Nuclear Deterrence and Compellence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kroenig
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Nuclear Deterrence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Compellent Threats

This chapter examines whether nuclear superiority matters for compellent threats. Drawing on the Militarized Compellent Threat (MCT) data set, the same data set used by nuclear irrelevance theorists, it finds that the nuclear balance of power is central to patterns of international coercion. Indeed, the evidence is clear and compelling in simple descriptive statistics. Since 1945, nuclear-armed states have issued forty-nine compellent threats against nuclear inferior states and zero compellent threats against nuclear superior states. For nuclear-armed powers, therefore, in this sample of data, nuclear superiority has been a necessary condition for even attempting compellence. Compellence may be more difficult than deterrence, as others have maintained, but this chapter demonstrates that engaging in nuclear compellence from a position of inferiority is even harder still. In short, nuclear superiority deters compellence.

Descriptive Statistics and Cross-National Comparisons of Arctic Power Projection

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-80
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Power Projection ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
Events Data

Chapter 4 employs data from three new data sets, the Arctic Military Activity Events Data Set, the Arctic Bases Data Set, and the Icebreaker and Ice-Hardened Warships Data Set. These new data enable a systematic comparison of each state’s Arctic military forces and deployments before and after the 2007 climate shock. The data offer a corrective to both sensationalist media accounts that suggest that all states are scrambling to fight over Arctic resources and those who downplay real changes in states’ Arctic military capabilities and presence. Confirming Rent-Addition’s Theory’s predictions, the descriptive statistical comparisons reveal that the states that were most economically dependent on resource rents, Norway and Russia, were the most willing to back their claims by projecting military force to disputed areas and investing in Arctic bases, ice-hardened warships, and icebreakers.

scholarly journals Relationship of activities in reverse logistics according to sell point in Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 01016 ◽  
Author(s):  
František Milichovský
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Reverse Logistics ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Nominal Variables

The paper is focused on findings, if final customers in sell points reflect activities of reverse logistics. Main result of research provides relationship between sell point and reverse activity. The research was aimed at random chosen group of 811 respondents in the Czech Republic. Real participants have been 293, what is effectiveness in 36.13%. The primary research provides possible approaches for companies in sell points within reverse logistics activities to final consumers. To process the results of the questionnaire survey were used basic types of descriptive statistics on the selected data set. The data were processed by using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics 24, which was subsequently analysed the dependency between the two nominal variables by means of contingency tables and Pearson's chi-squared test. Limitation for this research is because of the chosen sample and targeting only on Czech Republic.

scholarly journals Time trends in patients managed simultaneously in multiple hospital outpatient specialty clinics for chronic diseases: A register-based cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2235042X1983190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Lykke Wolff ◽  
Christian Von Plessen ◽  
Frans Boch Waldorff ◽  
Thomas Lund Sørensen ◽  
Søren Bie Bogh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Specialty Clinic ◽  
Hospital Outpatient

Background: The increasing prevalence of patients with multimorbidity in the general population affects the health-care system. There is a lack of knowledge of the proportion of patients attending multiple hospital outpatient specialty clinics simultaneously. Objective: This study describes the development in the proportion of patients managed simultaneously in multiple hospital outpatient specialty clinics. Design: We obtained three cross-sectional samples from all of the hospitals in Denmark. The data set consists of adults (age 18+) in long-term outpatient care on January 1 in 2004, 2009, and 2014 with one or more of 50 consensus-selected chronic diseases. Descriptive statistics were used to examine and compare the proportion of patients treated simultaneously in multiple outpatient specialty clinics. We also investigated the most common combinations of outpatient specialty clinics. Results: In 2004, 176,786 patients with chronic diseases were registered as receiving outpatient care in Denmark. This figure increased to 246,542 patients in 2009 and 341,015 in 2014. The proportion of patients managed simultaneously in multiple outpatient specialty clinics was 4.0% in 2004, 5.5% in 2009, and 7.7% in 2014. The most common specialty clinic combination was endocrinology and cardiology, accounting for 12.1% in 2004, 11.5% in 2009, and 9.6% in 2014. Conclusions: The proportion of patients in multiple clinics nearly doubled over a 10-year period. While there were some common specialty clinic combinations in which patients were treated most often, there was also considerable variation. Further studies are needed to identify generic and disease-specific initiatives.

Mapping Interstate Territorial Conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1565-1590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Territorial Conflict ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This article describes a new data set consisting of precise digital maps of regions that were the subject of interstate territorial disputes in the period 1947 to 2000. Each dispute identified by Huth and Allee is rendered as a polygon corresponding to the area subject to overlapping claims. After describing the data collection procedures and presenting some descriptive statistics, this article develops three novel results that demonstrate the potential of geospatial data to advance our understanding of the causes and consequences of territorial conflict. In particular, I use the data to (1) show how different measurements of the geographic extent of disputes can help unpack the mechanisms through which they dampen international trade, (2) cast doubt on the role of oil deposits in fueling territorial conflict by analyzing the relationship at a finer level of spatial resolution than previously possible, and (3) examine the harmful legacy of territorial conflict on local development in formerly contested regions along the El Salvador-Honduras border.

Ensuring Peace: Foreign-Imposed Regime Change and Postwar Peace Duration, 1914–2001

2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Lo ◽  
Barry Hashimoto ◽  
Dan Reiter
Keyword(s):  
Regime Change ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Third Party Intervention ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Peace Duration

This research note develops a new explanation of postwar peace duration: periods of peace following wars last longer when the war ends in foreign-imposed regime change. This study tests this hypothesis on a new data set (an expansion of Fortna's (2004) data) of all periods of peace following interstate war cease-fires, over the period 1914–2001. It also tests for other possible factors affecting postwar peace duration, including international institutions, the revelation of information during war, third-party intervention during war, postwar changes in the balance of power, regime type, past conflict history, and others. The article finds strong support for the central hypothesis that peace lasts longer following wars that end in foreign-imposed regime change. This pacifying effect diminishes over time when a puppet is imposed, but not when a democracy is imposed. There are other results, including that the strength of a cease-fire agreement has almost no impact on peace duration.

Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from the SCAR Antarctic digital database

Polar Record ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (174) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian J. Fox ◽  
A. Paul ◽  
R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Source Material ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Digital Database ◽  
Constituent Feature ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe completion of the SCAR Antarctic digital database (ADD) has provided a new basis for statistical calculations for Antarctica: data-sets are available at the scale of the original source material, and generalised to 1:1,000,000, 1:3,000,000, 1:10,000,000, and 1:30,000,000. The new descriptive statistics presented are based on the ADD 1:1,000,000 data-set since this is the largest scale at which source maps provided complete cover of the coastline and ice-free areas. The statistics include the total length and proportions of coastline types and the total area of Antarctica with the proportions of its constituent feature types. The areas of the Ross and Filchner-Ronne ice shelves have also been computed. Whilst the total area of Antarctica has remained static compared with previous studies, the relative proportions of coastline types and constituent feature types within the total area show significant changes. In particular the calculated area of ice-free ground is only approximately one-seventh of that often quoted from previous studies. The changes reported result from improved mapping, reinterpretation of data, and actual changes of coastline.

scholarly journals GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

2021 ◽  
Vol 93,2021 (93) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Protsyk ◽  
◽  
Borys Chetverikov ◽  
Andrii Ivanevych ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Technological Scheme ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Vector Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Catchment Areas

Aim of the work. To develop a method of automated allocation of catchment basins and obtaining their hydrological and morphometric characteristics, which is based on digital terrain models. Methods and results of work. A necessary condition for the correct filling of the terrain is the presence of points of true flow at the edge of the settlement area (if the river flows into the lake, it should not enter the calculated area completely, otherwise incorrect results will be obtained). By performing the operation of filling the relief of the terrain, a new dem is created, which does not contain fictitious depressions and is used in the next step as input data to calculate the flow direction according to the algorithm d8. According to the proposed technological scheme it is necessary to process step by step the following six blocks: filling of closed depressions, calculation of runoff direction, calculation of total runoff, creation of point vector data set of closing points (mouth points), creation of watershed boundaries, raster-vector data conversion. Theoretical research tested the method of automated allocation of watersheds, namely the determination of hydrological and morphometric parameters of the terrain. The pools were ranked according to these parameters according to the existing classifications, a series of relevant thematic electronic maps was compiled. It should be noted that in Skole district of lviv region there are 590 catchment areas, and their area is 1407 km2. Watersheds are classified by outcrop, namely low-mountain basins in the region of 6, their area is 7 km2, medium-mountain 360, area 755 km2, high-mountain 224, area 645 km2. Pools are classified according to the average slope: the first category from 0-3 degrees, very gentle slopes - pools 27, area 7 km2; the second category from 9-12 degrees, sloping slopes-pools of 128, the area 303 km2; the third category from 12-15> degrees, steep slopes - pools of 225, the area 648 km2. The accuracy between the reference and the original relief model was evaluated. We can say that sle = 0.63 (m) slope, sle = 5.43 (m) height. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The technological scheme of automated separation of catchment basins according to digital relief models for Skoliv district of lviv region is proposed and the method of separation of catchment basins is worked out. According to the developed method, maps of watercourses of different orders and their catchment basins and classification of basins by area on the territory of Skole administrative district, which can be used by local organizations on water resources, are constructed.

scholarly journals Comparison of Weibull and Gaussian Mixture Models for Wind Speed Data Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shoaib ◽  
Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Imran Siddiqui ◽  
Shafiqur Rehman ◽  
Shamim Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Weibull Function ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Power Densities

In order to have a reliable estimate of wind energy potential of a site, high frequency wind speed and direction data recorded for an extended period of time is required. Weibull distribution function is commonly used to approximate the recorded data distribution for estimation of wind energy. In the present study a comparison of Weibull function and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) as theoretical functions are used. The data set used for the study consists of hourly wind speeds and wind directions of 54 years duration recorded at Ijmuiden wind site located in north of Holland. The entire hourly data set of 54 years is reduced to 12 sets of hourly averaged data corresponding to 12 months. Authenticity of data is assessed by computing descriptive statistics on the entire data set without average and on monthly 12 data sets. Additionally, descriptive statistics show that wind speeds are positively skewed and most of the wind data points are observed to be blowing in south-west direction. Cumulative distribution and probability density function for all data sets are determined for both Weibull function and GMM. Wind power densities on monthly as well as for the entire set are determined from both models using probability density functions of Weibull function and GMM. In order to assess the goodness-of-fit of the fitted Weibull function and GMM, coefficient of determination (R2) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests are also determined. Although R2 test values for Weibull function are much closer to ‘1’ compared to its values for GMM. Nevertheless, overall performance of GMM is superior to Weibull function in terms of estimated wind power densities using GMM which are in good agreement with the power densities estimated using wind data for the same duration. It is reported that wind power densities for the entire wind data set are 307 W/m2 and 403.96 W/m2 estimated using GMM and Weibull function, respectively.

scholarly journals Extent Of E-Procurement Adoption, Challenges And Its Impact On Supply Chain Performance: A Statistical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 2615-2625
Author(s):  
GANESH R
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Supply Chain Performance ◽  
Procurement Management ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Electronic Procurement ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Two Factors

The purpose of this research paper is to identify and understand the factors influencing extent of adoption of electronic procurement software and its impact on the performance of their supply chain postuptake of the software. The paper also tries to understand the challenges companies face with respect to the adoption of E-Procurement software solutions. A survey was floated to procurement leaders and with their responses analysis was done. Statistical tools such as Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), descriptive statistics were used. The twonew factors that got grouped were Downstream Procurement Activities and Upstream Procurement Activities where firms adopt E-Procurement software for the Procure-to-Pay and Source-to-Contract respectively. Reliability test was successfully employed to validate the data set. The descriptive statistics tells us that the Supply Chain Performance had an above average impact by E-Procurement Adoption with a considerable fluctuation. The challenges in adopting E-Procurement were determined to be of moderate extent with cost of these procurement software solutions being a major challenge for uptake. Currently not all firms are using procurement software as one size fit all solution for their procurement management and this paper helps us understand the landscape better by grouping the penetration of electronic procurement into two factors.  

A comparative analysis of population characteristics of the competing progeny (within UK) of UK elite eventing sires and all competing event horses within the UK

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 191-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
T C Whitaker ◽  
J Hill
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Data Transformation ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Horse Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total Lifetime ◽  
Breed Improvement ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Show Jumping

A greater understanding of the population characteristics of sport horse populations is required to enable potential breed improvement programmes to be formulated correctly and be effective in their outcomes. To date limited research has been conducted into the UK sport horse population.A selected group of progeny (n=339) sired by elite eventing stallions was examined. In the context of this study elite sires were defined as those that were ranked 1-10 by total lifetime points won by competing progeny up to the end of 2000 (British Horse Database, 2000). Comparative analysis was undertaken between the selected group and all competing eventing horses in 2000 (n=9387) (British Horse Database, 2000). Data collected for both groups included, total lifetime points won at eventing and dressage and total lifetime money won at show jumping. Basic descriptive statistics were produced for each data set (Table 1). Product moment correlations were performed for all discipline areas (Table 2). Data transformation was applied using LOG+1(Hassenstein, Roehe, and Kalm, 1996).

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