Second Homes

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
Sarah Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
French Society ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Second Homes ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Peasant Society ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Rural Exodus

In the rural exodus of the 1950s and 1960s, peasants abandoning the countryside left behind boarded-up farmhouses and derelict barns. Members of the urban middle class began scouring rural backwaters looking to purchase a vacation homes. A new real estate market opened up in peasant houses as secondary residences. In the 1970s fascination with the peasant house became a paradoxical hallmark of the radical modernization of French society. During the postwar economic boom, the French had welcomed the fruits of consumer society. But rapid progress also sparked a nostalgic embrace of tangible vestiges of traditional peasant society. Renovating a dilapidated farmhouse as a rural retreat in the French countryside became an internationally shared fantasy and practice. This chapter links the popularity of rural secondary homes to the developing environmental movement, as organizations concerned with rural preservation found common cause with peasants and environmentalists in supporting the protest movement in the Larzac region of central France.

scholarly journals Built on Borders: Tensions with the Institution Liberalism (Thought It) Left Behind

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Beth A. Simmons ◽  
Hein E. Goemans
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Group Rights ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Fundamental Tension ◽  
New Research

Abstract The Liberal International Order is in crisis. While the symptoms are clear to many, the deep roots of this crisis remain obscured. We propose that the Liberal International Order is in tension with the older Sovereign Territorial Order, which is founded on territoriality and borders to create group identities, the territorial state, and the modern international system. The Liberal International Order, in contrast, privileges universality at the expense of groups and group rights. A recognition of this fundamental tension makes it possible to see that some crises that were thought to be unconnected have a common cause: the neglect of the coordinating power of borders. We sketch out new research agendas to show how this tension manifests itself in a broad range of phenomena of interest.

scholarly journals From Material to Non-Material Needs? The Evolution of Mate Preferences through the Twentieth Century in France

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Quentin Lippmann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Demographic Changes ◽  
French Society ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Economic Criteria

This paper studies the evolution of mate preferences throughout the twentieth century in France. I digitized all the matrimonial ads published in France’s best-selling monthly magazine from 1928 to 1994. Using dictionary-based methods, I show that mate preferences were mostly stable during the Great Depression, WWII, and the ensuing economic boom. These preferences started transforming in the late 1960s when economic criteria were progressively replaced by personality criteria. The timing coincides with profound family and demographic changes in French society. These findings suggest that, in the search for a long-term partner, non-material needs have replaced material ones.

Tito Caula’s photographic imaginary and mid-century Caraqueño modernity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79
Author(s):  
Russell White
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Physical Changes

The photography of the Argentinian photographer Francisco ‘Tito’ Caula tracked some of the key social and physical changes that Caracas underwent during the middle decades of the twentieth century. This period saw the country transition from dictatorship to democracy. Caula’s advertising photographs together with his images of spectacular spaces and buildings such as the Sabana Grande and the Centro Simón Bolívar presented Caracas as a mecca of mid-century ‘petro-modernity’ (LeMenager 2014). In contrast to late nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century modernity, which was predominantly European in influence, Caraqueño modernity at mid-century was more cosmopolitan, taking particular inspiration from the United States. Caula’s photographs speak to the process of Americanization, defined as the adoption of North American cultural products, urban forms and patterns of living that Venezuela underwent during the years Caula spent in the country. Venezuela witnessed an economic boom in the 1960s and 70s, which was fuelled by the US acquisition of Venezuelan oil. In Venezuela, the boom facilitated the growth of a consumer society as well as the development of such quintessentially North American urban forms as freeways, shopping malls, drive-in movie theatres, suburbs and skyscrapers. It was also accompanied by the adoption of violent security tactics by the state’s security apparatus and the political marginalization of the radical left. Given that Caula held left-wing views, it is perhaps surprising that his photographs (at least those that have been published) do not explore the tensions at the heart of the Pacto de Punto Fijo, instituted to ensure that the transition from dictatorship to democracy would hold following elections in 1958. The celebration of North American influence within Caula’s photographs puts them in dialogue with critical perspectives that have seen US cultural influence rather more negatively. Moreover, their celebration of prosperity and their presentation of Caracas as an exciting city means that, for some, they have taken on a nostalgic hue.

scholarly journals Political Crisis in France: «Gilets Jaunes» and the End of the «First Period» of the Emmanuel Macron’s Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-135
Author(s):  
E. O. Obichkina
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
French Society ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Modern Capitalism

The article analyzes the current political crisis in France, the most striking manifestation of which is the «gilets jaunes» (yellow vests) movement. The current crisis is partly a consequence of the protracted identity crisis at both extremes of French political spectrum, resulting from a long period of relatively conflict-free alternation of left and center-right parties in a relatively favorable economic environment that accompanies the development of a consumer society and a social state. This model, which can be called «consumer democracy», has failed with the onset of the global economic crisis. The «stepsons» of modern capitalism, who are used to relying on social guarantees from the «welfare state» persistently reject the neoliberal recipes favorable among elites for dealing with the crisis. A wave of «gilets jaunes» protests seems to be contingent on the specific situation that emerged in France during the presidential elections of 2017 and the beginning of the era of Emmanuel Macron, who aims at restructuring French society and economy. Its main feature is the growing public disbelieve in and simultaneous collapse of both political parties that occupy and divide the French political Olympus at the time of power transition. Macron’s supporters enjoy an absolute majority in the Parliament without any meaningful opposition capable of opposing the president. It allows for a rapid rate of reforms but produces a backlash from society that perceives the situation as a violation of the dialogue between voters and legislators. Dissatisfied people without any hope to be heard join the ranks of the mass spontaneous movement of «gilets jaunes», triggered by the introduction of the so-called «environmental» tax. This movement can be viewed from different perspectives – political analysis can be complemented by historical anthropology, because the spontaneous nature of the protest resembles the anti-tax uprisings of the 17th-18th centuries. From a philosophical point of view, it seems to be a reaction of outsiders to deep social transformations associated with the pauperization of the middle classes, globalization, waves of migration and the digital revolution. The government’s response – revocation of the law that triggered the movement and the launch of «big national debates» – led to a relative decline in the activity of «gilets jaunes», but the main reason for the downturn is preparation for the upcoming European elections, which could be used as an opportunity to voice their discontent with the president and to return the civil protest in the electoral channel. The «gilets jaunes» movement hardly has any political future, but its experience, social potential and methods can be used in future protests, since its main agenda has not been exhausted – reconciliation of the neoliberal economic policies with the interests of the disadvantaged part of French society.

Cost of a miracle

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
John Gittings
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Middle Kingdom ◽  
Full Membership ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
New Middle Class ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Stability

Deng Xiaoping's reforms have changed the face of China: the economy has made epic strides, cities fly the banners of western capitalism, a new middle class aspires to full membership of the consumer society. In the process, political reform got left behind, repression of dissidents is as harsh as ever and a growing gap between rich and poor, town and country, threaten the stability of the Middle Kingdom

scholarly journals Information Technology Training For Under-Represented Minority Teachers And Students

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ephrem Eyob ◽  
Ago Quaye ◽  
Emmanuel Omojokun
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Technology Training ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Western World ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Information Technology Training ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Economic Boom

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This paper will present an attempt for addressing the high rate of under-representation of minority students and teachers in Information Technology (IT) in low income localities. It appears that these communities have been left behind during the economic boom of the dot.com experienced by the rest of the western world and the nation. The paper will discuss on strategies to alleviate the disparity between the &lsquo;haves&rsquo; and &lsquo;have not&rsquo; in information technology training, skills, and economic opportunity that can be availed through use of e-commerce and, generally, seeking information through the Internet. Our proposal is to train teachers and students in such communities to make difference in their lives and by mentoring the teachers and hopefully the knowledge passed to the teachers will reach their students in junior and high schools.</span></span></p>

scholarly journals Learning from the douar. Michel Écochard and the modern invention of the semi-rural Moroccan habitat

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 04002
Author(s):  
Edoardo L. G. Bernasconi
Keyword(s):  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Housing Unit ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Block Model ◽  
Basic Cell ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Rural Exodus

At the end of WWII, after roughly thirty years of French colonialism, Morocco was facing a tremendous economic boom, but also an alarming rural exodus to the industrial cities on the coast which, in turn, had to deal with overpopulation and the phenomenon of the bidonvilles. At first, the article retraces the studies on traditional Moroccan urban, semi-rural, and rural settlements, carried out by Michel Écochard at the Service de l’Urbanisme from 1957 to 1951. Learning from local dwelling customs, the Service conceived a modern urban block model aimed at bringing wholesomeness to urban bidonvilles, as well as modernity in the countryside to stem the migrations. The essay then analyses the Service’s typological studies on the courtyard housing unit, the basic cell of the urban fabric, and compares this with analogous coeval designs, influenced by Écochard’s ideas, realized both in Morocco and worldwide. The final goal is to form a genealogy of architectural designs that, reinterpreting from time to time the courtyard house, can show the existence of a direct relationship between rural landscape, dwelling modes, and modern architecture.

Labour Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Current Crisis (2008–2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Eduardo Schincariol ◽  
Muryatan S. Barbosa ◽  
Paris Yeros
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Economic Boom ◽  
Rural Exodus

This article reviews the recent growth period in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries up to the current crisis, to provide an assessment of trends observed in the world of labour. Our assessment includes demographic trends, the employment structure, trends in unemployment and wages and the trajectory of social, racial and gender inequalities. We argue that the LAC region has undergone significant structural changes due to shifting positions in the international division of labour. The rural exodus has persisted, but also the industrialization patterns of the past have given way to renewed emphasis on primary goods exports, as well as new specialization patterns which favour low paying jobs in services or industries of the ‘maquila’ type. The informal, or low productivity, sector has also expanded. The economic boom of the 2000s had some positive distributional effects, but made limited inroads into the established racial and gender hierarchies, which found expression in persisting super-exploitation and extreme levels of violence and mass incarceration.

Society of lost illusions

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-112
Author(s):  
Natalia Lapina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Global Information ◽  
French Society ◽  
Information Economy ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The Eu

Modern French society, with a light hand of the sociologist J. Fourquet, is more often called the «archipelago». Social splits in it run along many lines: socio-economic inequality is growing, socio-territorial disproportions are growing, and the conflict of generations is becoming more and more visible. France is not the only country where social divisions are strong, but its feature is that 56% of GDP is redistributed by the state, according to this indicator, France is the leader of the EU. Generous social policies help to fight poverty, but they don't save the middle class. Its numbers are dwindling and fragmented. The «pauperization» of the middle class is one of the most serious social consequences of France's entry into the global information economy. Another consequence of this process is the division of workers into those who have joined the open knowledge economy and those who have been left behind. Contradictions between generations are growing, French youth are «plunging» into poverty. Socially homogeneous territories are formed within the country, which means that different social classes and groups no longer «meet», and each lives in his own space. The article examines new and previous social divisions that have serious political and social consequences.

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