Mother care for procedural pain in infants

2021 ◽  
pp. 569-582
Author(s):  
Marsha Campbell-Yeo ◽  
Britney Benoit ◽  
Brianna Richardson ◽  
Celeste Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Procedural Pain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Maternal Presence ◽  
Mother’S Voice

A major role of mothers is to protect their infant from harm, including pain. The aim of this chapter is to review the evidence on the effectiveness of maternal strategies that are efficacious in managing procedural pain. These strategies are naturally occurring and have been used for millenia by mothers, but only recently have been systematically studied. Breastfeeding, holding the baby on the bare chest, known as kangaroo mother care, are such strategies. Whilst providing care in this close manner, other components of the mother’s presence may play a role, such as her voice and her odor. Facsimiles of maternal presence such as a recording of mother’s voice and materials containing her odour have been examined as potential strategies to relieve pain in the infant. The question of the potency of pain relieving strategies provided by caregivers, other than the mother, has been addressed to some extent and will be included in this chapter. The mechanisms underlying the pain relieving effects of maternal care, as they are currently understood, will be presented. Finally, pragmatic issues in implementing maternal strategies for decreasing pain will be discussed

Mother care for procedural pain in infants

2013 ◽  
pp. 600-603
Author(s):  
Celeste Johnston ◽  
Marsha Campbell-Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Kangaroo Mother Care ◽  
Procedural Pain ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Maternal Presence

A major role of maternal care is to protect their infant from harm, including pain. The aim of this chapter is to review the evidence on the effectiveness of maternal strategies that are efficacious in managing procedural pain including breastfeeding, kangaroo mother care, and facsimiles of maternal presence such as voice recordings, odour, and other care providers. The mechanisms, as currently understood, underlying the efficacy of maternal care, will be presented. Finally, pragmatic issues, such as feasibility, will be discussed.

Fine structure and properties of defects in naturally occurring silicates and oxides

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Author(s):  
David R. Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extended Defects ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Fine Structures ◽  
Image Simulations ◽  
Similar Crystal Structure

Extended defects and interfaces control many processes in rock-forming minerals, from chemical reactions to rock deformation. In many cases, it is not the average structure of a defect or interface that is most important, but rather the structure of defect terminations or offsets in an interface. One of the major thrusts of high-resolution electron microscopy in the earth sciences has been to identify the role of defect fine structures in reactions and to determine the structures of such features. This paper will review studies using HREM and image simulations to determine the structures of defects in silicate and oxide minerals and present several examples of the role of defects in mineral chemical reactions. In some cases, the geological occurrence can be used to constrain the diffusional properties of defects.The simplest reactions in minerals involve exsolution (precipitation) of one mineral from another with a similar crystal structure, and pyroxenes (single-chain silicates) provide a good example. Although conventional TEM studies have led to a basic understanding of this sort of phase separation in pyroxenes via spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth, HREM has provided a much more detailed appreciation of the processes involved.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity and the Possible Protective Role of L–Carnitine

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Lalrinzuali Sailo ◽  
◽  
Meesala Krishna Murthy ◽  
Khandayataray Pratima ◽  
Vikas Kumar Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Glutamate Toxicity ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flavour Enhancer

Monosodium glutamate is naturally available non-essential amino acids, which found in naturally occurring foods and used as flavour enhancer worldwide. Monosodium glutamate is believed to be linked with diverse health problems. The aim of the study was toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the protective role of L-carnitine, light on the available literature from last 25 years about diverse toxicity studies which had been carried out on animal and human models. Google scholar, NCBI, PUBMED, EMBASE, Wangfang databases, and Web of Science databases were used to retrieve the available studies. MSG was linked with deleterious effects particularly in animals including induction of obesity, diabetes, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and genotoxic effects showed in Literature. Few reports revealed increased hunger, food intake, and obesity in human subjects due to MSG consumption. Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on humans carried out very limitedly. High consumption of monosodium glutamate may be linked with harmful health effects showed in available literatures. So, it is recommended to use common salt instead of MSG. Furthermore, intensive research is required to explore monosodium glutamate–related molecular and metabolic mechanisms. L-carnitine can protect from Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, renal impairment and genotoxic effects functionally, biochemically and histopathologically with a corresponding reduction of oxidative stress.

How Artefacts Do Leadership: A Ventriloquial Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 089331892199807
Author(s):  
Jonathan Clifton ◽  
Fernando Fachin ◽  
François Cooren
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Communication ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Distributed Leadership ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Human Actors

To date there has been little work that uses fine-grained interactional analyses of the in situ doing of leadership to make visible the role of non-human as well as human actants in this process. Using transcripts of naturally-occurring interaction as data, this study seeks to show how leadership is co-achieved by artefacts as an in-situ accomplishment. To do this we situate this study within recent work on distributed leadership and argue that it is not only distributed across human actors, but also across networks that include both human and non-human actors. Taking a discursive approach to leadership, we draw on Actor Network Theory and adopt a ventriloquial approach to sociomateriality as inspired by the Montreal School of organizational communication. Findings indicate that artefacts “do” leadership when a hybrid presence is made relevant to the interaction and when this presence provides authoritative grounds for influencing others to achieve the group’s goals.

scholarly journals Selenium and Dogs: A Systematic Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
Viola Zentrichová ◽  
Alena Pechová ◽  
Simona Kovaříková
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Complex Data ◽  
Selenium Status ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Correct Function ◽  
Indirect Assay

The intent of this review is to summarize the knowledge about selenium and its function in a dog’s body. For this purpose, systematic literature search was conducted. For mammals, including dogs, a balanced diet and sufficient intake of selenium are important for correct function of metabolism. As for selenium poisoning, there are no naturally occurring cases known. Nowadays, we do not encounter clinical signs of its deficiency either, but it can be subclinical. For now, the most reliable method of assessing selenium status of a dog is measuring serum or plasma levels. Levels in full blood can be measured too, but there are no reference values. The use of glutathione peroxidase as an indirect assay is questionable in canines. Commercial dog food manufactures follow recommendations for minimal and maximal selenium levels and so dogs fed commercial diets should have balanced intake of selenium. For dogs fed home-made diets, complex data are missing. However, subclinical deficiency seems to affect, for example, male fertility or recovery from parasitical diseases. Very interesting is the role of selenium in prevention and treatment of cancer.

scholarly journals Arsenic Removal by Advanced Electrocoagulation Processes: The Role of Oxidants Generated and Kinetic Modeling

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 928
Author(s):  
Micah Flor V. Montefalcon ◽  
Meliton R. Chiong ◽  
Augustus C. Resurreccion ◽  
Sergi Garcia-Segura ◽  
Joey D. Ocon
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Iron Electrodes ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Arsenic (As) is a naturally occurring element in the environment that poses significant risks to human health. Several treatment technologies have been successfully used in the treatment of As-contaminated waters. However, limited literature has explored advanced electrocoagulation (EC) processes for As removal. The present study evaluates the As removal performance of electrocoagulation, electrochemical peroxidation (ECP), and photo-assisted electrochemical peroxidation (PECP) technologies at circumneutral pH using electroactive iron electrodes. The influence of As speciation and the role of oxidants in As removal were investigated. We have identified the ECP process to be a promising alternative for the conventional EC with around 4-fold increase in arsenic removal capacity at a competitive cost of 0.0060 $/m3. Results also indicated that the rate of As(III) oxidation at the outset of electrochemical treatment dictates the extent of As removal. Both ECP and PECP processes reached greater than 96% As(III) conversion at 1 C/L and achieved 86% and 96% As removal at 5 C/L, respectively. Finally, the mechanism of As(III) oxidation was evaluated, and results showed that Fe(IV) is the intermediate oxidant generated in advanced EC processes, and the contribution of •OH brought by UV irradiation is insignificant.

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Response Suppression during an Urge to Relieve Pain

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 1404-1421
Author(s):  
Kelsey K. Sundby ◽  
Johanna Wagner ◽  
Adam R. Aron
Keyword(s):  
Short Interval ◽  
Intracortical Inhibition ◽  
Gabaergic Interneuron ◽  
Response Suppression ◽  
Active Response ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Clinical Disorders ◽  
Functional Relevance ◽  
Interneuron Activity

Being in the state of having both a strong impulse to act and a simultaneous need to withhold is commonly described as an “urge.” Although urges are part of everyday life and also important to several clinical disorders, the components of urge are poorly understood. It has been conjectured that withholding an action during urge involves active response suppression. We tested that idea by designing an urge paradigm that required participants to resist an impulse to press a button and gain relief from heat (one hand was poised to press while the other arm had heat stimulation). We first used paired-pulse TMS over motor cortex (M1) to measure corticospinal excitability of the hand that could press for relief, while participants withheld movement. We observed increased short-interval intracortical inhibition, an index of M1 GABAergic interneuron activity that was maintained across seconds and specific to the task-relevant finger. A second experiment replicated this. We next used EEG to better “image” putative cortical signatures of motor suppression and pain. We found increased sensorimotor beta contralateral to the task-relevant hand while participants withheld the movement during heat. We interpret this as further evidence of a motor suppressive process. Additionally, there was beta desynchronization contralateral to the arm with heat, which could reflect a pain signature. Strikingly, participants who “suppressed” more exhibited less of a putative “pain” response. We speculate that, during urge, a suppressive state may have functional relevance for both resisting a prohibited action and for mitigating discomfort.

scholarly journals Phenotypic correlation between queen and worker brood care supports the role of maternal care in the evolution of eusociality

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (21) ◽  
pp. 10409-10415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin T. Walsh ◽  
Lisa Signorotti ◽  
Timothy A. Linksvayer ◽  
Patrizia d'Ettorre
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Evolution Of Eusociality ◽  
Worker Brood
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