scholarly journals Sensing Electrochemical Signals Using a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Hossein T. Dinani ◽  
Enrique Muñoz ◽  
Jeronimo R. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electron Spin ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Nv Center

Chemical sensors with high sensitivity that can be used under extreme conditions and can be miniaturized are of high interest in science and industry. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an ideal candidate as a nanosensor due to the long coherence time of its electron spin and its optical accessibility. In this theoretical work, we propose the use of an NV center to detect electrochemical signals emerging from an electrolyte solution, thus obtaining a concentration sensor. For this purpose, we propose the use of the inhomogeneous dephasing rate of the electron spin of the NV center (1/T2★) as a signal. We show that for a range of mean ionic concentrations in the bulk of the electrolyte solution, the electric field fluctuations produced by the diffusional fluctuations in the local concentration of ions result in dephasing rates that can be inferred from free induction decay measurements. Moreover, we show that for a range of concentrations, the electric field generated at the position of the NV center can be used to estimate the concentration of ions.

NV-Diamond Magnetometer Using Electron Irradiation

2013 ◽  
Vol 1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Kim ◽  
Victor M. Acosta ◽  
Erik Bauch ◽  
Dmitry Budker ◽  
Philip R. Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Spin Transition ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Logic Device ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nv Center ◽  
Nv Centers

ABSTRACTNitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is an emerging system for quantum-logic device and sensor applications. The key feature of the NV center is the ability of spin manipulation at room temperature. We apply a wide range of electron irradiation to generate the NV centers in nitrogen-rich diamond for creating best sensitivity. The NV0 and NV─ concentrations in electron irradiated diamond are determined from optical spectra. Additionally, electron spin resonance (ESR) has also proven to be an effective method for probing the electron spin transition between |ms=±1> and |ms=0> states of the NV centers. A study of ESR frequency shift and signal broadening and magnetometer sensitivity as a function of electron irradiation dose has been conducted. The research presented herein is a demonstration of minimum detectable magnetic field tailoring required for future-generation high-sensitivity diamond magnetometry.

Teleportation of a controlled-NOT gate for photon and electron-spin qubits assisted by the nitrogen-vacancy center

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (15&16) ◽  
pp. 1397-1419
Author(s):  
Ming-Xing Luo ◽  
Hui-Ran Li
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin ◽  
Spin System ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Cnot Gate ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy Center ◽  
Vacancy Center

Teleportations of quantum gates are very important in the construction of quantum network and teleportation-based model of quantum computation. Assisted with nitrogenvacancy centers, we propose several schemes to teleport the quantum CNOT gate. Deterministic CNOT gate may be implemented on a remote two-photon system, remote two electron-spin system, hybrid photon-spin system or hybrid spin-photon system. Each photon only interacts with one spin each time. Moreover, quantum channel may be constructed by all combinations of the photon or electron-spin entanglement, or their hybrid entanglement. Since these electron-spin systems have experimentally shown a long coherence time even at the room temperature, our schemes provide useful ways for long-distance quantum applications.

scholarly journals Gradiometer Using Separated Diamond Quantum Magnetometers

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 977
Author(s):  
Yuta Masuyama ◽  
Katsumi Suzuki ◽  
Akira Hekizono ◽  
Mitsuyasu Iwanami ◽  
Mutsuko Hatano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Noise Spectrum ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Weak Magnetic Fields ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Nv Center

The negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds is known as the spin defect and using its electron spin, magnetometry can be realized even at room temperature with extremely high sensitivity as well as a high dynamic range. However, a magnetically shielded enclosure is usually required to sense weak magnetic fields because environmental magnetic field noises can disturb high sensitivity measurements. Here, we fabricated a gradiometer with variable sensor length that works at room temperature using a pair of diamond samples containing negatively charged NV centers. Each diamond is attached to an optical fiber to enable free sensor placement. Without any magnetically shielding, our gradiometer realizes a magnetic noise spectrum comparable to that of a three-layer magnetically shielded enclosure, reducing the noises at the low-frequency range below 1 Hz as well as at the frequency of 50 Hz (power line frequency) and its harmonics. These results indicate the potential of highly sensitive magnetic sensing by the gradiometer using the NV center for applications in noisy environments such as outdoor and in vehicles.

scholarly journals Ab initio theory of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond

Nanophotonics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1907-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Gali
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Quantum Control ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
First Principles Calculations ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy Center ◽  
Ab Initio Theory ◽  
Nv Center ◽  
Vacancy Center

AbstractThe nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a solid-state defect qubit with favorable coherence time up to room temperature, which could be harnessed in several quantum-enhanced sensor and quantum communication applications, and has a potential in quantum simulation and computing. The quantum control largely depends on the intricate details about the electronic structure and states of the NV center, the radiative and nonradiative rates between these states, and the coupling of these states to external spins, electric, magnetic, and strain fields, and temperature. This review shows how first-principles calculations contributed to understanding the properties of the NV center and briefly discusses the issues to be solved toward the full ab initio description of solid-state defect qubits.

scholarly journals High-fidelity single-shot readout of single electron spin in diamond with spin-to-charge conversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Yuhang Guo ◽  
Wentao Ji ◽  
Mengqi Wang ◽  
Jun Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Spin ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Resonance Excitation ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Resonance Fluorescence ◽  
Spin Flip ◽  
Nv Center

AbstractHigh fidelity single-shot readout of qubits is a crucial component for fault-tolerant quantum computing and scalable quantum networks. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has risen as a leading platform for the above applications. The current single-shot readout of the NV electron spin relies on resonance fluorescence method at cryogenic temperature. However, the spin-flip process interrupts the optical cycling transition, therefore, limits the readout fidelity. Here, we introduce a spin-to-charge conversion method assisted by near-infrared (NIR) light to suppress the spin-flip error. This method leverages high spin-selectivity of cryogenic resonance excitation and flexibility of photoionization. We achieve an overall fidelity > 95% for the single-shot readout of an NV center electron spin in the presence of high strain and fast spin-flip process. With further improvements, this technique has the potential to achieve spin readout fidelity exceeding the fault-tolerant threshold, and may also find applications on integrated optoelectronic devices.

scholarly journals Room-temperature control and electrical readout of individual nitrogen-vacancy nuclear spins

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Gulka ◽  
Daniel Wirtitsch ◽  
Viktor Ivády ◽  
Jelle Vodnik ◽  
Jaroslav Hruby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dipolar Interaction ◽  
Coherence Time ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Nitrogen Vacancy ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Nuclear Spins ◽  
Quantum Device ◽  
Nanoscale Electronics ◽  
Quantum Processor ◽  
Processor Unit

AbstractNuclear spins in semiconductors are leading candidates for future quantum technologies, including quantum computation, communication, and sensing. Nuclear spins in diamond are particularly attractive due to their long coherence time. With the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, such nuclear qubits benefit from an auxiliary electronic qubit, which, at cryogenic temperatures, enables probabilistic entanglement mediated optically by photonic links. Here, we demonstrate a concept of a microelectronic quantum device at ambient conditions using diamond as wide bandgap semiconductor. The basic quantum processor unit – a single 14N nuclear spin coupled to the NV electron – is read photoelectrically and thus operates in a manner compatible with nanoscale electronics. The underlying theory provides the key ingredients for photoelectric quantum gate operations and readout of nuclear qubit registers. This demonstration is, therefore, a step towards diamond quantum devices with a readout area limited by inter-electrode distance rather than by the diffraction limit. Such scalability could enable the development of electronic quantum processors based on the dipolar interaction of spin-qubits placed at nanoscopic proximity.

scholarly journals Adhesion of acorn barnacles on surface-active borate glasses

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1784) ◽  
pp. 20190203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenan P. Fears ◽  
Andrew Barnikel ◽  
Ann Wassick ◽  
Heonjune Ryou ◽  
Janna N. Schultzhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Borate Glasses ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Biofouling ◽  
Microbial Biofilms ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Aluminoborate Glass

Concerns about the bioaccumulation of toxic antifouling compounds have necessitated the search for alternative strategies to combat marine biofouling. Because many biologically essential minerals have deleterious effects on organisms at high concentration, one approach to preventing the settlement of marine foulers is increasing the local concentration of ions that are naturally present in seawater. Here, we used surface-active borate glasses as a platform to directly deliver ions (Na + , Mg 2+ and BO 4 3− ) to the adhesive interface under acorn barnacles ( Amphibalanus ( =Balanus ) amphitrite ). Additionally, surface-active glasses formed reaction layers at the glass–water interface, presenting another challenge to fouling organisms. Proteomics analysis showed that cement deposited on the gelatinous reaction layers is more soluble than cement deposited on insoluble glasses, indicating the reaction layer and/or released ions disrupted adhesion processes. Laboratory experiments showed that the majority (greater than 79%) of adult barnacles re-attached to silica-free borate glasses for 14 days could be released and, more importantly, barnacle larvae did not settle on the glasses. The formation of microbial biofilms in field tests diminished the performance of the materials. While periodic water jetting (120 psi) did not prevent the formation of biofilms, weekly cleaning did dramatically reduce macrofouling on magnesium aluminoborate glass to levels below a commercial foul-release coating. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems’.

Macro-scale description of transient electro-kinetic phenomena over polarizable dielectric solids

2009 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. YOSSIFON ◽  
I. FRANKEL ◽  
T. MILOH
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Fluid Motion ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Uniform Field ◽  
Micro Particles ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Dielectric Solids

We have studied the temporal evolution of electro-kinetic flows in the vicinity of polarizable dielectric solids following the application of a ‘weak’ transient electric field. To obtain a macro-scale description in the limit of narrow electric double layers (EDLs), we have derived a pair of effective transient boundary conditions directly connecting the electric potentials across the EDL. Within the framework of the above assumptions, these conditions apply to a general transient electro-kinetic problem involving dielectric solids of arbitrary geometry and relative permittivity. Furthermore, the newly derived scheme is applicable to general transient and spatially non-uniform external fields. We examine the details of the physical mechanisms involved in the relaxation of the induced-charging process of the EDL adjacent to polarizable dielectric solids. It is thus established that the time scale characterizing the electrostatic relaxation increases with the dielectric constant of the solid from the Debye time (for the diffusion across the EDL) through the ‘intermediate’ scale (proportional to the product of the respective Debye- and geometric-length scales). Thus, the present rigorous analysis substantiates earlier results largely obtained by heuristic use of equivalent RC-circuit models. Furthermore, for typical values of ionic diffusivity and kinematic viscosity of the electrolyte solution, the latter time scale is comparable to the time scale of viscous relaxation in problems concerning microfluidic applications or micro-particle dynamics. The analysis is illustrated for spherical micro-particles. Explicit results are thus presented for the temporal evolution of electro-osmosis around a dielectric sphere immersed in unbounded electrolyte solution under the action of a suddenly applied uniform field, combining both induced charge and ‘equilibrium’ (fixed charge) contributions to the zeta potential. It is demonstrated that, owing to the time delay of the induced-EDL charging, the ‘equilibrium’ contribution to fluid motion (which is linear in the electric field) initially dominates the (quadratic) ‘induced’ contribution.

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