Do Global Norms Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-242
Author(s):  
Himanshu Jha
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
Substantial Role ◽  
Demonstration Effect ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the role of global norms in institutional change. The nature and extent of the impact of global norm diffusion on the domestic discourse is traced in this chapter. The global–national processes around global norms on transparency, accountability, and access to information are spread over two phases outlined in this manuscript. This chapter shows that while the transparency norms evolved endogenously, they benefitted from the demonstration effect of international norms. At the same time the endogenous movement of ideas played a substantial role in localizing the global norms. Norm diffusion in this case was not part of the coercive conditionalities of multilateral agencies; it was adapted in conjunction with the ideational churning at the national level.

Social capital and national innovation system: a cross-country analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepehr Ghazinoory ◽  
Ali Bitaab ◽  
Ardeshir Lohrasbi
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
National Level ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Purpose – In the last two decades, researchers have paid much attention to the role of cultural values on economic and social development. In particular, the crucial role of different aspects of culture on the development of innovation has been stressed in the literature. Consequently, it is vital to understand how social capital, as a core cultural value, affects the innovation process and the innovative performance at the national level. However, to date, the impact of different dimensions of social capital and innovation has not been properly portrayed or explained. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of four different dimensions of social capital (institutional and interpersonal, associational life and norms) on two of the main functions of national innovation system (NIS) (entrepreneurship and knowledge creation) based on over 50,000 observations in 34 countries. Design/methodology/approach – In this regard, national-level data from the World Values Survey database was employed to quantify social capital. Entrepreneurship is, in turn, assumed to consist of three sub-indexes and 14 indicators based on the Global Entrepreneurship Index. Knowledge creation is also measured through US Patent Office applications. Also, exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling approach were used to build the measurement model and investigate the impact that each factor of social capital had on entrepreneurship and knowledge application, respectively. Measurement and structural models were built and their reliability and validity were tested using various fit indices. Research findings suggest the strong positive effect of institutional trust and networking on entrepreneurship. Also, interpersonal trust and networks were shown to have high influence on knowledge development at the national level. Norms appear to have naïve to medium negative effects on both functions. Findings – Research findings suggest the strong positive effect of institutional trust and networking on entrepreneurship. Also, interpersonal trust and networks were shown to have high influence on knowledge development at the national level. Norms appear to have naïve to medium negative effects on both functions. Originality/value – However, to date, the impact of different dimensions of social capital and innovation has not been properly portrayed or explained.

The Impact of Globalization on Development of MSMEs

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Rama Mohana Rao Katta ◽  
Chandra Sekhar Patro
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

Globalization has been a significant force in the development of the market and economic environments. The micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) need to focus on technological capabilities to face the competition in the globalized market. They have to analyze the market opportunities in the rapidly growing economy as well as emerging markets. The aids of a globalized and digital economy depends to an excessive extent on favourable business environments and healthy competition. The performance of MSMEs depends on accessibility to various strategic resources like abilities, technical know-how, innovativeness, and finance. Thus, it is imperative to consider the factors influencing work conditions firm level, and the strategies formulated at the national level are organized to local business perspectives. This paper examines the global scenario of MSMEs, the impact of globalization, the role of MSMEs in India, the growth perspectives of MSMEs during the pre-and post-globalization period, the critical challenges, and the role of the government in encouraging and developing MSMEs.

Localising Global Norms: The Case of Family-Friendly Parliaments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Palmieri ◽  
Kerryn Baker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Family Friendly ◽  
Global Norms

Abstract In this article, we extend empirical understandings of feminist institutionalism by outlining a new methodological approach to the study of parliament as a gendered workplace. We argue that while a localised approach to studying institutional change allows a more nuanced appreciation of the role of local cultural context, internationalised norms can be an interesting starting point to work back from. A case study of the New Zealand parliament’s ‘family-friendly’ workplace practices illustrates this methodological approach. By tracing the establishment of family-friendly practices in this parliament, our study shines a light on the intractable nature of local institutional context in global norm diffusion and hints at the next phase of work required to further the agenda of transformational gender-sensitive parliaments.

Citizen’s Rights in European Environmental Law: Stock-Taking of Key Challenges and Current Developments in Relation to Public Access to Information, Participation and Access to Justice

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
J. Jendrośka
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Law ◽  
National Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Aarhus Convention ◽  
Compliance Mechanism ◽  
Implementation Problems

The article aims to provide a short overview of the current situation regarding public access to information, participation and access to justice in Europe. The article briefly presents the role of the Aarhus Convention and its compliance mechanism in shaping the respective legal framework at both national level and EU level. On that basis it summarises some key challenges and implementation problems respectively in relation to public access to information, participation and access to justice.

scholarly journals Research on Supply Chain Efficiency in COVID-19: The Role of Information and Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
R. S. Rogulin ◽  
R. S. Pavlyuk ◽  
N. R. Talitskikh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Impact

Information and communication technologies (ICT) have become an integral part of our life. Currently, supply chain (SC) management is also in a digital transformation, especially during the period of disruptions in global and local supply chains caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical descriptive analysis of the role of digital technologies in improving the efficiency and recovery of SC in the pre-crisis period as well as in a pandemic. The research is based on the processing of statistical data and macroeconomic indicators that are freely available. The following are considered as basic indicators: Gross domestic product as a characteristic of the country's economic development level before the crisis; logistics efficiency index; digital life index. The authors have chosen few countries from different categories for the comparative analysis in the context of the selected assessment indicators The obtained study results confirmed the significant role of ICT in the efficiency improving and restoration of SC which had been destroyed in COVID-19. It is concluded that developed economies showed a high efficiency of their logistics systems at the national level and high values of the digital life rating. At the same time, the influence of ICT on the logistics system performance was not decisive in countries with average economic development and below ones. The results of this study can be used by companies' top management of various levels to build a strategy and tactics for their development including crisis management. The research methods and data can be applied to further explore the impact of ICT on the recovery and efficiency of global and local supply chains, including the updated data with the account of coronavirus pandemic impact to indicators which were used in the paper.

scholarly journals Impact of Government Expenditure on Agricultural Productivity in South Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 1734-1742
Author(s):  
Megbowon Ebenezer ◽  
Saul Ngarava ◽  
Nsikak-Abasi Etim ◽  
Oluwabunmi Popoola
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
National Level ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

Government expenditure has been considered to be having an extent of impact on economic performance at both sectoral level and aggregate national level. Evidence from literature, however shows that this notion has not been generally accepted across countries and sectors. Considering the significance of agriculture in an economy most especially in Africa, and the consequent role of government, this study examines the impact of government expenditure on agricultural productivity in South Africa using annual time series data from 1983 to 2016. It is shown that there exists a long-run relationship between government expenditure on agriculture and agricultural productivity, and a positive significant effect only to be expected in the long-run. The finding underscores the non-negotiable role of the South African government funding of agricultural sector in an era of climate change and a highly commercialized agricultural system. Furthermore, considering the low and declining pattern of government expenditure in the sector in South Africa, the desired productivity growth impact will only be experienced in the long-run all things being equal. Improving government funding in the sector could accelerate the desired agricultural productivity in the short-term.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of diabetes in the osteoarthritis disease and treatment process: a study protocol for the Swedish Osteoarthritis and Diabetes (SOAD) cohort

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e032923
Author(s):  
Andrea Dell'Isola ◽  
Johanna Vinblad ◽  
Stefan Lohmander ◽  
Ann-Marie Svensson ◽  
Aleksandra Turkiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Diabetes Control ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Quality Register ◽  
National Quality ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionOsteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Metabolic comorbidities such as type II diabetes occur with a higher rate in people with OA than in the general population. Several factors including obesity, hyperglycaemia toxicity and physical inactivity have been suggested as potential links between diabetes and OA, and have been shown to negatively impact patients’ health and quality of life. However, little is known on the role of diabetes in determining the outcome of non-surgical and surgical management of OA, and at the same time, how different OA interventions may affect diabetes control. Thus, the overall aim of this project is to explore (1) the impact of diabetes on the outcome of non-surgical and surgical OA treatments and (2) the impact of non-surgical and surgical OA treatments on diabetes control.Methods and analysisThe study cohort is based on prospectively ascertained register data on a national level in Sweden. Data from OA patients who received a first-line non-surgical intervention and are registered in the National Quality Register for Better Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis will be merged with data from the Swedish Knee and Hip Arthroplasty Registers and the National Diabetes Register. Additional variables regarding patients’ use of prescribed drugs, comorbidities, socioeconomic status and cause of death will be obtained through other national health and population data registers. The linkage will be performed on an individual level using unique personal identity numbers.Ethics and disseminationThis study received ethical approval (2019-02570) from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority. Results from this cohort will be submitted to peer-reviewed scientific journals and reported at the leading national and international meetings in the field.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Himanshu Jha
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Tipping Point ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The Core ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
Over Time

This chapter introduces the book by presenting the case for institutional change. It starts by explaining what institutions are and subsequently argues how RTI is a valid case of institutional change. It poses the core research puzzle and the guiding research questions. It engages with the existing alternate scholarly explanations, point to the gaps, and suggests an alternate explanation. It proposes an endogenous model of institutional change that builds on gradual and incremental ideational shifts over time to finally reach a ‘tipping point’. In this chapter the entire book plan is laid out by indicating that this volume, spread over six chapters, deals with two distinct yet interrelated layers of the ideational and policy moves within the state apparatus and related institutions. The socio-political processes within both state and society and the role of global norms are part of these phases/layers.

scholarly journals Think globally, act locally: the role of local demographics and vaccination coverage in the dynamic response of measles infection to control

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1623) ◽  
pp. 20120141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ferrari ◽  
B. T. Grenfell ◽  
P. M. Strebel
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Age Of Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

The global reduction of the burden of morbidity and mortality owing to measles has been a major triumph of public health. However, the continued persistence of measles infection probably not only reflects local variation in progress towards vaccination target goals, but may also reflect local variation in dynamic processes of transmission, susceptible replenishment through births and stochastic local extinction. Dynamic models predict that vaccination should increase the mean age of infection and increase inter-annual variability in incidence. Through a comparative approach, we assess national-level patterns in the mean age of infection and measles persistence. We find that while the classic predictions do hold in general, the impact of vaccination on the age distribution of cases and stochastic fadeout are mediated by local birth rate. Thus, broad-scale vaccine coverage goals are unlikely to have the same impact on the interruption of measles transmission in all demographic settings. Indeed, these results suggest that the achievement of further measles reduction or elimination goals is likely to require programmatic and vaccine coverage goals that are tailored to local demographic conditions.

Europeanization in a Difficult Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-223
Author(s):  
Sandro Knezović ◽  
Valbona Zeneli
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Shared Beliefs ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
Technical Sense ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of the process of Europeanization on the consolidation of political systems and on the pace of European Union (EU) accession in very difficult transitional environments like those of Croatia and Albania. Croatia, a post-socialist and a post-conflict state, and Albania, heavily burdened with the consequences of its recent isolationist history (which is unprecedented among other post-socialist states), were intentionally selected for this research as atypical cases. Acknowledging the lack of consensus about the Europeanization phenomena in the academic community, the authors decided to rely on indicators that focus not only on institution-building and policy-making processes in the technical sense, but also in the processes of construction and diffusion of formal and informal rules, procedures, styles and shared beliefs, norms and identities that are being transmitted from the European to the national level. Based on qualitative research comparing the two countries – that is, Albania and Croatia – and using a number of indicators, the authors conclude that while Europeanization is an important part of European politics in general and the EU accession process in particular, it does not result in having a uniform impact on different candidate countries. On the contrary, the pace of integration depends on the specific domestic political context, on the role of the institutions, and on the processes of adaptation to the European political environment.

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