Courage

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-198
Author(s):  
Nathan L. King
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Courage ◽  
The Face ◽  
Intellectual Activities ◽  
Psychological Experiments

This chapter examines intellectual courage, the virtue needed to persist in pursuit of our intellectual aims despite threats. It notes that courage is commonly exercised not just in our efforts to gain knowledge, but also in our efforts to keep and share it. It locates intellectual courage in relation to the vices of intellectual cowardice (a deficiency) and rashness (an excess). The chapter then argues that courage centrally concerns our persistence in the face of threats rather than fears, as is commonly thought. The chapter closes by examining courage in the context of psychological experiments on conformity, and by encouraging the reader to find opportunities to act courageously in the midst of intellectual activities.

Perspectives of Artificial Neural Network

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1and2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. V. C. Lal ◽  
Dr. R C Triapthi
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Mathematical Science ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Information Engineering ◽  
The Face ◽  
Incorrect Model ◽  
Processing Device ◽  
Psychological Experiments

A majority of information processing today is carried out by digital computers. Recent Neuro psychological experiments have shed considerable light on the structure of brain, and even in fields, such as cognitive science, which study human information processing process at the macro level. Research’s in the field of mathematical science and physics is also concentrating more on the mathematical analysis of systems comprising multiple elements that interact in complex ways. These factors gave birth to a major research trend aimed at clarifying the structures and operating principles inherent in the information processing device based on these structures and operating principles. The term neuro-computing is used to refer to the information engineering aspects of this research. ANN is superior for pattern recognition and is able to deal with any model whereas statistical methods require randomness. The old adage of garbage in, garbage out holds especially true for ANN modelling. A well known case in which an ANN learned the incorrect model involved the identification of a person’s sex from a picture of his/her face. The ANN application was trained to identify a person as either male or female by being shown various pictures of different persons’ faces. At first, researchers thought that the ANN had learnt to differentiate the face of a male from that of a female, by identifying the visual features, of a person’s face. However it was later discovered that the pictures used as input data showed all the male persons’ heads nearer to the edge of the top end of the pictures, presumably due to a bias of taller males in the data than females. The ANN model had therefore learned to differentiate the sex of a person by the distance his/her head is from the top edge of a picture rather than by identifying his/her visual facial features.

scholarly journals A raft or a pyramid: On the nature of intellectual courage

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Ilya T. Kasavin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Epistemic Virtue ◽  
Science And Society ◽  
Intellectual Courage ◽  
Ethics Of Science ◽  
Personal Character ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Continuum

The subject matter of the article is the problem of intellectual courage. Its origins can be traced from philosophical ethics, the psychology of morality, virtue epistemology, and the ethics of science. Intellectual courage represents the limit of reasonable fearlessness completing the continuum of “bravery – boldness – courage”. Intellectual courage is an epistemic virtue that ensures the development of knowledge (the discovery and justifica­tion of new theories, risky experiments and inventions) in the face of uncertainty and risk. The intellectual courage as an act of a selfless gift demonstrates the special epistemic sta­tus of the giver and his or her distance from the community. Being unreduced to the qual­ities of personal character, intellectual courage embodies a particular communicative phe­nomenon on the boundary of science and society: the creative loneliness.

scholarly journals Transendensi dalam Pemikiran Simone de Beauvoir dan Emmanuel Levinas

MELINTAS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Yogie Pranowo
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Infinite Dimensions ◽  
Intentional Consciousness ◽  
Patriarchal Culture ◽  
The Face ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
To Come ◽  
Intellectual Activities

<p>Simone de Beauvoir and Emmanuel Levinas are two of the leading philosophers who gave rise to the idea of transcendence. While for Beauvoir transcendence is a fully human effort (particularly among women) to come out of the shackles of patriarchal culture, for Levinas transcendence extends to a broader scope, that is, to humanism as well as to the relationships among people. Beauvoir would see transcendence as women’s efforts to break out of the structures of patriarchy through the three strategies it offers, viz., that women must work, engage in intellectual activities, and become perpetrators of action for the sake of social transformation. As for Levinas, transcendence is closely associated with human face. The face is not merely an object of intentional consciousness, but representing the significance of human transcendence. Through the face, one might recognise the presence of others. On the other hand, it shows the face of infinite dimensions in such a way that it cannot be subdued by the attempts of human consciousness willing to master it.</p>

Why do people believe in a zero-sum economy?

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel G. B. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Everyday Experience ◽  
Coalitional Psychology ◽  
The Face ◽  
Zero Sum

AbstractZero-sum thinking and aversion to trade pervade our society, yet fly in the face of everyday experience and the consensus of economists. Boyer & Petersen's (B&P's) evolutionary model invokes coalitional psychology to explain these puzzling intuitions. I raise several empirical challenges to this explanation, proposing two alternative mechanisms – intuitive mercantilism (assigning value to money rather than goods) and errors in perspective-taking.

Mars: was There an Ancient Eden?

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias C. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Positive Answer ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Habitable Zones ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Early Mars ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Rocky Planets ◽  
Impact Erosion

AbstractThe clear evidence of water erosion on the surface of Mars suggests an early climate much more clement than the present one. Using a model for the origin of inner planet atmospheres by icy planetesimal impact, it is possible to reconstruct the original volatile inventory on Mars, starting from the thin atmosphere we observe today. Evidence for cometary impact can be found in the present abundances and isotope ratios of gases in the atmosphere and in SNC meteorites. If we invoke impact erosion to account for the present excess of129Xe, we predict an early inventory equivalent to at least 7.5 bars of CO2. This reservoir of volatiles is adequate to produce a substantial greenhouse effect, provided there is some small addition of SO2(volcanoes) or reduced gases (cometary impact). Thus it seems likely that conditions on early Mars were suitable for the origin of life – biogenic elements and liquid water were present at favorable conditions of pressure and temperature. Whether life began on Mars remains an open question, receiving hints of a positive answer from recent work on one of the Martian meteorites. The implications for habitable zones around other stars include the need to have rocky planets with sufficient mass to preserve atmospheres in the face of intensive early bombardment.

Evidence for a shear mechanism for the precipitation of γ-zirconium hydride in zirconium

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
G.J.C. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Strain Field ◽  
Zirconium Hydride ◽  
Zirconium Atom ◽  
Atom Diffusion ◽  
Solvus Temperature ◽  
Hexagonal Close Packed ◽  
Partial Dislocations ◽  
The Face

In zirconium-hydrogen alloys, rapid cooling from an elevated temperature causes precipitation of the face-centred tetragonal (fct) phase, γZrH, in the form of needles, parallel to the close-packed <1120>zr directions (1). With low hydrogen concentrations, the hydride solvus is sufficiently low that zirconium atom diffusion cannot occur. For example, with 6 μg/g hydrogen, the solvus temperature is approximately 370 K (2), at which only the hydrogen diffuses readily. Shears are therefore necessary to produce the crystallographic transformation from hexagonal close-packed (hep) zirconium to fct hydride.The simplest mechanism for the transformation is the passage of Shockley partial dislocations having Burgers vectors (b) of the type 1/3<0110> on every second (0001)Zr plane. If the partial dislocations are in the form of loops with the same b, the crosssection of a hydride precipitate will be as shown in fig.1. A consequence of this type of transformation is that a cumulative shear, S, is produced that leads to a strain field in the surrounding zirconium matrix, as illustrated in fig.2a.

A study of interface sliding at F.C.C.-B.C.C. boundaries in a Cu-Zn alloy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
F. Monchoux ◽  
A. Rocher ◽  
J.L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Diffusion Treatment ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Interface Sliding ◽  
Zn Alloy ◽  
Made In

Interphase sliding is an important phenomenon of high temperature plasticity. In order to study the microstructural changes associated with it, as well as its influence on the strain rate dependence on stress and temperature, plane boundaries were obtained by welding together two polycrystals of Cu-Zn alloys having the face centered cubic and body centered cubic structures respectively following the procedure described in (1). These specimens were then deformed in shear along the interface on a creep machine (2) at the same temperature as that of the diffusion treatment so as to avoid any precipitation. The present paper reports observations by conventional and high voltage electron microscopy of the microstructure of both phases, in the vicinity of the phase boundary, after different creep tests corresponding to various deformation conditions.Foils were cut by spark machining out of the bulk samples, 0.2 mm thick. They were then electropolished down to 0.1 mm, after which a hole with thin edges was made in an area including the boundary

The glycomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and other model organisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart M. Haslam ◽  
David Gems ◽  
Howard R. Morris ◽  
Anne Dell
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
The Face ◽  
Area Of Concern ◽  
Nematode Worm

There is no doubt that the immense amount of information that is being generated by the initial sequencing and secondary interrogation of various genomes will change the face of glycobiological research. However, a major area of concern is that detailed structural knowledge of the ultimate products of genes that are identified as being involved in glycoconjugate biosynthesis is still limited. This is illustrated clearly by the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which was the first multicellular organism to have its entire genome sequenced. To date, only limited structural data on the glycosylated molecules of this organism have been reported. Our laboratory is addressing this problem by performing detailed MS structural characterization of the N-linked glycans of C. elegans; high-mannose structures dominate, with only minor amounts of complex-type structures. Novel, highly fucosylated truncated structures are also present which are difucosylated on the proximal N-acetylglucosamine of the chitobiose core as well as containing unusual Fucα1–2Gal1–2Man as peripheral structures. The implications of these results in terms of the identification of ligands for genomically predicted lectins and potential glycosyltransferases are discussed in this chapter. Current knowledge on the glycomes of other model organisms such as Dictyostelium discoideum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila melanogaster is also discussed briefly.

Supporting the Use of Rudimentary Vocalizations

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Zubow ◽  
Richard Hurtig
Keyword(s):  
Rett Syndrome ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Perceptual Judgments ◽  
The Face

Children with Rett Syndrome (RS) are reported to use multiple modalities to communicate although their intentionality is often questioned (Bartolotta, Zipp, Simpkins, & Glazewski, 2011; Hetzroni & Rubin, 2006; Sigafoos et al., 2000; Sigafoos, Woodyatt, Tuckeer, Roberts-Pennell, & Pittendreigh, 2000). This paper will present results of a study analyzing the unconventional vocalizations of a child with RS. The primary research question addresses the ability of familiar and unfamiliar listeners to interpret unconventional vocalizations as “yes” or “no” responses. This paper will also address the acoustic analysis and perceptual judgments of these vocalizations. Pre-recorded isolated vocalizations of “yes” and “no” were presented to 5 listeners (mother, father, 1 unfamiliar, and 2 familiar clinicians) and the listeners were asked to rate the vocalizations as either “yes” or “no.” The ratings were compared to the original identification made by the child's mother during the face-to-face interaction from which the samples were drawn. Findings of this study suggest, in this case, the child's vocalizations were intentional and could be interpreted by familiar and unfamiliar listeners as either “yes” or “no” without contextual or visual cues. The results suggest that communication partners should be trained to attend to eye-gaze and vocalizations to ensure the child's intended choice is accurately understood.

Verrucae planae of the face

1971 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-330
Author(s):  
R. Lester
Keyword(s):  
The Face
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