MO188RECONSIDERING THE EDELMAN EQUATION: IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL TOTAL BODY CATION CONTENT AND BODY WEIGHT

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjet Oppelaar ◽  
Mart Vuurboom ◽  
Eliane Wenstedt ◽  
Liffert Vogt ◽  
Rik Olde Engberink
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Piecewise Regression ◽  
Cation Content ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Interaction Factors ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Background and Aims Treatment of dysnatremias is guided by formulas that are based on the Edelman equation, including Adrogue-Madias’ and others. Edelman’s equation is the result of a unique study in which serum sodium concentration ([Na+]), total body exchangeable sodium (Nae+) and potassium (Ke+) and total body water (TBW) were measured in a highly heterogeneous population. Because these observations resulted from steady state observations, the equation might not account for the recently uncovered highly dynamic Na+ body compartment where Na+ is temporarily stored and released without affecting TBW. Various factors that influence this Na+ body compartment have been identified and we questioned as to what extent these factors affect associations between serum [Na+] and [Nae+Ke]/TBW. Method We performed a post-hoc analysis of original data published by Edelman. In the linear regression model, effects of sex, edema (y/n), age and body weight (>/< median split) were examined. Serum [Na+] was calculated by multiplying serum water [Na+] of the original data set by 0.93. Using piecewise regression, we analyzed differences in slope and y-intercept for the regression between serum [Na+] and increasing values of (Nae+Ke)/TBW, in which the clinical characteristics from the subgroups were included as interaction factors . Results Data was available for 85 measurements in 82 patients; 57 males and 25 females. The median age (range) age was 58 (27-90) years and median weight (range) was 59.6 (36.4 – 168.2) kilograms. Median serum [Na+] (range) was 131.4 (103.4 – 150.2) mmol/L. The association between serum [Na+] and (Nae+Ke)/TBW was different for high and low weight categories (figure 1A). Sex, age or presence of edema did not alter the relationship. Piecewise regression showed a significant decrease in slope in the regression between serum [Na+] and (Nae+Ke)/TBW above 149 mmol/L (Nae+Ke)/TBW (figure 1B). Conclusion Edelman equation’s coefficients are significantly affected by weight and total body cation content. In subjects with a low weight and low total body cation content, the Edelman equation seems to adequately predict the course of serum [Na+]. However, the clinical use of the Edelman-based formulas may be hampered in subjects with higher weight and higher total body cation content, which may reflect increased tissue Na+ storage. Our analysis underlines the importance of further research into the role of osmotically inactive Na+ storage in osmoregulation.

scholarly journals Osmotically inactive sodium and potassium storage: lessons learned from the Edelman and Boling data

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (3) ◽  
pp. F539-F547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minhtri K. Nguyen ◽  
Dai-Scott Nguyen ◽  
Minh-Kevin Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Storage Pool ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Because changes in the plasma water sodium concentration ([Na+]pw) are clinically due to changes in the mass balance of Na+, K+, and H2O, the analysis and treatment of the dysnatremias are dependent on the validity of the Edelman equation in defining the quantitative interrelationship between the [Na+]pw and the total exchangeable sodium (Nae), total exchangeable potassium (Ke), and total body water (TBW) (Edelman IS, Leibman J, O'Meara MP, Birkenfeld LW. J Clin Invest 37: 1236–1256, 1958): [Na+]pw = 1.11(Nae + Ke)/TBW − 25.6. The interrelationship between [Na+]pw and Nae, Ke, and TBW in the Edelman equation is empirically determined by accounting for measurement errors in all of these variables. In contrast, linear regression analysis of the same data set using [Na+]pw as the dependent variable yields the following equation: [Na+]pw = 0.93(Nae + Ke)/TBW + 1.37. Moreover, based on the study by Boling et al. (Boling EA, Lipkind JB. 18: 943–949, 1963), the [Na+]pw is related to the Nae, Ke, and TBW by the following linear regression equation: [Na+]pw = 0.487(Nae + Ke)/TBW + 71.54. The disparities between the slope and y-intercept of these three equations are unknown. In this mathematical analysis, we demonstrate that the disparities between the slope and y-intercept in these three equations can be explained by how the osmotically inactive Na+ and K+ storage pool is quantitatively accounted for. Our analysis also indicates that the osmotically inactive Na+ and K+ storage pool is dynamically regulated and that changes in the [Na+]pw can be predicted based on changes in the Nae, Ke, and TBW despite dynamic changes in the osmotically inactive Na+ and K+ storage pool.

Subcutaneous administration of desoxycorticosterone pivalate for the treatment of canine hypoadrenocorticism

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
MD McCabe ◽  
EC Feldman ◽  
RC Lynn ◽  
PH Kass
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Serum Electrolyte ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Serum Potassium Concentration ◽  
Median Serum ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Fludrocortisone Acetate

Twelve dogs with hypoadrenocorticism were treated with subcutaneous desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP). Eight of these dogs were recently diagnosed and had not yet been treated. Four dogs previously had been diagnosed and treated (three with intramuscular DOCP, one with oral fludrocortisone acetate). History, physical examination, serum electrolytes, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated. Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (2.2 mg/kg body weight) was administered every 25 days. On day 0, recently diagnosed dogs had a median serum sodium concentration of 131.5 mEq/L, median serum potassium concentration of 6.6 mEq/L, and median BUN of 41.5 mg/dl. All subsequent median serum electrolyte and BUN concentrations were normal. All previously treated dogs had normal blood values which were maintained throughout the study.

TOTAL BODY EXCHANGEABLE WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN "HOSPITAL NORMAL" INFANTS AND CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191
Author(s):  
Leslie Corsa ◽  
Donald Gribetz ◽  
Charles D. Cook ◽  
Nathan B. Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

Total body exchangeable potassium is approximately 40 mEq./kg. of body weight in infants, children and young adults alike, in contrast to exchangeable water and sodium which are high per unit of body weight at birth and decrease to adult levels during the first 2 years of life. "Cell potassium concentration" calculated from exchangeable water, sodium and potassium and serum sodium concentration changes little during the period of growth and development despite other large alterations in body composition. These measurements are suggested as a further means of investigating cellular potassium status in vivo.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Electing the Senate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Schiller ◽  
Charles Stewart III
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Seventeenth Amendment ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Process

From 1789 to 1913, U.S. senators were not directly elected by the people—instead the Constitution mandated that they be chosen by state legislators. This radically changed in 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving the public a direct vote. This book investigates the electoral connections among constituents, state legislators, political parties, and U.S. senators during the age of indirect elections. The book finds that even though parties controlled the partisan affiliation of the winning candidate for Senate, they had much less control over the universe of candidates who competed for votes in Senate elections and the parties did not always succeed in resolving internal conflict among their rank and file. Party politics, money, and personal ambition dominated the election process, in a system originally designed to insulate the Senate from public pressure. The book uses an original data set of all the roll call votes cast by state legislators for U.S. senators from 1871 to 1913 and all state legislators who served during this time. Newspaper and biographical accounts uncover vivid stories of the political maneuvering, corruption, and partisanship—played out by elite political actors, from elected officials, to party machine bosses, to wealthy business owners—that dominated the indirect Senate elections process. The book raises important questions about the effectiveness of Constitutional reforms, such as the Seventeenth Amendment, that promised to produce a more responsive and accountable government.

PSVI-8 Meta-regression Analysis to Determine the Relationship Between Growing Pig Body Weight and Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Andres Fernando T Russi ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The swine industry has been constantly evolving to select animals with improved performance traits and to minimize variation in body weight (BW) in order to meet packer specifications. Therefore, understanding variation presents an opportunity for producers to find strategies that could help reduce, manage, or deal with variation of pigs in a barn. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by collecting data from multiple studies and available data sets in order to develop prediction equations for coefficient of variation (CV) and standard deviation (SD) as a function of BW. Information regarding BW variation from 16 papers was recorded to provide approximately 204 data points. Together, these data included 117,268 individually weighed pigs with a sample size that ranged from 104 to 4,108 pigs. A random-effects model with study used as a random effect was developed. Observations were weighted using sample size as an estimate for precision on the analysis, where larger data sets accounted for increased accuracy in the model. Regression equations were developed using the nlme package of R to determine the relationship between BW and its variation. Polynomial regression analysis was conducted separately for each variation measurement. When CV was reported in the data set, SD was calculated and vice versa. The resulting prediction equations were: CV (%) = 20.04 – 0.135 × (BW) + 0.00043 × (BW)2, R2=0.79; SD = 0.41 + 0.150 × (BW) - 0.00041 × (BW)2, R2 = 0.95. These equations suggest that there is evidence for a decreasing quadratic relationship between mean CV of a population and BW of pigs whereby the rate of decrease is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market. Conversely, the rate of increase of SD of a population of pigs is smaller as mean pig BW increases from birth to market.

scholarly journals Lean body weight versus total body weight to calculate the iodinated contrast media volume in abdominal CT: a randomised controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreno Zanardo ◽  
Fabio Martino Doniselli ◽  
Anastassia Esseridou ◽  
Massimiliano Agrò ◽  
Nicol Antonina Rita Panarisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Contrast Media ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Iodinated Contrast Media ◽  
Abdominal Ct ◽  
Iodinated Contrast ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objectives Iodinated contrast media (ICM) could be more appropriately dosed on patient lean body weight (LBW) than on total body weight (TBW). Methods After Ethics Committee approval, trial registration NCT03384979, patients aged ≥ 18 years scheduled for multiphasic abdominal CT were randomised for ICM dose to LBW group (0.63 gI/kg of LBW) or TBW group (0.44 gI/kg of TBW). Abdominal 64-row CT was performed using 120 kVp, 100–200 mAs, rotation time 0.5 s, pitch 1, Iopamidol (370 mgI/mL), and flow rate 3 mL/s. Levene, Mann–Whitney U, and χ2 tests were used. The primary endpoint was liver contrast enhancement (LCE). Results Of 335 enrolled patients, 17 were screening failures; 44 dropped out after randomisation; 274 patients were analysed (133 LBW group, 141 TBW group). The median age of LBW group (66 years) was slightly lower than that of TBW group (70 years). Although the median ICM-injected volume was comparable between groups, its variability was larger in the former (interquartile range 27 mL versus 21 mL, p = 0.01). The same was for unenhanced liver density (IQR 10 versus 7 HU) (p = 0.02). Median LCE was 40 (35–46) HU in the LBW group and 40 (35–44) HU in the TBW group, without significant difference for median (p = 0.41) and variability (p = 0.23). Suboptimal LCE (< 40 HU) was found in 64/133 (48%) patients in the LBW group and 69/141 (49%) in the TBW group, but no examination needed repeating. Conclusions The calculation of the ICM volume to be administered for abdominal CT based on the LBW does not imply a more consistent LCE.

Styles of Representation in Constituencies in the Homeland and Abroad: The Case of Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Østergaard-Nielsen ◽  
Stefano Camatarri
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
At Home

Abstract The role orientation of political representatives and candidates is a longstanding concern in studies of democratic representation. The growing trend in countries to allow citizens abroad to candidate in homeland elections from afar provides an interesting opportunity for understanding how international mobility and context influences ideas of representation among these emigrant candidates. In public debates, emigrant candidates are often portrayed as delegates of the emigrant constituencies. However, drawing on the paradigmatic case of Italy and an original data set comprising emigrant candidates, we show that the perceptions of styles of representation abroad are more complex. Systemic differences between electoral districts at home and abroad are relevant for explaining why and how candidates develop a trustee or delegate orientation.

Do the Heterogeneous Determinants of Repayment Affect Differently across Borrowers of Diverse Credit Sources in Rural Assam? A Double Hurdle Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 245513332110316
Author(s):  
Tiken Das ◽  
Pradyut Guha ◽  
Diganta Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit Model

This study made an attempt to answer the question: Do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently? The study is based on data collected from 240 households from three districts in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam through a carefully designed primary survey. Besides, the study uses the double hurdle approach and the instrumental variable probit model to reduce possible selection bias. It observes better repayment performance among formal borrowers, followed by semiformal borrowers, while occupation wise it is prominent among organised employees. It has been found that in general, the household characteristics, loan characteristics and location-specific characteristics significantly affect repayment performance of borrowers. However, the nature of impact of the factors influencing repayment performance is remarkably different across credit sources. It ignores the role of traditional community-based organisations in rural Assam while analysing the determinants of repayment performance. The study also recommends for ensuring productive opportunities and efficient market linkages in rural areas of Assam. The study is based on an original data set that has specially been collected to examine question that—do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam—which has not been studied before.

scholarly journals Data Augmentation Using Generative Adversarial Network for Automatic Machine Fault Detection Based on Vibration Signals

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2166
Author(s):  
Van Bui ◽  
Tung Lam Pham ◽  
Huy Nguyen ◽  
Yeong Min Jang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Detection ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Fault Classification ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Machine Fault

In the last decade, predictive maintenance has attracted a lot of attention in industrial factories because of its wide use of the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence algorithms for data management. However, in the early phases where the abnormal and faulty machines rarely appeared in factories, there were limited sets of machine fault samples. With limited fault samples, it is difficult to perform a training process for fault classification due to the imbalance of input data. Therefore, data augmentation was required to increase the accuracy of the learning model. However, there were limited methods to generate and evaluate the data applied for data analysis. In this paper, we introduce a method of using the generative adversarial network as the fault signal augmentation method to enrich the dataset. The enhanced data set could increase the accuracy of the machine fault detection model in the training process. We also performed fault detection using a variety of preprocessing approaches and classified the models to evaluate the similarities between the generated data and authentic data. The generated fault data has high similarity with the original data and it significantly improves the accuracy of the model. The accuracy of fault machine detection reaches 99.41% with 20% original fault machine data set and 93.1% with 0% original fault machine data set (only use generate data only). Based on this, we concluded that the generated data could be used to mix with original data and improve the model performance.

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