Nematode infections

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Ramachandran ◽  
Vivekanand Jha
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Renal Involvement ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Tropical Zone ◽  
Glomerular Proteinuria ◽  
Growth Of A Variety ◽  
Milky Urine ◽  
Positive Results

In addition to the conditions discussed in other chapters in this section, renal involvement has been described in patients with other infections. These infections are usually encountered in the developing countries, especially of the tropical zone. The tropical environment is conducive to growth of a variety of life forms including infection-causing microorganisms and vectors responsible for disease transmission. Some renal pathology is related to immune responses to the organisms, and false-positive results in some tests of immunity/ autoimmunity may also be seen.Varieties include lymphatic filariasis, subcutaneous filariasis (including onchocerciasis), and serous filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis can cause milky urine with high levels of (non-glomerular) proteinuria. Four of the 8 nematode pathogenic species have been associated with glomerular disease.

Immune responses of B. malayi thioredoxin (TRX) and venom allergen homologue (VAH) chimeric multiple antigen for lymphatic filariasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gandhirajan Anugraha ◽  
Parasurama Jeyaprita ◽  
Jayaprakasam Madhumathi ◽  
Tamilvanan Sheeba ◽  
Perumal Kaliraj
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fusion Protein ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Protein Vaccine ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Vaccine Strategy ◽  
Single Antigen ◽  
High Level ◽  
Venom Allergen Homologue ◽  
Venom Allergen

AbstractAlthough multiple vaccine strategy for lymphatic filariasis has provided tremendous hope, the choice of antigens used in combination has determined its success in the previous studies. Multiple antigens comprising key vaccine candidates from different life cycle stages would provide a promising strategy if the antigenic combination is chosen by careful screening. In order to analyze one such combination, we have used a chimeric construct carrying the well studied B. malayi antigens thioredoxin (BmTRX) and venom allergen homologue (BmVAH) as a fusion protein (TV) and evaluated its immune responses in mice model. The efficacy of fusion protein vaccine was explored in comparison with the single antigen vaccines and their cocktail. In mice, TV induced significantly high antibody titer of 1,28,000 compared to cocktail vaccine TRX+VAH (50,000) and single antigen vaccine TRX (16,000) or VAH (50,000). Furthermore, TV elicited higher level of cellular proliferative response together with elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 indicating a Th1/Th2 balanced response. The isotype antibody profile showed significantly high level of IgG1 and IgG2b confirming the balanced response elicited by TV. Immunization with TV antigen induced high levels of both humoral and cellular immune responses compared to either cocktail or antigen given alone. The result suggests that TV is highly immunogenic in mice and hence the combination needs to be evaluated for its prophylactic potential.

scholarly journals Role of the microbiome in human development

Gut ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1108-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello ◽  
Filipa Godoy-Vitorino ◽  
Rob Knight ◽  
Martin J Blaser
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Host Development

The host-microbiome supraorganism appears to have coevolved and the unperturbed microbial component of the dyad renders host health sustainable. This coevolution has likely shaped evolving phenotypes in all life forms on this predominantly microbial planet. The microbiota seems to exert effects on the next generation from gestation, via maternal microbiota and immune responses. The microbiota ecosystems develop, restricted to their epithelial niches by the host immune system, concomitantly with the host chronological development, providing early modulation of physiological host development and functions for nutrition, immunity and resistance to pathogens at all ages. Here, we review the role of the microbiome in human development, including evolutionary considerations, and the maternal/fetal relationships, contributions to nutrition and growth. We also discuss what constitutes a healthy microbiota, how antimicrobial modern practices are impacting the human microbiota, the associations between microbiota perturbations, host responses and diseases rocketing in urban societies and potential for future restoration.

The Presence of (1→3)-β-D-Glucan as Prognostic Marker in Patients After Major Abdominal Surgery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lewis White ◽  
Raquel Posso ◽  
Christian Parr ◽  
Jessica S Price ◽  
Malcolm Finkelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Organ Failure ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Invasive Fungal Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Serological Detection ◽  
Failure Assessment ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background While the serological detection of (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) can indicate invasive fungal disease (IFD), false positivity occurs. Nevertheless, the presence of BDG can still be recognized by the host’s innate immune system and persistent BDG antigenemia, in the absence of IFD, can result in deleterious proinflammatory immune responses. Methods During the XXX (INTENSE) study into the preemptive use of micafungin to prevent invasive candidiasis (IC) after abdominal surgery, the serum burden of BDG was determined to aid diagnosis of IC. Data from the INTENSE study were analyzed to determine whether BDG was associated with organ failure and patient mortality, while accounting for the influences of IC and antifungal therapy. Results A BDG concentration >100 pg/mL was associated with a significantly increased Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (≤100 pg/mL: 2 vs >100 pg/mL: 5; P < .0001) and increased rates of mortality (≤100 pg/mL: 13.7% vs >100 pg/mL: 39.0%; P = .0002). Multiple (≥2) positive results >100 pg/mL or a BDG concentration increasing >100 pg/mL increased mortality (48.1%). The mortality rate in patients with IC and a BDG concentration >100 pg/mL and ≤100 pg/mL was 42.3% and 25.0%, respectively. The mortality rate in patients without IC but a BDG concentration >100 pg/mL was 37.3%. The use of micafungin did not affect the findings. Conclusions The presence of persistent or increasing BDG in the patient’s circulation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after abdominal surgery, irrespective of IC. The potential lack of a specific therapeutic focus has consequences when trying to manage these patients, and when designing clinical trials involving patients where host-associated BDG concentrations may be elevated.

The Wellcome Trust Lecture: Infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 104 (S1) ◽  
pp. S71-S79 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. OtteSen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Immunodeficient Mice ◽  
Parasite Antigen ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients

SUMMARYThe basic tenet of the immunological perspective of fuiarial disease is that differential immune responsiveness among individuals exposed to infection results in the different clinical manifestations that develop. The mechanisms involved in this differential responsiveness appear to reflect different T-cell cytokine response patterns. Asymptomatic patients with the clinically silent presentation of ‘asymptomatic microfilaraemia’, who have been previously described as being ‘immunosuppressed’ with respect to their generating pro-inflammatory (Th1-type) immune responses to parasite antigen, are now recognized to be fully responsive to parasite antigen but to produce cytokines and mediators that have primarily anti-inflammatory (Th2-like) effects. Studies with immunodeficient mice have indicated the existence of two alternative pathways to the development of lymphatic pathology: one dependent on the induction of inflammatory reactions by the host immune response, the other entirely independent of the immune system and reflecting the direct actions of the parasite or its products on the lymphatics. As histopathology of affected human lymphatics is consistent with this hypothesis, it may be that the lymphatic pathology seen normally in the amicrofilaraemic, highly immunoresponsive infected patients derives from inflammation induced by immune responses to parasite antigen, whereas the lymphatic pathology sometimes seen coexisting with the ‘immunosuppressed’ state of asymptomatic microfilaraemia actually reflects lymphatic damage that is not immunologically mediated. Though little information exists about the ‘natural history’ of lymphatic filariasis, there is no evidence for an inevitable progression from one clinical form to another. Instead, there appears to be a definite plasticity in the response that depends on prior (? pre-natal) and current exposure to the parasite as well as on the immunomodulatory effects it induces. This plasticity does not appear to be complete, however, as there is no evidence that a chronically infected host who has developed strong pro-inflammatory immune responses can subsequently become sufficiently ‘down-regulated’ to support an asymptomatic microfilaraemia type of infection. Another possible constraint to the plasticity of the clinical and immunological responses may be the genetic determination of certain unusual syndromes, such as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia or TPE, though this hypothesis remains to be proven.

scholarly journals Haematophagous arthropod saliva and host defense system: a tale of tear and blood

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno B. Andrade ◽  
Clarissa R. Teixeira ◽  
Aldina Barral ◽  
Manoel Barral-Netto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Current Information ◽  
System A ◽  
Host Defense System

The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.

scholarly journals Evolution of New Variants/Mutants of JE Virus, Its Effect on Neurovirulence, Antigenicity, Host Immune Responses and Disease Transmission in Endemic Areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Kant Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Genetic Recombination ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
E Proteins ◽  
Virus Envelope ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Endemic Areas

This paper highlights various reasons of evolution of new mutants/variants of JE virus and its effects on neurovirulence, antigenicity, host immune responses, and disease transmission in endemic areas. Virus is reorganizing its genome by making sequence alterations, single site mutations, cluster specific reversions, and amino acid substitutions in neutralizing antigenic sites mainly in N′ glycosylation sites and epitopic regions of S and E proteins. Virus is regularly changing gene order, gene density by making substitution point mutations in important structural genes which make virus envelope proteins. Further, JE virus acquiring new genetic variations and adaptabilities through genetic recombination of wild strains with vaccine strains and assimilating new lethal genes that lead to emergence of molecular variants/mutants. These newly emerged JE virus genotypes have attained the ability to escape the immune defense and show wider resistance against vaccines and therapeutic agents. Thus new strains did significant elevation in the level of neurovirulence, antigenicity and pathogenesis. It is causing very high mortalities in various infant groups and imposing lifelong irreversible disorders in survivors and showing a regular trend of emergence and reemergence in endemic areas. The present review article emphasizes methods to suppress virus replication, reversion of neurovirulence, attenuation and an utmost need of more potential vaccines against cross reactive heterologous genotypes of JE virus to control disease transmission and mortalities occurring in endemic areas.

scholarly journals Chlamydial abortion of ewes and goats. I. Current aspects on etiology, pathogenesis, immune mechanisms and epizootiology of disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
V. SIARKOU (Β. ΣΙΑΡΚΟΥ)
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
New Species ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Recent Experimental Data ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Ifn Γ

Chlamydial abortion constitutes one of the major causes of infectious abortion in sheep and goats. The disease leads to considerable losses in most sheep and goat-rearing countries, as well as, in Greece. In this paper, a review of the causative agent, pathogenesis, host immune response and epizootiology is presented. After recent changes, that have occured in the taxonomy of chlamydiae, it is necessary to refer to new families, new genera and new species within the order Chlamydiales, with emphasis on new species of Chlamydophila abortus, the causal agent of chlamydial abortion. This study reviews the recent experimental data which indicate the sites of entry of the organism, the way of its dissemination and establishment to the placenta. It also reviews current research on the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, the role of the IFN-γ in latent infection and this of Tcells in the protective immune response. Finally, particular reference is given on the role of the male in the disease transmission and the role of inter-species contamination in chlamydial abortion.

scholarly journals Systematic Review: Comparison of triple drug therapy versus double drug therapy for Lymphatic Filariasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
I Gusti Agung Ari Kusuma Yana
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Vector Identity

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by nematodes such as filaria Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. These parasites can be transmitted through mosquito bites such as several species of mosquitoes, particularly Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Mansonia with geographical variations in the dominant vector identity. The main strategy used consists of community-wide mass drug administration (MDA) for the entire population at risk to stop disease transmission and prevent infectious morbidity. WHO recommends the use of annual medication in combination with the triple drug ivermectin therapy. Objective: To compare DEC and albendazole (IDA) versus the two drugs albendazole and diethycarbamazine or albendazole and ivermectin therapy. Methods: The literature search was carried out independently by the researcher using the Sciencedirect, Pubmed, and Cochrane online databases without limiting the type of study or the year of publication. The keywords used in this study were combined with the Boolean operator, namely "AND" namely ((((Lymphatic filariasis) AND (albendazole)) AND (diethylcarbamazine)) AND (ivermectin)) AND (compare). Results: Where triple drug therapy was significantly better in reducing and clearing microfilariae and worm nests in patients with lymphatic filariasis compared to two drug therapy alone. However, side effects occur more frequently in the combination of three therapies. The average side effects were low, such as headaches, joint pain, fatigue, and nausea. Conclusion: although it has relatively low side effects that occur in three drug combinations rather than two drug combination therapy, triple therapy combination therapy is more effective than two drug therapy in treating lymphatic filariasis disease.

scholarly journals Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine Induces Antibodies that Inhibit RNA Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2: An open-label, pre-post vaccine clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany A. Comunale ◽  
Erin Jackson-Ward ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Laura P. Ward ◽  
Qianna Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Immune Response In Vitro

Background: Poliovirus vaccination induces an adaptive humoral immune response; in vitro experiments show polio-immune sera contain antibodies against the poliovirus RNA transcriptase that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2. While structural similarities between poliovirus and SARS-CoV-2 could have major implications for the COVID-19 response worldwide, polio-induced immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 have not been confirmed in prospective clinical trials. Objective: To evaluate whether immune sera from adults who recently received inactivated poliovirus vaccination (IPV) can block SARS-CoV-2′s ability to synthesize RNA. Intervention: IPV intramuscular injection. Measurements: Pre-inoculation and 4-weeks post-inoculation sera were tested for anti-3Dpol (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). To assess IPV′s ability to induce antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis, immune-based detection assays tested RdRp enzymatic activity in polio-immune sera. Results: 298 of the 300 enrolled participants completed both on-site visits. Comparing pre-inoculation to 4-week samples, 85.2% of participants demonstrated an increase in anti-3Dpol antibodies against RdRp proteins. Among tested post-inoculation samples, 94.4% demonstrated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis. Few inoculation-related side effects were reported (2.0%), all were minor. Limitations: Participants were not systematically tested for COVID-19, though known exposures were reported and positive results (1.7%) were documented. Conclusion: IPV can induce antibodies that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis, minimizing the risk of viral replication in infected individuals. This finding has practical implications for resource-deficient areas that may have limited access to newly developed COVID-19 vaccines and/or areas with low COVID-19 vaccination rates due to hesitancy. Funding Source: Private donors. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04639375.

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