scholarly journals Quantum metrology with single spins in diamond under ambient conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Chen ◽  
Chao Meng ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Changkui Duan ◽  
Fazhan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Quantum Metrology ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Quantum Bits ◽  
Temperature Strain ◽  
Physical Quantities

Abstract The detection of single quantum systems can reveal information that would be averaged out in traditional techniques based on ensemble measurements. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have shown brilliant prospects of performance as quantum bits and atomic sensors under ambient conditions, such as ultra-long coherence time, high fidelity control and readout of the spin state. In particular, the sensitivity of the NV center spin levels to external environmental changes makes it a versatile detector capable of measuring various physical quantities, such as temperature, strain, electric fields and magnetic fields. In this paper, we review recent progress in NV-based quantum metrology, and speculate on its future.

Highlights from the Asia Pacific Region

2013 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
APPN Editorial Office
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Spatial Separation ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Quantum Bits ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Quantum information technologies hold the promise of greatly outperforming traditional approaches in, e.g., cryptography, metrology and simulation. However, the ultimate goal of realizing scalable quantum computing has so far remained elusive, largely owing to the formidable difficulty in "wiring up" suitable quantum bits (qubits). In recent years, individual nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) defects in diamond have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for a solidstate qubit for two reasons. First, they possess the longest observed room-temperature coherence time of an electron spin (the qubit) to date; second, their spin can be initialized and measured with a nanoscale resolution using optical techniques under ambient conditions. However, interconnecting different NV- centres remains a big challenge. This problem is further exacerbated by the need for a large spatial separation between adjacent qubits, required for individual qubit addressability.

scholarly journals Room-temperature control and electrical readout of individual nitrogen-vacancy nuclear spins

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Gulka ◽  
Daniel Wirtitsch ◽  
Viktor Ivády ◽  
Jelle Vodnik ◽  
Jaroslav Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dipolar Interaction ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nuclear Spins ◽  
Quantum Device ◽  
Nanoscale Electronics ◽  
Quantum Processor ◽  
Processor Unit

AbstractNuclear spins in semiconductors are leading candidates for future quantum technologies, including quantum computation, communication, and sensing. Nuclear spins in diamond are particularly attractive due to their long coherence time. With the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, such nuclear qubits benefit from an auxiliary electronic qubit, which, at cryogenic temperatures, enables probabilistic entanglement mediated optically by photonic links. Here, we demonstrate a concept of a microelectronic quantum device at ambient conditions using diamond as wide bandgap semiconductor. The basic quantum processor unit – a single 14N nuclear spin coupled to the NV electron – is read photoelectrically and thus operates in a manner compatible with nanoscale electronics. The underlying theory provides the key ingredients for photoelectric quantum gate operations and readout of nuclear qubit registers. This demonstration is, therefore, a step towards diamond quantum devices with a readout area limited by inter-electrode distance rather than by the diffraction limit. Such scalability could enable the development of electronic quantum processors based on the dipolar interaction of spin-qubits placed at nanoscopic proximity.

scholarly journals Ultra-sensitive hybrid diamond nanothermometer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Feng Liu ◽  
Weng-Hang Leong ◽  
Kangwei Xia ◽  
Xi Feng ◽  
Amit Finkler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticle ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nanoscale Systems ◽  
Copper Nickel Alloy ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Spin Resonances

Abstract Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are promising quantum sensors for their long spin coherence time under ambient conditions. However, their spin resonances are relatively insensitive to non-magnetic parameters such as temperature. A magnetic-nanoparticle-nanodiamond hybrid thermometer, where the temperature change is converted to the magnetic field variation near the Curie temperature, was demonstrated to have enhanced temperature sensitivity ($11{\rm{\;mK\;H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$)  [Phys. Rev. X 8, 011042 (2018)], but the sensitivity was limited by the large spectral broadening of ensemble spins in nanodiamonds. To overcome this limitation, here we show an improved design of a hybrid nanothermometer using a single NV center in a diamond nanopillar coupled with a single magnetic nanoparticle of copper-nickel alloy, and demonstrate a temperature sensitivity of $76{\rm{\;\mu K\;H}}{{\rm{z}}^{ - 1/2}}$. This hybrid design enables detection of 2 millikelvin temperature changes with temporal resolution of 5 milliseconds. The ultra-sensitive nanothermometer offers a new tool to investigate thermal processes in nanoscale systems.

scholarly journals Sensing Electrochemical Signals Using a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Hossein T. Dinani ◽  
Enrique Muñoz ◽  
Jeronimo R. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Nv Center

Chemical sensors with high sensitivity that can be used under extreme conditions and can be miniaturized are of high interest in science and industry. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an ideal candidate as a nanosensor due to the long coherence time of its electron spin and its optical accessibility. In this theoretical work, we propose the use of an NV center to detect electrochemical signals emerging from an electrolyte solution, thus obtaining a concentration sensor. For this purpose, we propose the use of the inhomogeneous dephasing rate of the electron spin of the NV center (1/T2★) as a signal. We show that for a range of mean ionic concentrations in the bulk of the electrolyte solution, the electric field fluctuations produced by the diffusional fluctuations in the local concentration of ions result in dephasing rates that can be inferred from free induction decay measurements. Moreover, we show that for a range of concentrations, the electric field generated at the position of the NV center can be used to estimate the concentration of ions.

Teleportation of a controlled-NOT gate for photon and electron-spin qubits assisted by the nitrogen-vacancy center

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15&16) ◽  
pp. 1397-1419
Author(s):  
Ming-Xing Luo ◽  
Hui-Ran Li
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin ◽  
Spin System ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Cnot Gate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy Center ◽  
Vacancy Center

Teleportations of quantum gates are very important in the construction of quantum network and teleportation-based model of quantum computation. Assisted with nitrogenvacancy centers, we propose several schemes to teleport the quantum CNOT gate. Deterministic CNOT gate may be implemented on a remote two-photon system, remote two electron-spin system, hybrid photon-spin system or hybrid spin-photon system. Each photon only interacts with one spin each time. Moreover, quantum channel may be constructed by all combinations of the photon or electron-spin entanglement, or their hybrid entanglement. Since these electron-spin systems have experimentally shown a long coherence time even at the room temperature, our schemes provide useful ways for long-distance quantum applications.

scholarly journals Heisenberg-limited single-mode quantum metrology in a superconducting circuit

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wang ◽  
Y. Wu ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
W. Cai ◽  
L. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Mode ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Microwave Cavity ◽  
Phase Estimation ◽  
Quantum Metrology ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Infinite Dimensional ◽  
Noise Limit ◽  
Quantum Error ◽  
Shot Noise Limit

Abstract Two-mode interferometers lay the foundations for quantum metrology. Instead of exploring quantum entanglement in the two-mode interferometers, a single bosonic mode also promises a measurement precision beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL) by taking advantage of the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of Fock states. Here, we demonstrate a single-mode phase estimation that approaches the Heisenberg limit (HL) unconditionally. Due to the strong dispersive nonlinearity and long coherence time of a microwave cavity, quantum states of the form $$\left( {\left| 0 \right\rangle + \left| N \right\rangle } \right)/\sqrt 2$$ 0 + N ∕ 2 can be generated, manipulated and detected with high fidelities, leading to an experimental phase estimation precision scaling as ∼N−0.94. A 9.1 dB enhancement of the precision over the SNL at N = 12 is achieved, which is only 1.7 dB away from the HL. Our experimental architecture is hardware efficient and can be combined with quantum error correction techniques to fight against decoherence, and thus promises quantum-enhanced sensing in practical applications.

Investigation of Coherence Time of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond Created by a Low-Energy Nitrogen Implantation

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chathuranga Abeywardana ◽  
Zaili Peng ◽  
Laura C. Mugica ◽  
Edward Kleinsasser ◽  
Kai-Mei C. Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coherence Time ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Nitrogen Implantation ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy Center ◽  
Vacancy Center

CO2 driven changes in leaf biochemistry may have influenced fire behaviour at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Baker ◽  
Rebecca Dewhirst ◽  
Jennifer McElwain ◽  
Matthew Haworth ◽  
Claire Belcher
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Leaf Chemistry ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

<p>The Triassic-Jurassic Boundary marks one of the largest mass extinction events of the Phanerozoic. Across the boundary, a rise in carbon-dioxide levels and global temperatures are hypothesized to have driven significant environmental changes inducing a major floral turnover, causing vegetation structure, composition and leaf morphology to alter, and inferred wildfire activity to increase.</p><p>An example of these changes can be observed at the Astartekløft site in East Greenland, where previous work identified a change in flora from broad-leaved conifer dominated to an assemblage dominated by narrow leaved conifers, coeval with a five-fold increase in charcoal abundances.</p><p>Variations in carbon-dioxide concentrations have been shown to be capable of influencing leaf chemistry. It could therefore be hypothesized that carbon-dioxide-driven climate changes across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary may have been capable of not only inducing changes in leaf morphological fuel properties, but also variations in biochemical properties that are both capable of altering wildfire behaviour.</p><p>In order to assess this, we selected three plant species that have ancient evolutionary origins and correspond to the dominant leaf morphotypes of litter-forming vegetation observed at the Astartekløft site across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. We grew these species in current ambient and high carbon-dioxide (Triassic-Jurassic boundary) atmospheric conditions and analysed variations in the chemistry of the leaves, using gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and assessed aspects of their flammability using micro-calorimetry. These data were used to inform a fire behaviour model to produce estimates of variations in fire behaviour, such as surface fire spread, flame length and fireline intensity across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary at Astartekløft.</p><p>Our results reveal a change in leaf chemistry that is expressed as a suppression of volatile content in the three species grown under elevated carbon-dioxide concentrations, compared to those grown under ambient conditions. By accounting for these variations in a fire behaviour model, we estimate that fire behaviour was more extreme prior to the increase in carbon-dioxide across the boundary, suggesting a switch from a period of infrequent but intense fast-moving surface fires during the Triassic, to a period of frequent but low intensity and slow spreading fires during the earliest Jurassic. Our results indicate that that increases in carbon-dioxide concentrations may have impacted leaf chemistry and thus flammability, and may therefore have played an interesting role in determining fire behaviour characteristics during this marked period of Earth’s past.  </p>

scholarly journals Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (49) ◽  
pp. 14133-14138 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Barry ◽  
Matthew J. Turner ◽  
Jennifer M. Schloss ◽  
David R. Glenn ◽  
Yuyu Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Magnetic Measurements ◽  
Field Vector ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Quantum Defects

Magnetic fields from neuronal action potentials (APs) pass largely unperturbed through biological tissue, allowing magnetic measurements of AP dynamics to be performed extracellularly or even outside intact organisms. To date, however, magnetic techniques for sensing neuronal activity have either operated at the macroscale with coarse spatial and/or temporal resolution—e.g., magnetic resonance imaging methods and magnetoencephalography—or been restricted to biophysics studies of excised neurons probed with cryogenic or bulky detectors that do not provide single-neuron spatial resolution and are not scalable to functional networks or intact organisms. Here, we show that AP magnetic sensing can be realized with both single-neuron sensitivity and intact organism applicability using optically probed nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum defects in diamond, operated under ambient conditions and with the NV diamond sensor in close proximity (∼10 µm) to the biological sample. We demonstrate this method for excised single neurons from marine worm and squid, and then exterior to intact, optically opaque marine worms for extended periods and with no observed adverse effect on the animal. NV diamond magnetometry is noninvasive and label-free and does not cause photodamage. The method provides precise measurement of AP waveforms from individual neurons, as well as magnetic field correlates of the AP conduction velocity, and directly determines the AP propagation direction through the inherent sensitivity of NVs to the associated AP magnetic field vector.

QUASI-MODULAR SYMMETRY AND QUASI-HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN QUANTUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS OF FRACTIONAL EXCLUSION STATISTICS

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (29n30) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZUMOTO IGUCHI ◽  
KAZUHIKO AOMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Modular Group ◽  
Hypergeometric Functions ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Quantum Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Quantum Statistical ◽  
Physical Quantities

We investigate a novel symmetry in dualities of Wu's equation: wg(1+w)1-g=eβ(ε-μ) for a degenerate g-on gas with fractional exclusion statistics of g, where β=1/k B T, ∊ the energy, and μ the chemical potential of the system. We find that the particle–hole duality between g and 1/g and the supersymmetric duality between g and 1-g form a novel quasi-modular group of order six for Wu's equation. And we show that many physical quantities in quantum systems with the fractional exclusion statistics can be represented in terms of quasi-hypergeometric functions and that the quasi-modular symmetry acts on these functions.

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