Poor diets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob Andrews ◽  
Clare England
Keyword(s):  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Dairy Foods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Apart from breast milk, no single food contains all the essential nutrients the body needs to be healthy and function efficiently. The nutritional value of a person’s diet depends on the overall balance of foods eaten over a period of time, as well as on the needs of the individual. Over the last 60 years, there has been increasing agreement about the balance of nutrients and foods that make up a ‘good’ diet. This consists primarily of wholegrains (i.e. cereal grains, or foods made from them, containing bran, germ, and endosperm, e.g. wholemeal breads, oatmeal, and dark rye); vegetables and fruit, including nuts and pulses; moderate amounts of fish and low-fat dairy foods; and limited amounts of meat. The consumption of saturated fat should be low, with saturated fat being replaced by mono- and polyunsaturated vegetable fats and fish oils. Trans-fatty acids should be minimized, and added sugar should provide no more than 10% of energy intake. However, as omnivores, humans can survive on a wide range of different foods, and many people worldwide eat diets that fall far short of this ideal.

Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject

Being Brains ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Francisco Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Cerebral Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cerebral Self ◽  
The Brain

The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.

scholarly journals Production of high-protein biscuits for people with increased physical activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
S. V. Yegorova ◽  
A. A. Slavyanskiy ◽  
T. A. Postnikova ◽  
L. V. Ustinova ◽  
R. S. Rostegaev
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Food Product ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Wide Range

People whose professional activity is associated with high energy consumption have a completely different lifestyle, unusual for the average person engaged in mental activity. They are directly related to one thing in common - high levels of physical activity. This leads to a large expenditure of the body's own energy and the breakdown of muscle tissue. To maintain the optimal state of a person during a period of intense activity, it is necessary to replenish energy costs in order to avoid the development of an extreme state, which is characterized by a severe state of the body, which develops under the influence of extreme emergency factors of the external and internal environments and is characterized by significant disorders of the body's vital functions. The article discusses issues related to rations for people with increased physical activity in extreme situations. Despite the fact that on the food market for people with increased physical activity there is a wide range of various snacks that are part of pocket and dry rations, one of the important tasks is to develop a modern food product that provides an increase in nutritional value. The existing rations are of insufficient nutritional value. The solution to this problem is possible through new technologies. The most promising are finely ground mixtures of various vegetables and fruits in combination with grain products. The creation of a new product in the form of a mixture for biscuits will expand the range of functional products and increase the profit of enterprises, since sales of such products in 2019 amounted to 274 billion rubles, which is 16 billion rubles more than in 2018. Biscuits from a multicomponent mixture with a high-grade protein in the composition will allow you to quickly restore the energy consumption of highly active people.

scholarly journals Food Consumption in Ferzan Ozpetek’s Hamam and Luca Guadagnino’s Io sono l’amore: A Gender Issue

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-190
Author(s):  
Patrizia Sambuco
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gender Constructions ◽  
The Individual

Within the wide range of scholarly works on food studies, the topic of food and cinema has gained increasing attention in recent years. This article contributes to the discussion offering a gender per­spective in the analysis of Italian films. It examines cinematic represen­tations of food consumption in Ferzan Ozpetek’s Hamam and Luca Guadagnino’s Io sono l’amore. Food consumption is a means of look­ing at self-identity and the relationship of the individual to the outside world. Eating implies taking part of the outside world inside, and as such it involves not only nutrition for the body but invests the sub­ject with cultural meanings. As a result, the analysis of food consump­tion lends itself to an examination of cultural gender dynamics that influence representations. Through a gender reading of specific scenes, the article argues that in spite of the apparent representations of inde­pendent, successful female protagonists who dare to challenge social conventions, the films considered contribute to the reinforcement of traditional gender constructions. Claude Fischler’s and Pasi Falk’s theo­ries of food consumption help to uncover how the sensory and aesthetic dimensions prevail in the representations of the women protagonists of the films analysed. The female protagonists’ relationship to the outside world remains an individual one, experienced at the sensory level, that cannot express the radical and collective transformations available to the male protagonists.

scholarly journals Structure and function of the immune system in the spleen

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (33) ◽  
pp. eaau6085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Lewis ◽  
Adam Williams ◽  
Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Spleen ◽  
Cell Clearance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
Cell Organization ◽  
And Function

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and, as such, hosts a wide range of immunologic functions alongside its roles in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. The physical organization of the spleen allows it to filter blood of pathogens and abnormal cells and facilitate low-probability interactions between antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and cognate lymphocytes. APCs specific to the spleen regulate the T and B cell response to these antigenic targets in the blood. This review will focus on cell types, cell organization, and immunologic functions specific to the spleen and how these affect initiation of adaptive immunity to systemic blood-borne antigens. Potential differences in structure and function between mouse and human spleen will also be discussed.

A review of noteworthy/major innovations in wearable clothing for thermal and moisture management from material to fabric structure

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110277
Author(s):  
Hafiz Muhammad Kaleem Ullah ◽  
Joseph Lejeune ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
Mélanie Monceaux ◽  
Christine Campagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Thermal Range ◽  
Moisture Management ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems ◽  
Body Heat

The human body exchanges heat through the environment by various means, such as radiation, evaporation, conduction, and convection. Thermo-physiological comfort is associated with the effective heat transfer between the body and the atmosphere, maintaining the body temperature in a tolerable thermal range (36.5–37.5ºC). In order to ensure comfort, the body heat must be preserved or emitted, depending on external conditions. If the body heat is not properly managed, it can cause hyperthermia, heatstroke, and thermal discomfort. Conventionally, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are used to provide comfort. However, they require a huge amount of energy, leading to an increase in global warming, and are limited to indoor applications. In recent decades, scientists across the world have been working to provide thermal comfort through wearable innovative textiles. This review article presents recent innovative strategies for moisture and/or thermal management at the material, filament/fiber, yarn, and fabric scales. It also summarizes the passive/active textile models for comfort. Integrating electrical devices in garments can rapidly control the skin temperature, and is dynamic and useful for a wide range of environmental conditions. However, their use can be limited in some situations due to their bulky design and batteries, which must be frequently recharged. Furthermore, adaptive textiles enable the wearer to maintain comfort in various temperatures and humidity without requiring batteries. Using these wearable textiles is convenient to provide thermal comfort at the individual level rather than controlling the entire building temperature.

scholarly journals Fine Structure and Function in Stentor polymorphus

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Randall ◽  
Sylvia Fitton Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Fine Structure And Function ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Vacuolated Cytoplasm

The fine structure of the ciliate Stentor has been studied by means of the electron microscope and the results have been correlated with observations made on the living organism by means of light microscopy; special reference has been made to structural features which may be responsible for contraction and extension in Stentor. Descriptions have been given of the structure of the macronucleus, the vacuolated cytoplasm, mitochondria and the pellicle; a detailed study has also been made of the adoral membranelles. About 250 membranelles encircle the peristomal cap and each is composed of 3 rows of cilia, with 20 to 25 cilia in each row; a fibrillar root system connected with the membranelles depends into the endoplasm for about 20 µ and each is essentially in the shape of a fan, the terminal ends of each root bifurcating to connect to neighbouring roots. The membranelles thus form a cohesive unit and this morphological arrangement may have a bearing on the motion and coordination of the whole system. Two structural features extending throughout the length of the animal have been identified per cortical stripe in the body wall of Stentor; first, km fibres lying just beneath the pellicle are composed of stacks of fibrillar sheets and are identical with the birefringent fibres observed in the living animal. The individual fibrils of the sheets are in turn connected to the kinetosomes of the body cilia; thus the km fibres are homologous to kinetodesmata. Secondly, M bands lie beneath the km fibres and form an interconnected system in contact with the surrounding vacuolated cytoplasm; the thickness of the M bands is greatest at the base of a contracted animal. The contractile and extensile properties of these organelles have been discussed in the light of experimental results and theoretical considerations.

scholarly journals A study of whole-body isotope dilution of [14C]ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs with graded ascorbate intakes

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bates ◽  
Harumi Tsuchiya ◽  
P. H. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Radioactive Label ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of the present study was first to assess the extent to which unlabelled ascorbate in the diet of guinea-pigs can exchange with labelled ascorbate within their organs when the dietary intake is varied over a wide range, and second to determine whether the retention of label might be used to assess either the amount of ascorbate intake or its biological availability where these are not known. The retention of [14C]ascorbate in the body and in various organs of guinea-pigs were, therefore, measured following a 13 d period of graded dietary intakes of ascorbate. It was found first, that the amount of label retained in each of the organs, 13 d after the initial dose of labelled ascorbate, was much more closely related to the amount of ascorbate intake after labelling than to the intake (and tissue ascorbate levels) before and at the time of labelling. Second, most of the individual internal organs exhibited a constant relationship between the specific activity at 13 d and the dietary intake, except for brain which was flushed to a smaller extent. Third, in agreement with several previous studies a high proportion of the radioactive label in the tissues was found to be still present in ascorbate. The specific activity of column-purified ascorbate was very similar to the estimated specific activity in the crude extract, which implies that it may be possible to estimate specific activities (or stable isotope enrichments) at certain sites without rigorous isolation procedures. Fourth, the amount of radioactivity appearing in the urine 2 d before killing the animals was correlated with the amount of ascorbate intake and with tissue specific activities, suggesting that intakes (or bioavailability) might be predicted from the patterns of label-appearance in the urine

scholarly journals The glide of single crystals of molybdenum

1937 ◽  
Vol 163 (912) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Melting ◽  
High Melting Point ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Wire ◽  
The Individual ◽  
A Current

As pointed out in the paper by Andrade and Tsien, the situation as regards body-centred crystals is such that further information as to the glide element of crystals of this class is needed. In particular, there is considerable uncertainty as to the glide plane, different crystallographic planes being, apparently, operative with different metals. It is possible that with body-centred crystals the planes on which glide takes place depend upon the temperature with reference, say, to the melting point of the metal, since with certain hexagonal crystals such as magnesium, fresh planes have been found to come into operation at high temperatures. Molybdenum, which crystallizes in the body-centred system, has an extremely high melting point, about 2630° C., and so offers a wide range of temperature for experiment. In the following pages work on the glide elements in the temperature range 20 -1000° is described, and it is shown that while the glide plane at the lower temperatures is (112), at high temperature it is (110). The glide direction is in all cases [111], thus confirming the rule that the glide direction is the most closely packed direction. It is hoped later to extend the determinations to higher temperatures. 2—Preparation of the Crystals The crystals were prepared by the method devised by Professor Andrade for metals of high melting point, in which the wire is maintained at a high temperature by a current passing through it, and a local temperature gradient, which slowly travels down the wire, is obtained by a small subsidiary furnace surrounding the wire. For this method it is desirable not to use too thick a wire, and the metal used was 0∙25 mm. in diameter, supplied by the Tungsten Manufacturing Company. If such a wire be maintained by the passage of a current at a temperature some 1000° C. below its melting point, the individual crystallites grow, until the appearance shown in fig. 1, Plate 4 is obtained, where some of the crystals extend right across the wire. The crystal boundaries in this picture have been revealed by etching with dilute nitric acid.

Essentials of Landscape Ecology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. With
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Human Land Use ◽  
Resource Distributions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Essentials of Landscape Ecology is a new, comprehensive text that presents the principles, theory, methods, and applications of landscape ecology in an engaging and accessible format, supplemented by numerous examples and case studies from a variety of systems, including freshwater and marine “scapes.” Human activity has transformed landscapes worldwide on a scale that rivals or exceeds even the largest of natural forces, giving rise to a new geological age, the Anthropocene. As humans alter the structure and function of landscapes, the biological diversity and ecological relationships within those landscapes are also inevitably altered, to the extent that this may interfere with humanity’s efforts to sustain the productivity and multifunctional use of these landscapes. Landscape ecology has thus emerged as a new, multidisciplinary science to investigate the effects of human land use and environmental heterogeneity on ecological processes across a wide range of scales and systems: from the effects of habitat or resource distributions on the individual movements, gene flow, and population dynamics of plants and animals; to the human alteration of landscapes affecting the structure of biological communities and the functioning of entire ecosystems; to the sustainable management of natural resources and the ecosystem goods and services upon which society depends.

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