scholarly journals The History of Antibiotic Treatment of Osteomyelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolás W Cortés-Penfield ◽  
Prathit A Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Quality Of Evidence ◽  
Drug Levels ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

AbstractAntibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis has evolved substantially over the past 80 years. Traditional teachings (eg, that antimicrobials must be given parenterally, selected based upon ratios of achieved bone vs serum drug levels, and continued for 4–6 weeks) are supported by limited data. New studies are challenging this dogma, however. In this review, we seek to contextualize the discussion by providing a narrative, chronologic review of osteomyelitis treatment spanning the pre-antibiotic era through the present day and by describing the quality of evidence supporting each component of traditional osteomyelitis therapy.

scholarly journals Secondary education in transition in Nigeria: The question of quality

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
R. A. Alani
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
School Curricula

The paper traced the history of the development of secondary education in Nigeria since its inception in J859. The paper noted the emphasis on traditional art and science subjects in the past and the innovations that have been brought into the secondary school curricula by the National Policy 011 Education published in 1977, but revised in J981 and J998. The problems of implementing the curricula were briefly mentioned. The paper finally highlighted steps that could be taken to improve the quality of secondary education, such as provision of physical and material resources, adequate financing of education, teacher training and development, improvement of the conditions of service for teachers and supervision of instruction, among others.

scholarly journals Integument: Guidelines for the care of people with spina bifida

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-548
Author(s):  
Patricia Beierwaltes ◽  
Sharon Munoz ◽  
Jennifer Wilhelmy
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Consensus Building ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evidence Based Guidelines

PURPOSE: Skin-related issues have a significant impact on health, activities of daily living, and quality of life among people with spina bifida. Data presented by select clinics that participate in the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry reported that 26% of individuals had a history of pressure injuries with 19% having had one in the past year. The spina bifida community lack direct guidelines on prevention of these and other skin related issues. The Integument (skin) Guidelines focus on prevention, not treatment, of existing problems. METHODS: Using a consensus building methodology, the guidelines were written by experts in spina bifida and wound care. RESULTS: The guidelines include age-grouped, evidence-based guidelines written in the context of an understanding of the whole person. They are presented in table format according to the age of the person with spina bifida. CONCLUSION: These guidelines present a standardized approach to prevention of skin-related issues in spina bifida. Discovering what results in successful minimization of skin-related issues with testing of technology or prevention strategies is the next step in protecting this vulnerable population.

scholarly journals The Position of the UN Conventions to Determine and Guarantee Human Rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Bahman Akbari
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Past History ◽  
Main Question ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Representative ◽  
Privity Of Contract

In the present era, providing human rights represents the governance quality of a government and human rights treaties are criteria for its assessment. Also the UN human rights conventions, because of their international nature in the past seven decades, have been the main representative to reflect man's fundamental demands. Now the main question is that to what extent these conventions are remarkable and effective in order to explain and guarantee human rights in the international arena? The author believes that the conventions are the most important international mechanisms to identify human rights which compared to the past history of mankind have offered the most comprehensive international regulations in order to reflect the fundamental human rights. But then, two main factors undermined the effectiveness of the conventions. The first factor is intratextual drawbacks of the conventions which are divided into three drawbacks: reservation, withdrawal and arbitrary essence of accepting the committees’ competence. The second and more important factor is the reasons out of the conventions which are divided into two categories: the doctrine of privity of contract and disobedience by some governments under the ideological or moral reasons. The first factor can be addressed by the secondary amendments. However, the big challenge is the second factor which mechanism to settle it are to inform the international community about the importance of the UN human rights conventions, creating intersubjective understanding and eventually accepting the supremacy of international human rights over internal law.

scholarly journals LO52: Predictors of oral antibiotic treatment failure for non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections in the emergency department

CJEM ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
pp. S24-S25 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yadav ◽  
K. Suh ◽  
D. Eagles ◽  
J. MacIsaac ◽  
D. Ritchie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Emergency Physicians ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotic ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chronic Ulcers ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Introduction: Current guideline recommendations for optimal management of non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are based on expert consensus. There is currently a lack of evidence to guide emergency physicians on when to select oral versus intravenous antibiotic therapy. The primary objective was to identify risk factors associated with oral antibiotic treatment failure. A secondary objective was to describe the epidemiology of adult emergency department (ED) patients with non-purulent SSTIs. Methods: We performed a health records review of adults (age 18 years) with non-purulent SSTIs treated at two tertiary care EDs. Patients were excluded if they had a purulent infection or infected ulcers without surrounding cellulitis. Treatment failure was defined any of the following after a minimum of 48 hours of oral therapy: (i) hospitalization for SSTI; (ii) change in class of oral antibiotic owing to infection progression; or (iii) change to intravenous therapy owing to infection progression. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors independently associated with the primary outcome of oral antibiotic treatment failure after a minimum of 48 hours of oral therapy. Results: We enrolled 500 patients (mean age 64 years, 279 male (55.8%) and 126 (25.2%) with diabetes) and the hospital admission rate was 29.6%. The majority of patients (70.8%) received at least one intravenous antibiotic dose in the ED. Of 288 patients who had received a minimum of 48 hours of oral antibiotics, there were 85 oral antibiotic treatment failures (29.5%). Tachypnea at triage (odds ratio [OR]=6.31, 95% CI=1.80 to 22.08), chronic ulcers (OR=4.90, 95% CI=1.68 to 14.27), history of MRSA colonization or infection (OR=4.83, 95% CI=1.51 to 15.44), and cellulitis in the past 12 months (OR=2.23, 95% CI=1.01 to 4.96) were independently associated with oral antibiotic treatment failure. Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate potential predictors of oral antibiotic treatment failure for non-purulent SSTIs in the ED. We observed a high rate of treatment failure and hospitalization. Tachypnea at triage, chronic ulcers, history of MRSA colonization or infection and cellulitis within the past year were independently associated with oral antibiotic treatment failure. Emergency physicians should consider these risk factors when deciding on oral versus intravenous antimicrobial therapy for non-purulent SSTIs being managed as outpatients.

Death and survival in the city: approaches to the history of disease

Urban History ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Elusive Concept

Now that the debate about the standard of living during the first half of the nineteenth century appears to have entered a relatively quiescent phase, historians have begun to turn their attention towards the more elusive concept of the quality of life. The incidence of fatal and non-fatal disease is clearly central to research of this type and so, too, is a delineation of the physical context in which infections have flourished and in which those who have been afflicted by them have lived. Although there has been a tendency to underestimate the ferocity of epidemics in rural areas in the period after about 1750, historians working on disease in the modern period are inevitably most usually concerned with processes which are specifically urban in character. And urban historians, especially those interested in such topics as the development of utilities, the growth of administrative bureau-cracies or the spatial segregation and different life experiences of the classes, can undoubtedly benefit from a knowledge of patterns of infection in the past.

References and Bibliography: Citing the Internet

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
M. Theodore Farris II ◽  
Jeanne D. Maes ◽  
Ulla K. Bunz
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electronic Sources

<span>Over the past six years scholars have found the Internet to be a source of quick information. While the quality of information on the Internet may be questionable, nonetheless, sources of online studies are beginning to merge with library-based research. This article discusses the history of the Internet; concerns of using the Internet as a source, the importance of citing sources and how to cite electronic sources.</span>

English Acting, Interactive Technology, and the Elusive Quality of Englishness

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (45) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Simon Trussler
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Interactive Technology ◽  
Outstanding Contribution ◽  
Cd Rom ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

Acting style is arguably the most elusive of the theatre's always ephemeral traces – not least because each generation, while proclaiming its own actors to be more ‘natural’ than their predecessors, has tended in its criticism, as in actors' memoirs, to take style as a ‘given’. Anecdotage and plot synopsis have accordingly taken precedence over analysis of how performers actually worked and appeared on stage – let alone prepared their performances. Here, Simon Trussler introduces a project being launched at Goldsmiths, University of London, where he is Reader in Drama, to utilize the immense storage capacity of the CD-ROM both to record the evidence, verbal and pictorial, that has come down to us from the past, and to assess its relevance to present approaches to acting and to the playing of the classical repertoire. Specifically, the project aims to explore the ways in which the national identity – the quality of ‘Englishness’ – has been both reflected in and influenced by the ways in which it has been rendered on stage. In the succeeding article, Nesta Jones outlines the history and development of the English acting tradition, and some of the issues its consideration raises in relation to the Goldsmiths project. Simon Trussler was one of the founding editors of the original Theatre Quarterly in 1971, and has been co-editor of New Theatre Quarterly since its inception. The most recent of his many books on theatre and drama, The Cambridge Illustrated History of British Theatre, was runner-up for the 1994 George Freedley Award of the Theatre Libraries Association, being cited as ‘an outstanding contribution to the literature of the theatre’.

scholarly journals Collaborative Development of High Resolution Pluvial Flood Maps for Flanders

10.29007/nxqj ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris Cauwenberghs ◽  
Tom Feyaerts ◽  
Neil Hunter ◽  
Joost Dewelde ◽  
Thomas Vansteenkiste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Hydraulic Structures ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flood Maps

As part of the low countries and with one of the highest population densities worldwide, the Flemish region has experienced a long history of flooding causing tens of millions euro damage each year. In response to this, water managers invested over the past decade in flood modelling and mapping with a fluvial origin. In recent years, pluvial flooding has also occurred numerous times in Flanders, but a region-wide map describing these processes more in detail in terms of extent, depth and probability was lacking. Following a pilot-study in 2016, the VMM undertook in 2017 the VLAGG1- project to develop a region-wide, high-resolution pluvial flood map for Flanders. Via a combination of state-of-the art methodologies and web technologies, a draft flood map was presented to a broad reviewing community across Flanders, who were then able to improve it further by adding local knowledge on known flooding and more detailed data on key hydraulic structures. In a three month period, over 7000 additions were made by 370 delegates from 165 organizations that have been incorporated into, and significantly improved the quality of the final flood maps which are due to be published in 2019.

The Past, Present and Future of International Health Evaluation Association (IHEA)

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (03) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeaki Hinohara
Keyword(s):  
International Health ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Disciplinary System ◽  
High Level

SummaryIn this paper I mention the 19-year history of International Health Evaluation Association (IHEA) which was started in Washington D.C. by the great effort of Dr. G. Gilbert in Hawaii. In 1973 three regions were organized in this Association: 1) U.S.A., 2) Europe and 3) Pan-Pacific including Asia.I also mention the history of periodical health checkups in U.K., U.S.A. and Japan. In Japan it started in 1954, however, after adapting the system of Automated Multiphase Health Testing designed by the Kaiser Foundation of Auckland, Calif., in 1973, Japanese people paid much attention to this health screening system and the number of hospitals and clinics for health screening has increased tremendously and the number of examinees amounted to 2,875,449 in 2001.Finally, I conclude that IHEA should create a multi-disciplinary system to sustain a lifestyle with a high level of Quality of Life (QOL) for the people who really want to live fruitful lives by the successive health education.

scholarly journals Curious Cases of the Enzymes / Neobiča Istorija Enzima

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuriye Nuray Ulusu
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Beating Heart ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Catalysis ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Hunting And Fishing

SummaryLife as we know it heavily relies on biological catalysis, in fact, in a very nonromantic version of it, life could be considered as a series of chemical reactions, regulated by the guarding principles of thermodynamics. In ancient times, a beating heart was a good sign of vitality, however, to me, it is actually the presence of active enzymes that counts… Though we do not usually pay attention, the history of enzymology is as old as humanity itself, and dates back to the ancient times. This paper is dedicated to these early moments of this remarkable science that touched our lives in the past and will make life a lot more efficient for humanity in the future. There was almost always a delicate, fundamentally essential relationship between mankind and the enzymes. Challenged by a very alien and hostile Nature full of predators, prehistoric men soon discovered the medicinal properties of the plants, through trial and error. In fact, they accidently discovered the enzyme inhibitors and thus, in crude terms, kindled a sparkling area of research. These plant-derivatives that acted as enzyme inhibitors helped prehistoric men in their pursuit of survival and protection from predators; in hunting and fishing… Later in history, while the underlying purposes of survival and increasing the quality of life stayed intact, the ways and means of enzymology experienced a massive transformation, as the ‘trial and error’ methodology of the ancients is now replaced with rational scientific theories.

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