scholarly journals Self-collected oral fluid saliva is insensitive compared to nasal-oropharyngeal swabs in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in outpatients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari C Manabe ◽  
Carolyn Reuland ◽  
Tong Yu ◽  
Razvan Azamfirei ◽  
Justin P Hardick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Widespread Access ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Positive Agreement

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 pandemic control will require widespread access to accurate diagnostics. Salivary sampling circumvents swab supply chain bottlenecks, is amenable to self-collection, and is less likely to create an aerosol during collection compared to the nasopharyngeal swab. We compared rRT-PCR Abbott m2000 results from matched salivary oral fluid (gingival crevicular fluid collected in an Oracol device) and nasal-oropharyngeal (OP) self-collected specimens in viral transport media from a non-hospitalized, ambulatory cohort of COVID-19 patients at multiple time points. There were 171 matched specimen pairs. Compared to nasal-OP swabs, 41.6% of the oral fluid samples were positive. Adding spit to the oral fluid collection device increased the percent positive agreement from 37.2% (16/43) to 44.6% (29/65). The percent positive agreement was highest in the first 5 days after symptoms and decreased thereafter. All of the infectious nasal-OP samples (culture positive on VeroE6 TMPRSS2 cells) had a matched SARS-CoV-2 positive oral fluid sample. In this study of non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected persons, we demonstrate lower diagnostic sensitivity of self-collected oral fluid compared to nasal-OP specimens, a difference that was especially prominent more than 5 days from symptom onset. These data do not justify the routine use of oral fluid collection for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 despite the greater ease of collection. It also underscores the importance of considering the method of saliva specimen collection, and the time from symptom onset especially in outpatient populations.

Gingival Health of Porcelain Laminate Veneered Teeth: A Retrospective Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Arif ◽  
JB Dennison ◽  
D Garcia ◽  
P Yaman
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

SUMMARY Statement of Problem: The long-term effect of the presence of porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) on the health of the surrounding gingival issues is not available in the restorative literature. Purpose: To assess the long-term effect of PLVs on the health of the surrounding gingival tissues. A secondary aim was to correlate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) scores with clinical parameters used for gingival health assessment in teeth treated with PLVs. Methods and Materials: Patients who received PLVs placed at the Graduate Restorative Clinic within a seven- to 14-year period were recalled for clinical evaluations. Periodontal measurements including gingival index (GI), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured using a standard probe and indices. Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) was measured with a Periotron machine (Periotron 8000, Oraflow Inc), using Periopaper (Periopaper Gingival Fluid Collection Strip, Oraflow Inc.) for fluid collection. Photographs of any observed clinical defect were taken. Data were tabulated using Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corp). Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 21 (SPSS Software, IBM Corp.) and Stata SE 13 (Stata Software, StataCorp). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to test for statistical significance of the mean pocket depths between the restored and unrestored surfaces of the veneered teeth. The significance level for all tests was p<0.05. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed for testing statistical significance between GCF and GI and between GCF and PPD. Results: The frequency distribution of the GI included 47 PLVs (43%) with normal gingiva, 16 (15%) with mild inflammation, and 46 (42%) with moderate inflammation and bleeding on probing. The average PPD on the facial surface of the maxillary and mandibular PLVs was 2.17 mm and 2.16 mm, respectively. On the lingual surface, the average PPD was 2.10 mm for maxillary and 2.22 mm for mandibular PLVs. Gingival recession was seen in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. The repeated-measures ANOVA revealed p≥0.136, showing no statistical difference in the mean pocket depths between restored facial and unrestored lingual surfaces of the veneered teeth. A moderate correlation (r=0.407) was found between GCF and GI, which was significant at p<0.001. No correlation (r=0.124) was found between GCF and PPD, which was not significant at p=0.197. Conclusions: Gingival response to the evaluated PLVs was in the satisfactory range, with overall GI scores ranging between normal and moderate inflammation, pocket depths ranging from 1 to 2 mm, and recession present in 27% of the evaluated PLVs. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean pocket depths of the restored and unrestored surfaces of veneered teeth (p≥0.136). A moderate correlation was found between GCF and GI.

scholarly journals Long-term Specific IgG Response to SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein in Recovered COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jira Chansaenroj ◽  
Ritthideach Yorsaeng ◽  
Nawarat Posuwan ◽  
Jiratchaya Puenpa ◽  
Nasamon Wanlapakorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Seropositivity Rate ◽  
Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

Abstract This study monitored the long-term immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) titer in serum samples collected at a single (N=302) or multiple time points (N=229) 3–12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset or SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens was measured by semiquantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The 531 patients (966 specimens) were classified according to the presence or absence of pneumonia symptoms. Anti‑N IgG was detected in 87.5% of patients (328/375) at 3 months, 38.6% (93/241) at 6 months, 23.7% (49/207) at 9 months, and 26.6% (38/143) at 12 months. The anti-N IgG seropositivity rate was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 months than at 3 months (P<0.01) and was higher in the pneumonia group than in the non-pneumonia/asymptomatic group at 6 months (P<0.01), 9 months (P=0.04), and 12 months (P=0.04). The rate started to decline 6–12 months after symptom onset. Anti-N IgG sample/cutoff index was positively correlated with age (r=0.192, P<0.01) but negatively correlated with interval between symptom onset and blood sampling (r=−0.567, P<0.01). These findings can guide vaccine strategies in recovered COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Long-term specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in recovered COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jira Chansaenroj ◽  
Ritthideach Yorsaeng ◽  
Nawarat Posuwan ◽  
Jiratchaya Puenpa ◽  
Nasamon Wanlapakorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Asymptomatic Group ◽  
Seropositivity Rate ◽  
Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Multiple Time Points ◽  
Respiratory Specimens

AbstractThis study monitored the long-term immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease (COVID)-19. Anti-nucleocapsid immunoglobulin G (anti-N IgG) titer in serum samples collected at a single (N = 302) or multiple time points (N = 229) 3–12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset or SARS-CoV-2 detection in respiratory specimens was measured by semiquantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The 531 patients (966 specimens) were classified according to the presence or absence of pneumonia symptoms. Anti N IgG was detected in 87.5% of patients (328/375) at 3 months, 38.6% (93/241) at 6 months, 23.7% (49/207) at 9 months, and 26.6% (38/143) at 12 months. The anti-N IgG seropositivity rate was significantly lower at 6, 9, and 12 months than at 3 months (P < 0.01) and was higher in the pneumonia group than in the non-pneumonia/asymptomatic group at 6 months (P < 0.01), 9 months (P = 0.04), and 12 months (P = 0.04). The rate started to decline 6–12 months after symptom onset. Anti-N IgG sample/cutoff index was positively correlated with age (r = 0.192, P < 0.01) but negatively correlated with interval between symptom onset and blood sampling (r =  − 0.567, P < 0.01). These findings can guide vaccine strategies in recovered COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Delayed rise of oral fluid antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever correlate with longer time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance in a longitudinally sampled cohort of COVID-19 outpatients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annukka A R Antar ◽  
Tong Yu ◽  
Nora Pisanic ◽  
Razvan Azamfirei ◽  
Jeffrey A Tornheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Virus Culture

Abstract Background Sustained molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) in mild to moderate COVID-19 is common. We sought to identify host and immune determinants of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. Methods Ninety-five symptomatic outpatients self-collected mid-turbinate nasal, oropharyngeal (OP), and gingival crevicular fluid (oral fluid) samples at home and in a research clinic a median of 6 times over 1-3 months. Samples were tested for viral RNA, virus culture, and SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus antibodies, and associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Viral RNA clearance, as measured by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, in 507 URT samples occurred a median (IQR) 33.5 (17-63.5) days post-symptom onset. Sixteen nasal-OP samples collected 2-11 days post-symptom onset were virus culture positive out of 183 RT-PCR positive samples tested. All participants but one with positive virus culture were negative for concomitant oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean time to first antibody detection in oral fluid was 8-13 days post-symptom onset. A longer time to first detection of oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies (aHR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.020) and BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 (aHR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.78, p=0.009) were independently associated with a longer time to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA clearance. Fever as one of first three COVID-19 symptoms correlated with shorter time to viral RNA clearance (aHR 2.06, 95% CI 1.02-4.18, p=0.044). Conclusions We demonstrate that delayed rise of oral fluid SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever are independently associated with delayed URT viral RNA clearance.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Gingival Crevicular Fluid

2020 ◽  
pp. 002203452097053 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gupta ◽  
R. Mohindra ◽  
P.K. Chauhan ◽  
V. Singla ◽  
K. Goyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Track Record ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Elution Buffer ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Understanding the pathophysiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains a significant challenge of our times. The gingival crevicular fluid being representative of systemic status and having a proven track record of detecting viruses and biomarkers forms a logical basis for evaluating the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The study aimed to assess gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in 33 patients who were deemed to be COVID-19 positive upon nasopharyngeal sampling. An attempt was also made to comparatively evaluate it with saliva in terms of its sensitivity, as a diagnostic fluid for SARS-CoV-2. GCF and saliva samples were collected from 33 COVID-19–confirmed patients. Total RNA was extracted using NucliSENS easyMAG (bioMérieux) and eluted in the elution buffer. Envelope gene ( E gene) of SARS-CoV-2 and human RNase P gene as internal control were detected in GCF samples by using the TRUPCR SARS-CoV-2 RT qPCR kit V-2.0 (I) in an Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time machine. A significant majority of both asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients exhibited the presence of the novel coronavirus in their GCF samples. Considering the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal swab sampling as gold standard, the sensitivity of GCF and saliva, respectively, was 63.64% (confidence interval [CI], 45.1% to 79.60%) and 64.52% (CI, 45.37% to 80.77%). GCF was found to be comparable to saliva in terms of its sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV-2. Saliva samples tested positive in 3 of the 12 patients whose GCF tested negative, and likewise GCF tested positive for 2 of the 11 patients whose saliva tested negative on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results establish GCF as a possible mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which is the first such report in the literature, and also provide the first quantifiable evidence pointing toward a link between the COVID-19 infection and oral health.

scholarly journals Identification of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Sampling, Analytical Methods, and Oral Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyad Nazar Majeed ◽  
Koshy Philip ◽  
A. M. Alabsi ◽  
Saravanan Pushparajan ◽  
Dasan Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

Background. Several studies in the last decades have focused on finding a precise method for the diagnosis of periodontal disease in its early stages.Aim. To evaluate from current scientific literature the most common and precise method for gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sample collection, biomarker analytical methods, and the variability of biomarker quantification, even when using the same analytical technique.Methodology. An electronic search was conducted on in vivo studies that presented clinical data on techniques used for GCF collection and biomarker analysis.Results. The results showed that 71.1%, 24.7%, and 4.1% of the studies used absorption, microcapillary, and washing techniques, respectively, in their gingival crevicular fluid collection. 73.1% of the researchers analyzed their samples by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). 22.6%, 19.5%, and 18.5% of the researchers included interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), respectively, in their studies as biomarkers for periodontal disease.Conclusion. IL-1βcan be considered among the most common biomarkers that give precise results and can be used as an indicator of periodontal disease progression. Furthermore, paper strips are the most convenient and accurate method for gingival crevicular fluid collection, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be considered the most conventional method for the diagnosis of biofluids.

scholarly journals The Ability of Quantitative, Specific, and Sensitive Point-of-Care/Chair-Side Oral Fluid Immunotests for aMMP-8 to Detect Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Alassiri ◽  
Pirjo Parnanen ◽  
Nilminie Rathnayake ◽  
Gunnar Johannsen ◽  
Anna-Maria Heikkinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Oral Fluids ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Disease Specific

The analysis of the disease-specific oral and systemic biomarkers in saliva and oral fluids (i.e., mouth rinse, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and peri-implantitis fluid (PISF)) is demanding. Several hosts and microbial factors may influence their expression, release, and levels. The type of saliva/oral fluids utilized for the diagnostics affects the analysis. High sensitivity and specificities together with sophisticated methods and techniques are essential for valuable outcome. We describe here recently developed practical, convenient, inexpensive, noninvasive, and quantitative mouth rinse and PISF/GCF/chair-side/point-of-care (PoC) lateral-flow aMMP-8 immunoassays (PerioSafe and ImplantSafe/ORALyser) to detect, predict, and monitor successfully the course, treatment, and prevention of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, respectively. The tests have been independently and successfully validated to differentiate periodontal and peri-implant health and disease in Finland, Germany, Netherland, Sweden, Turkey, Nigeria, Malawi, and USA. The clinical use of salivary/oral fluid biomarkers to identify oral and systemic conditions requires additional studies utilizing these noninvasive screening, diagnostic, and preventive aMMP-8 PoC/chair-side technologies.

scholarly journals Delayed rise of oral fluid antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever correlate with longer time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance in an longitudinally sampled cohort of COVID-19 outpatients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annukka A. R. Antar ◽  
Tong Yu ◽  
Nora Pisanic ◽  
Razvan Azamfirei ◽  
Jeffrey A. Tornheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Virus Culture

ABSTRACTBackgroundSustained molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) in mild to moderate COVID-19 is common. We sought to identify host and immune determinants of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection.MethodsNinety-five outpatients self-collected mid-turbinate nasal, oropharyngeal (OP), and gingival crevicular fluid (oral fluid) samples at home and in a research clinic a median of 6 times over 1-3 months. Samples were tested for viral RNA, virus culture, and SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus antibodies, and associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsViral RNA clearance, as measured by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, in 507 URT samples occurred a median (IQR) 33.5 (17-63.5) days post-symptom onset. Sixteen nasal-OP samples collected 2-11 days post-symptom onset were virus culture positive out of 183 RT-PCR positive samples tested. All participants but one with positive virus culture were negative for concomitant oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean time to first antibody detection in oral fluid was 8-13 days post-symptom onset. A longer time to first detection of oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies (aHR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.020) and BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 (aHR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.78, p=0.009) were independently associated with a longer time to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA clearance. Fever as one of first three COVID-19 symptoms correlated with shorter time to viral RNA clearance (aHR 2.06, 95% CI 1.02-4.18, p=0.044).ConclusionsWe demonstrate that delayed rise of oral fluid SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever are independently associated with delayed URT viral RNA clearance.

Neutrophil pseudoplatelets in subgingival plaque and crevicular fluid samples from periodontal diseased sites

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 862-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Hanker ◽  
E.J. Burkes ◽  
G. Greco ◽  
R. Scruggs ◽  
B. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Crevicular Fluid

The mature neutrophil with a segmented nucleus (usually having 3 or 4 lobes) is generally considered to be the end-stage cell of the neutrophil series. It is usually found as such in the bone marrow and peripheral blood where it normally is the most abundant leukocyte. Neutrophils, however, must frequently leave the peripheral blood and migrate into areas of infection to combat microorganisms. It is in such areas that neutrophils were first observed to fragment to form platelet-size particles some of which have a nuclear lobe. These neutrophil pseudoplatelets (NPP) can readily be distinguished from true platelets because they stain for neutrophil myeloperoxidase. True platelets are not positive in this staining reaction because their peroxidase Is inhibited by glutaraldehyde. Neutrophil pseudoplatelets, as well as neutrophils budding to form NPP, could frequently be observed in peripheral blood or bone marrow samples of leukemia patients. They are much more prominent, however, in smears of inflammatory exudates that contain gram-negative bacteria and in gingival crevicular fluid samples from periodontal disease sites. In some of these samples macrophages ingesting, or which contained, pseudoplatelets could be observed. The myeloperoxidase in the ingested pseudoplatelets was frequently active. Despite these earlier observations we did not expect to find many NPP in subgingival plaque smears from diseased sites. They were first seen by light microscopy (Figs. 1, 3-5) in smears on coverslips stained with the PATS reaction, a variation of the PAS reaction which deposits silver for light and electron microscopy. After drying replicate PATS-stained coverslips with hexamethyldisilazane, they were sputter coated with gold and then examined by the SEI and BEI modes of scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 2). Unstained replicate coverslips were fixed, and stained for the demonstration of myeloperoxidase in budding neutrophils and NPP. Neutrophils, activated macrophages and spirochetes as well as other gram-negative bacteria were also prominent in the PATS stained samples. In replicate subgingival plaque smears stained with our procedure for granulocyte peroxidases only neutrophils, budding neutrophils or NPP were readily observed (Fig. 6).

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