with those of 218 children born to HIV-seronegative mothers in an ongoing cohort study in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods. When the children were 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age, a specific neurodevelopmental examination was performed blindly by study physicians assessing gross motor development, fine motor development, language acquisition, and social contacts. Results. Only one acute severe HIV-related encephalopathy was identified among the 50 infected children. The proportion of abnormal neurologic examinations in HIV-infected children varied from 15% to 40% according to age and was always higher than in HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-seropositive and seronegative mothers (≤5% or less of abnormal examinations at each time period). fter excluding those children with clinical ac-quired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from the analysis, the proportion of abnormal examinations in infected children was 12.5% at 6 months, 16% at 12 months, 20% at 18 months, and 9% at 24 months of age and was still more frequent than in HIV-uninfected children. The developmental delay was principally due to significantly lower gross motor scores. Conclusions. HIV-1-infected children are more frequently developmentally delayed than uninfected children during the first 2 years of life in this African population. This developmental delay is related to the AIDS stage of pediatric HIV infection.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental status in children with congenital hypothyroidism at the children’s hospital and the institute of the child health Multan.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 2335-2338
Author(s):  
Erum Afzal ◽  
Waqas Imran Khan ◽  
Sajjad Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Congenital Hypothyroidism ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Socioeconomical Status

Objectives: To determine the neurodevelopmental status in children with congenital hypothyroidism. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Setting: Department of Pediatric Endocrine and Developmental Pediatrics Outpatient at The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of the Child Health (CHICH) Multan. Period: January to December 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 119 children, 1-5years of age having congenital hypothyroidism were included. Their socioeconomical status, age at which the diagnosis was made, duration of thyroxine intake was noted. Development in domains of personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language and gross motor skills was assessed by using The Denver developmental screening test (DDST). Developmental quotient of each domain was measured and less than 70% was considered significant delayed. SPSS-20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 119 patients, 47.8% were male, 61.3% were among the age group of 1-3 years and the mean age was 1.40 ± 0.489 years. Forty-five percent (45.4%) belonged to low and 47.1% to middle socioeconomical status. Only 46.2% children started taking thyroxine within 2 months of life. Significant delay in personal-social domain was detected in 73.9% (n=88) children while 80.7% (n=96), 80.7% (n=96) and 86.6% (n=103) patients had significant developmental delay in fine motor-adaptive, language and gross motor skills respectively. Developmental delay was significantly low in children started on thyroxine therapy within 2-months of age (p-value ≤ 0.05 for all domains of development. Conclusion: Children with congenital hypothyroidism suffer from delayed development, so these patients must be referred for developmental therapy along with medical therapy.

scholarly journals Status gizi dan perkembangan anak usia 3-5 tahun di Kabupaten Bogor

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Sarah Melati Davidson ◽  
Ali Khomsan ◽  
Hadi Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Active Communication

Background: Malnutrition in children under five causes a variety of developmental disorders. The nutritional need for children aged 3-5 age is very critical to reach optimum growth and development. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the association between nutritional status using WAZ, HAZ, WHZ index with gross motor, fine motor, passive communication, active communication, cognitive, self-help ability and social behavior development childred aged 3-5 years old. Methods: Data was obtained from a study entitled Improving Child Growth and Development through Nutrition and Psychosocial Intervention in Early Childhood Education (PAUD) Setting in Rural Areas and was fully funded by the Nestle Foundation (NF), Switzerland. The study design was cross-sectional, with 120 children aged 3-5 years old as subjects. Locations and subjects were selected purposively in Bogor District. Nutritional status was assesed by WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ index. Child development was assessed by using Bina Keluarga Balita questionnaire.Results: Most of the subjects had good nutritional status dan development level. WAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor dan cognitive development (p<0.05). HAZ indicator significantly associated with gross motor, active communication skills and cognitive development (p<0.05). WHZ indicator significantly associated with fine motor and cognitive children (p<0.05). Conclusion: Nutritional status is associated with child development.

scholarly journals Insufficient Gestational Weight Gain and Infant Neurodevelopment at 12 Months of Age: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriko Motoki ◽  
Yuji Inaba ◽  
Takumi Shibazaki ◽  
Yuka Misawa ◽  
Satoshi Ohira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Gestational Weight Gain ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gestational Weight ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundAbnormal gestational weight gain (GWG) increases the risk of obstetric-related complications. This investigation examined the impact of GWG on infant neurodevelopmental abnormalities at 12 months of age using the data of a nationwide Japanese cohort study.MethodsQuestionnaire data were obtained from the ongoing Japan Environment and Children’s Study cohort study. GWG was subdivided as below, within, or above the reference values of the Institution of Medicine pregnancy weight guidelines. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3) is a parent-reported developmental screening instrument for children across five domains: communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal-social. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to identify correlations between GWG and developmental delay defined as ASQ-3 scores of less than two standard deviations below the mean.ResultsA total of 30,694 mothers with singleton live births and partners who completed the questionnaire were analyzed. The prevalence of mothers below, within, and above the GWG guidelines was 60.4% (18,527), 32.1% (9,850), and 7.5% (2,317), respectively. We recorded 10,943 infants (35.7%) who were outliers in at least one ASQ-3 domain. After controlling for covariates, GWG below established guidelines was associated with a significantly higher risk of developmental delay for the communication (odds ratio [OR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.34), gross motor (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.24), fine motor (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04-1.24), problem solving (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.18), and personal-social domains (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.07-1.24).ConclusionThis large survey revealed a possible deleterious effect of insufficient GWG on infant neurodevelopment.The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS) was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry on 15 January 2018 (number: UMIN000030786).

scholarly journals Tingkat Perkembangan Balita Usia 1 Bulan – 6 Tahun Di Kecamatan Cibiuk Kabupaten Garut

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Ikeu Nurhidayah ◽  
Henny Suzana Mediani ◽  
Sri Hendrawati
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Screening ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Purposive Sampling

ABSTRAK Angka penyimpangan perkembangan pada anak saat ini semakin meningkat. Faktor yang penting untuk mendeteksi penyimpangan perkembangan adalah skrining perkembangan. Sejauh ini beberapa literatur lebih banyak membahas perkembangan pada anak di daerah perkotaan, dan sedikit sekali hasil penelitian yang memaparkan  perkembangan pada anak di daerah pedesaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran perkembangan anak usia 1 bulan – 6 tahun dalam aspek perkembangan personal sosial, adaptif motorik halus, bahasa, dan motorik kasar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian dilakukan di Kecamatan Cibiuk Kabupaten Garut. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara purposive sampling, didapatkan 130 responden. Tingkat perkembangan diukur menggunakan Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST II). Analisis data dengan menggunakan distribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar anak mengalami perkembangan normal, yaitu usia 1-12 bulan 74% normal, usia >1-3 tahun 64% normal, dan usia >3-6 tahun 65% normal. Sedangkan berdasarkan empat aspek perkembangan didapatkan data bahwa persentase terbesar suspect (dicurigai adanya gangguan) terdapat pada aspek perkembangan personal sosial dialami anak usia >3-6 tahun, presentase suspect perkembangan adaptif-motorik halus terbesar dialami anak usia >3-6 tahun, presentase suspect perkembangan bahasa terbesar dialami anak usia >3-6 tahun, dan presentase suspect perkembangan motorik kasar terbesar dialami anak usia >1-3 tahun. Suspect (dicurigai adanya gangguan) pada tiap aspek perkembangan dipengaruhi oleh berbagai hal, yang paling berperan diantaranya adalah stimulasi. Sehingga gambaran perkembangan saat ini mungkin akan berbeda dengan gambaran perkembangan di masa yang akan datang, apabila anak dilakukan stimulasi. Peneliti merekomendasikan agar perawat meningkatkan diseminasi informasi mengenai stimulasi untuk mengoptimalkan perkembangan pada anak. ABSTRACT Developmental disorders in children is increasing. One of the factors that are important to detect developmental disorders are developmental screening. However, literature mainly discussed on child development in urban areas, and very little research that explained the development of children in rural areas. The aim of this study was to describe children developmental level age 1 month until 6 years in rural areas. The sub variabel that are studied personal social aspect, fine motor-adaftive, language, and gross motor development. The childen development screening can use Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST II), in which categories as normal and suspect. This study conducted in District of Cibiuk, Garut Residence. There were 130 respondent was taken with purposive sampling techique in this study. Design of this study was descriptive. Child development was measured by Denver Developmental Screening Test II. Data analysis was used distribution of frequency. This result of this study showed that most children had normal development level, there were 74% in children age 1-12 month, 64% in children 1-3 years old, and 65% in children >3-6 years old. Based on the developmental aspect, the result showed that the higher precentage of suspect on the personal sosial aspect were in children age >3-6 years old, higher precentage of suspect of the fine motor-adaftive aspect were in children age >3-6 years old, higher precentage of suspect of language aspect were in children age >3-6 years old, and higher precentage of suspect of the gross motor aspect were in children age >1-3 years old. The suspect in  developmental children were influenced by various factor, such as stimulation. Researcher recommend that nurses need to intensified dissemination of information about stimulation in children to optimize growth developmental in children.

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