Water and sanitation

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-178
Author(s):  
Thomas Clasen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Absenteeism ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Health Burden ◽  
Basic Sanitation

The lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation impose a heavy health burden, especially on young children and the poor; it also aggravates malnutrition, physical, and cognitive development, school absenteeism, poverty, and economic development. Unlike many of the other challenges in public health, water, and sanitation solutions are well known. However, despite strong evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of improved water and sanitation against diarrhoea and other diseases and support for the intervention at the highest levels, coverage still lags behind international targets, especially for sanitation. This chapter describes the aetiological agents of the leading water- and sanitation-related diseases, presents the evidence concerning the effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions to prevent such diseases, and summarizes the economic implications of such interventions and some of the other non-health benefits associated therewith. The chapter closes with a discussion of some of the continuing challenges in water and sanitation, including efforts to scale up interventions among the most vulnerable populations in an effort to secure the benefits of water and sanitation for all.

scholarly journals Estimating effects of improved drinking water and sanitation on cholera

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Leidner ◽  
Naveen C. Adusumilli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Statistical Relationship ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
Related Mortality

Demand for adequate provision of drinking-water and sanitation facilities to promote public health and economic growth is increasing in the rapidly urbanizing countries of the developing world. With a panel of data on Asia and Africa from 1990 to 2008, associations are estimated between the occurrence of cholera outbreaks, the case rates in given outbreaks, the mortality rates associated with cholera and two disease control mechanisms, drinking-water and sanitation services. A statistically significant and negative effect is found between drinking-water services and both cholera case rates as well as cholera-related mortality rates. A relatively weak statistical relationship is found between the occurrence of cholera outbreaks and sanitation services.

scholarly journals Evaluation of breast cancer in women under 50in a Mastology service in the Federal District, Brazil

Mastology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cláudia Leite Vilela ◽  
Lucimara Priscila Campos Veras ◽  
Sérgio Eduardo Paiva Ramos ◽  
Sádia Martins de Paula Souza
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Distant Metastasis ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Advanced Tumors

Introduction: Breast cancer is a relevant public health issue, and its incidence has increased in patients aged less than 50 years. This population usually receives a late diagnosis, which contributes with the poor prognosis of the condition. Objective: To assess the percentage of patients diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 50 and compare them with the group that was diagnosed after the age of 50. Results: The general mean age was 54 years; 75.68% of the patients were younger than 50 years, aged between 40 and 49 years. Among the ones who were younger than 50, 35.14% were in stage T4; 55.41% underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 16.22% presented distant metastasis; and 10.81%, locoregional metastasis. On the other hand, among those aged more than 50, 22.71% were in stage T4; 30.68% underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy; 11.36% presented distant metastasis; and 6.82%, locoregional metastasis. Conclusion: Breast cancer in women aged less than 50 years in a Mastology service in the Federal District has been a matter of concern, for presenting more advanced tumors at the time of diagnosis; screening is still debatable.

scholarly journals Who is being left behind? An analysis of improved drinking water and basic sanitation access in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin A. Grady ◽  
Kien Van Nguyen ◽  
Thai Van Nguyen ◽  
Ernest R. Blatchley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Development Programming ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Development Goals

Abstract The global community has made tremendous strides in providing access to water and sanitation in recent decades. Driven by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, which sought to halve the proportion of the global population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, billions of people now have access to these basic human rights. As the global community works to implement the next generation of development goals, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), it is critical to determine how unserved populations can be reached. To investigate indicators of water and sanitation access, surveys were conducted among 300 households in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Households with and without access to improved water or basic sanitation were identified and data from these surveys were subjected to multiple regression analyses to identify household characteristics that correlate with access. It was found that for households without access to either water or sanitation, three variables were statistically significant predictors of access: distance to local government, household floor material, and the gender of the household water manager. Predictors of access to water and sanitation were evaluated separately. This integrated water and sanitation case study draws several implications for this next phase of SDG development programming.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PROGRAM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DAN SANITASI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT (PAMSIMAS) DI KABUPATEN TRENGGALEK

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Chusniati
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Implementation Program

Water is a basic need for mankind, but the fact remains that not everyone has access to clean water and healthy adequately, in accordance with its needs. The issue of water and poor sanitation in Indonesia spawn Program Pamsimas. The goal of the Program is to improve the access of Pamsimas drinking water and sanitation for the poor in rural areas and suburbs, as well as enhancing the values and behaviors of healthy living by building/infrastructure and means of providing drinking water and sanitation sustainable community-based and can be adopted by people to achieve the MDGs targets. Based on the results of the study and discussion of the two issues that the formulation is specified, then the obtained results, among other Policy Implementation Program Pamsimas in Trenggalek already running in accordance with the technical guidelines which in practice already refers to the components of the program i.e., community empowerment, the Ministry of sanitation, drinking water supply, and support the management of the commissioning programme. Factors that support the success of the Program Pamsimas in the presence of, among others, Trenggalek Regency method involving the existence of community empowerment, providing innovation and creativity inspires the citizens through group work, compromise bottom up and top down and commitment at all levels. Factors that impede the success of Trenggalek Regency Pamsimas, among others, lack of cooperation, natural condition, as well as the quality of the water resources untapped. 

Pro-poor governance in water and sanitation service delivery: evidence from Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Fuente ◽  
J Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Monitoring Effort ◽  
Equity Policy ◽  
Iterative Coding

Aims: The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for water and sanitation seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water and access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene. This article examines what governments are doing to achieve this, paying particular attention to actions that governments report taking to better serve the poor and other vulnerable populations (i.e. pro-poor governance). This article also assesses the extent to which, and how, UN-Water’s Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) has tracked governments’ efforts to reach the poor since the inception of this global monitoring effort. Method: This article employs qualitative document analysis and iterative coding to identify pro-poor governance themes examined in GLAAS reports from 2008 to 2016 and provides a quantitative summary of findings related to pro-poor governance from the most recent GLAAS surveys. Results: The dimensions of pro-poor governance and number of questions related to pro-poor governance in GLAAS surveys have increased from 2008 to 2016. While the majority of countries report taking actions to promote equity, many countries did not provide information about specific actions they were taking to provide better services to the poor. Moreover, several actions countries reported taking (e.g. implementing an increasing block tariff) are likely to be ineffective. Conclusion: The findings of this study raise concerns about the extent to which governments are taking – or are positioned to take – effective action to meet the SDG aspiration of safe and affordable water and sanitation services for all. Without information on what countries are doing to promote equity, policy makers and researchers are unable to discern which policies are effective in different contexts.

The other face of advanced paternal age: a scoping review of its terminological, social, public health, psychological, ethical and regulatory aspects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Couture ◽  
Stéphane Delisle ◽  
Alexis Mercier ◽  
Guido Pennings
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Advanced Paternal Age ◽  
Regulatory Aspects ◽  
The Postponement

Abstract BACKGROUND There is a global tendency for parents to conceive children later in life. The maternal dimension of the postponement transition has been thoroughly studied, but interest in the paternal side is more recent. For the moment, most literature reviews on the topic have focused on the consequences of advanced paternal age (APA) on fertility, pregnancy and the health of the child. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The present review seeks to move the focus away from the biological and medical dimensions of APA and synthesise the knowledge of the other face of APA. SEARCH METHODS We used the scoping review methodology. Searches of interdisciplinary articles databases were performed with keywords pertaining to APA and its dimensions outside of biology and medicine. We included scientific articles, original research, essays, commentaries and editorials in the sample. The final sample of 177 documents was analysed with qualitative thematic analysis. OUTCOMES We identified six themes highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of APA research. The ‘terminological aspects’ highlight the lack of consensus on the definition of APA and the strategies developed to offer alternatives. The ‘social aspects’ focus on the postponement transition towards reproducing later in life and its cultural dimensions. The ‘public health aspects’ refer to attempts to analyse APA as a problem with wider health and economic implications. The ‘psychological aspects’ focus on the consequences of APA and older fatherhood on psychological characteristics of the child. The ‘ethical aspects’ reflect on issues of APA emerging at the intersection of parental autonomy, children’s welfare and social responsibility. The ‘regulatory aspects’ group different suggestions to collectively approach the implications of APA. Our results show that the field of APA is still in the making and that evidence is lacking to fully address the issues of APA. The review suggests promising avenues of research such as introducing the voice of fathers of advanced age into the research agenda. WIDER IMPLICATIONS The results of this review will be useful for developing policies and preconception health interventions that consider and include prospective fathers of advanced age.

Óscar Romero and the Politics of Sainthood

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-291
Author(s):  
Manuel A. Vasquez ◽  
Anna L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil War ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
The Other ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Holy See ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity ◽  
The One

In this article, we explore the debates surrounding the proposed canonization of Archbishop Oscar Romero, an outspoken defender of human rights and the poor during the civil war in El Salvador, who was assassinated in March 1980 by paramilitary death squads while saying Mass. More specifically, we examine the tension between, on the one hand, local and popular understandings of Romero’s life and legacy and, on the other hand, transnational and institutional interpretations. We argue that the reluctance of the Vatican to advance Romero’s canonization process has to do with the need to domesticate and “privatize” his image. This depoliticization of Romero’s work and teachings is a part of a larger agenda of neo-Romanization, an attempt by the Holy See to redeploy a post-colonial and transnational Catholic regime in the face of the crisis of modernity and the advent of postmodern relativism. This redeployment is based on the control of local religious expressions, particularly those that advocate for a more participatory church, which have proliferated with contemporary globalization

Temporal variability of disinfection by-products concentration in urban public water system

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-398
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Water System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
System P ◽  
Public Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
By Products

The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) was studied in the drinking water samples from urban water supply network of Karachi city that served more than 18 million people. Drinking water samples were collected from 58 locations in summer (May-August) and winter (November-February) seasons. The major constituent of THMs detected was chloroform in winter (92.34%) and summer (93.07%), while the other THMs determined at lower concentrations. Summer and winter concentrations of total THMs at places exceed the levels regulated by UEPA (80 μg l-1) and WHO (100 μg l-1). GIS linked temporal variability in two seasons showed significantly higher median concentration (2.5%-23.06%) of THMs compared to winter.

The effect of distribution system biofilm bacteria on copper concentrations in drinking water

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-324
Author(s):  
M.M. Critchley ◽  
N.J. Cromar ◽  
N. McClure ◽  
H.J. Fallowfield
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Xanthomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Biofilm Bacteria ◽  
Rhodococcus Sp

This study investigated the potential for distribution system biofilm bacteria to elevate copper concentrations in drinking water. Biofilms were sampled from household copper reticulation pipes and grown on R2A agar. Laboratory coupon experiments were used to determine the effect of single isolate biofilms on aqueous copper concentrations. The majority of biofilm bacteria did not affect copper concentrations in comparison to sterile controls. However, several bacteria including Acidovorax delafieldii, Cytophaga johnsonae and Micrococcus kristinae were shown to significantly elevate copper concentrations in drinking water. In contrast, the bacteria Rhodococcus sp. and Xanthomonas maltophilia were shown to significantly decrease copper levels in comparison to controls. The significance of biofilm bacteria to increase copper concentrations in drinking water has implications for public health by increasing concentrations to levels toxic to humans.

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