Building a Catholic Empire

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-190
Author(s):  
R. Alan Covey
Keyword(s):  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Pope Alexander Vi ◽  
Medieval Model ◽  
New Settlements

This chapter begins with the Castilian conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands, which deployed a medieval model that had been carried over to the Americas by Columbus. When the Aragonese pope Alexander VI granted half the globe for Spanish missionary work and imperial expansion, Isabella and Ferdinand lacked the policies, institutions, and laws to rule over native peoples who did not live like European Catholics. They also struggled to maintain control over their Spanish colonists, who often abandoned the new settlements to explore, plunder, and raid for slaves in other places. The chapter follows one of these wayward colonists, Francisco Pizarro, from Hispaniola to Panama and on to the exploration of the Pacific coast of South America. As Charles V attempted to establish law and order in his American colonies—and to face the challenges of the Protestant Reformation—he granted Pizarro permission to colonize Peru, a rich, civilized realm that had been contacted during a rare moment of success in the conquistador’s otherwise disastrous expeditions on the Peruvian coast.

Introduction: The Reformed Augustinians of Lower Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Christman
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Key Events

The burnings of the Reformed Augustinian friars Hendrik Vos and Johann van den Esschen in Brussels on 1 July 1523 were the first executions of the Protestant Reformation. This chapter challenges the notion that they were peripheral to the key events of the early Reformation. Personal connections and frequent interactions existed between the Reformed Augustinians in the Low Countries (=Lower Germany) and those in Wittenberg, where Martin Luther was a member; the individuals responsible for the executions were intimates of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and Popes Leo X and Adrian VI. An awareness of these connections raises questions about the importance of this event in the early Reformation and about how that movement functioned in its earliest stages.

scholarly journals Charles V and the Discovery of Canada

1917 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 143-164
Author(s):  
H. P. Biggar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Charles V ◽  
Pope Alexander Vi

To Canadians, and perhaps to English people as well, it will come as a surprise to learn that in the sixteenth century an Emperor of Germany laid claim not only to Canada, but also to the region now embraced within the borders of the United States. The basis of the claim was a bull issued by Pope Alexander VI in 1493.

scholarly journals Gathering Souls: Jesuit Missions and Missionaries in Oceania (1668–1945)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-115
Author(s):  
Alexandre Coello de la Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Taking Charge ◽  
Jesuit Missionaries

Abstract This article deals with the missionary work of the Society of Jesus in today’s Micronesia from the 17th to the 20th century. Although the Jesuit missionaries wanted to reach Japan and other Pacific islands, such as the Palau and Caroline archipelagos, the crown encouraged them to stay in the Marianas until 1769 (when the Society of Jesus was expelled from the Philippines) to evangelize the native Chamorros as well as to reinforce the Spanish presence on the fringes of the Pacific empire. In 1859, a group of Jesuit missionaries returned to the Philippines, but they never officially set foot on the Marianas during the nineteenth century. It was not until the twentieth century that they went back to Micronesia, taking charge of the mission on the Northern Marianas along with the Caroline and Marshall Islands, thus returning to one of the cradles of Jesuit martyrdom in Oceania.

Development of Mathematics in Secondary Schools of the United States

1934 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-198
Author(s):  
F. L. Wren ◽  
H. B. McDonough
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Social Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Religious Zeal ◽  
And Migration ◽  
New Settlements

The Latin grammar schools had inherited certain aristocratic characteristics that existed in England at the time the American colonies were settled; these characteristics exhibited themselves in the practice of selecting pupils according to the rank and social status of their parents. From the conditions incident to frontier life they had acquired certain other characteristics such as limited means, limited facilities, limited purposes, and limited opportunities, all of which were manifested in the narrow curriculum of the period. As the population of these early colonies increased through immigration and birth, old communities broke up and migration westward began. The new settlements established in the wilderness were founded by people who had not known the religious zeal and oppression of the old country. With this shifting of population new interests in shipping and commerce began to replace the old interests in religion and agriculture. Such social and commerical expansion gradually led to a demand for a more liberal and democratic form of education, which demand was met by the organization of the academy. This new institution, to a certain extent an offspring of Philistinism, “came in to serve the broader need represented by those who would enter occupational pursuits without going to college, as well as those planning to continue their education. It was, in effect, an expression of expanding democracy.”1

Comparisons and Consequences in Global Perspective, 1500–1750

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merry Wiesner-Hanks
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter places the Protestant Reformation in a global perspective in two ways, using methods and examining themes common in world history as a field. First, it compares the Reformation to other religious transformations that were occurring at roughly the same time, including the early development of Sikhism, reform movements within Chinese Confucianism, and the reinvigoration of Islam in the Songhay Empire by King Askia the Great. Second, it examines the spread of Protestant ideology and institutions in the increasingly interconnected early modern world, with the colonies of the Dutch East India Company and the missionary work of the Moravians serving as the primary examples of such cultural encounters. It argues that moving beyond Europe to adopt a broader spatial scale enhances our understanding of the religious dynamism of the period, which does not diminish the importance of the Protestant Reformation, but allows us to view it in new ways.

scholarly journals Situation of Dengue after the Phenomenon of the Coastal El Niño

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Díaz-Vélez ◽  
Jorge Luis Fernández-Mogollón ◽  
John Alexis Cabrera-Enríquez ◽  
Stalin Tello-Vera ◽  
Oscar Medrano-Velásquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Weather Phenomenon ◽  
Peruvian Coast ◽  
Migratory Movement ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Coastal El Niño

Coastal El Niño is a weather phenomenon that is caused by abnormal warming (above 0.4°C) of the Pacific Ocean waters near the coasts of Ecuador and Peru, and it can even reach the central and southern Peruvian coast. As a result of the climatic phenomenon, the Aedes aegypti vector (which in turn is a vector of chikungunya and Zika fever) had been quickly installed in 448 districts of Peru, and emergency was declared in 10 regions, which reported 231,874 victims; 1,129,013 affected and 143 dead. It is necessary to know this, because the direct impact of the weather phenomena contributes to the dengue vector conditioning, facilitating its dissemination with ease. The geographical and climatic conditions of the cities most affected by the El Niño Costero phenomenon turned them into zones of epidemics; in these places, there is an important population growth, from urbanization to sectorization in young towns and urban slums, where in many there is no basic infrastructure and water supply is insufficient, which requires temporary water storage, as well as high temperatures, migratory movement, and beaches with influx of people, which make not only dengue proliferate but also other arbovirosis such as chikungunya.

scholarly journals Missionaries as Newcomers: A Comparative Study of the Northwest Pacific Coast and Central Australia

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Brock
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Northwest Pacific ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Central Australia ◽  
Personal Sacrifice ◽  
Special Category ◽  
Do So

Abstract Missionaries have generally been treated as a special category of person. Unlike other people who have uprooted and moved to alien lands and societies, they are thought to do so at great personal sacrifice enabling them to spread the Christian word. This paper argues that despite their religious calling missionaries went through similar processes of adjustment as other newcomers who migrated to new lands and societies. The paper analyses the responses of missionaries in two contrasting environments: the northwest Pacific coast, and central Australia. It concludes that the nature of the adjustments missionaries made as newcomers were not determined by their personalities or the policies of the agencies that employed them as much as they were influenced by the societies and environments in which they found themselves. The rhetoric that surrounded nineteenth-century missionary work was premised on an assumption that missionaries were exceptional. A detailed examination of missionary responses to the Pacific northwest of Canada and central Australia reveals that missionaries had much in common with other people who found themselves in new circumstances, among new peoples, and in new places.

The Tahitian Mission

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
David O. McKay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
The United States ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
The South ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The Pacific

McKay and Cannon’s unanticipated repose in the United States was bittersweet; the surprise of seeing loved ones momentarily alleviated their homesickness, yet both knew more than eight months would pass before they would reunite with their families. After returning to San Francisco, they resumed their journey to the South Pacific. They arrived in Papeete, French Polynesia, on April 9, 1921, for their tour of the Tahitian Mission, which included several islands across the Pacific. McKay and Cannon’s stay in Tahiti was brief; they spent only three days traveling through Papeete and Rarotonga before heading onward to New Zealand. The archipelago had a profound impact on McKay, who observed firsthand the challenges of missionary work, costly transportation, and the severity of the weather.

Piracy in Colonial North America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
New England ◽  
North American ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
British North America ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
British North American

Historians of colonial British North America have largely relegated piracy to the marginalia of the broad historical narrative from settlement to revolution. However, piracy and unregulated privateering played a pivotal role in the development of every English community along the eastern seaboard from the Carolinas to New England. Although many pirates originated in the British North American colonies and represented a diverse social spectrum, they were not supported and protected in these port communities by some underclass or proto-proletariat but by the highest echelons of colonial society, especially by colonial governors, merchants, and even ministers. Sea marauding in its multiple forms helped shape the economic, legal, political, religious, and cultural worlds of colonial America. The illicit market that brought longed-for bullion, slaves, and luxury goods integrated British North American communities with the Caribbean, West Africa, and the Pacific and Indian Oceans throughout the 17th century. Attempts to curb the support of sea marauding at the turn of the 18th century exposed sometimes violent divisions between local merchant interests and royal officials currying favor back in England, leading to debates over the protection of English liberties across the Atlantic. When the North American colonies finally closed their ports to English pirates during the years following the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), it sparked a brief yet dramatic turn of events where English marauders preyed upon the shipping belonging to their former “nests.” During the 18th century, colonial communities began to actively support a more regulated form of privateering against agreed upon enemies that would become a hallmark of patriot maritime warfare during the American Revolution.

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