The Impact of Internal Displacement and External Migration on Institutional Trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-119
Author(s):  
Nick Williams
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
Internal Migrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
External Migration

Chapter 7 analyses distinctions between internally displaced versus externally displaced entrepreneurs. The chapter draws on a survey of internally displaced and external migrants, as well as in-depth interviews with returnee entrepreneurs, in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The chapter shows that internal and external migrants have different levels of trust in home institutions, and that this is related to their exposure to institutional environments abroad. Those migrants who moved abroad are able to compare the home environment to the relative stability they experienced in their host country, meaning that perceptions will be more negative. Internal migrants are more philosophical about the institutional environment, accepting that it is weak and not expecting it to change either. The chapter also shows that individuals with more diverse ethnic networks, caused either by exposure to different groups abroad or by moving into and/or working with different groups at home, will have lower trust in institutions.

Bridging the Accountability Gap in the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Non-State Actors Under the Kampala Convention

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Romola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
African Union ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Regional Landscape ◽  
State Actors ◽  
Accountability Gap ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Contemporary forms of internal displacement in Africa significantly reflect the emerging footprints of non-state actors on the regional landscape of internal displacement. In recognition of the impact of these actors in the internal displacement context, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) specifically obligate states to regulate them in the prevention of arbitrary displacement. This is the central thrust of this article. This article examines the Kampala Convention from the perspective of non-state actors, considering the obligation of the state and the extent to which these actors may be held accountable, in the furtherance of protection and assistance of internally displaced persons (IDP s).

scholarly journals Specificities and challenges of responding to internal displacement in urban settings

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (904) ◽  
pp. 283-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Cotroneo
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operational Guidance

AbstractThe world is rapidly urbanizing, and so is internal displacement. However, knowledge about the specific situation of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in urban settings and how it differs from, and impacts on, their host communities is still limited, and responses continue to be inadequate. This article analyzes the particular needs of urban IDPs by taking into account how the various contexts and patterns of urban internal displacement contribute to shaping people's experience. It discusses three key challenges that humanitarian actors are faced with in developing effective responses: identifying and reaching IDPs in urban settings, addressing their urgent protection concerns, and supporting their local integration. It concludes by pointing out the need for methodological and operational guidance on how to bring together area-based approaches that account for the impact of displacement on entire urban communities, and tailored approaches addressing IDPs’ specific needs in urban settings. The need for stocktaking exercises and more effective sharing of experiences among practitioners, municipal authorities and policy-makers is also underlined.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial Behavior, Institutional Trust and National Innovation: A Macro-Level Empirical Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Alvina Sabah Idrees ◽  
Saima Sarwar
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Schumpeterian fundamentalism supports the argument that innovation is a dynamic process and novelties are initiated through economic agents namely the entrepreneurs; vis-à-vis a strong institutional environment is required to facilitate the innovation process. Therefore, the present study undertakes the macro-level empirical analysis on determining the impact of entrepreneurial behavior, property rights and state effectiveness on country’s innovation. The data is of panel nature consisting of 55 countries and a time period from 2010 to 2016. The empirical analysis is done using system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) estimation technique. The study shows that the fear of failure rate and total early stage entrepreneurs reduces innovation in a country whereas there is a significant positive relationship between established business entrepreneurs and innovation. However, perceived opportunities have an insignificant impact. This means that it is not inevitable that opportunities necessary trigger innovation. In addition, the study shows that property rights play an integral role in developing institutional trust which boosts entrepreneurialism to undertake innovative venture. On the other hand, state effectiveness is negatively related to innovation i.e. institutional trust is brought down in fragile countries which retard country’s innovation.

scholarly journals Trust in European Institutions in Explaining the Entrepreneurship in European Union Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Gawel ◽  
Timo Toikko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Panel Regression ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Entrepreneurship is believed to be shaped by institutions; however, the paper assumes that trust in institutions is a fundamental prerequisite for the impact of institutions on entrepreneurship. The aims of the paper are to determine (i) whether trust in European institutions affects the level of entrepreneurship in European Union countries, and (ii) whether there are any differences in this impact regarding the types of institutions and (iii) a country’s government budget size. Based on yearly panel data for 27 European Union countries in the years 2004–2019 and estimations of panel regression models, the results show that confidence in institutions is a significant factor in explaining entrepreneurship. However, institutional trust has no homogeneous effect on entrepreneurship, as the impact depends on the kind of institutions related to their functions and values as well as on the country’s characteristics in relation to the size of the government’s budget. Practical implications suggest the possibilities of supporting entrepreneurship—especially in countries with a relatively lower public redistribution—by raising the level of confidence in the European Central Bank. The originality of the paper is related to distinguishing institutional trust based on the type of institutions and the country’s characteristics of governmental budget size.

scholarly journals Civic Media Practice Facilitating Democratic Process in Two Environmental Community-Engaged Research in Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loan Thi Phan ◽  
Ting Wan Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Community Engaged Research ◽  
Network Building ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Trust In Institutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Environmental protection is an increasing concern across Taiwan. Facebook and LINE enjoy high penetration in Taiwan, are potential platforms for democratizing the research process. Citizens participate in evaluating their environment, contributing to its protection as well as having voice in decision making in the environment community-engaged research (eCEnR) than ever before. However, along with increased citizen engagement, researchers also see a decreased trust in institutions, including government, media, and news. Based on in-depth interviews with organizers and participants, the analysis of posts on Facebook group, LINE messages, and websites of two ongoing eCEnRs, we assessed the impact of civic media practice on the democratic process. This article analyzes how social networking sites or applications function in four activities of the democratic process. Network building, discussion forums, distributed ownership and persistent input help organizations overcome distrust of institutions and enhance civic media’s ability to foster connections and create more usable interfaces between communities and institutions.

scholarly journals Success, Failure, and Impact of Local Energy Initiatives in The Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12482
Author(s):  
Lynette A. M. H. Germes ◽  
Carina J. Wiekens ◽  
Lummina G. Horlings
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Different Levels

In the last decade, the number of local energy initiatives (LEIs) has increased in western European countries. Although several success factors and barriers in the development of LEIs have been studied by other scholars, there has been limited scholarly interest in the overall impact of LEIs so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore their impact by determining their achievement. Additionally, levels of engagement were used to categorise the success factors for and barriers that impede this impact. Initiatives in two provinces in the north of the Netherlands were studied. For the data collection, 84 in-depth interviews were conducted with the initiators of LEIs. In general, it can be concluded that the impact of LEIs is limited. Success factors and barriers in the development of LEIs play out at different levels of engagement: the level of the initiative itself; the community level; and the public–private level. Theoretically, this study provides empirical insights on how to measure the impact of LEIs. Furthermore, the study brings together a variety of factors that influence this impact based on the levels of engagement. Practically, this research offers indications on how to contribute to the further development of LEIs.

scholarly journals The impact of internal displacement on the refugee migration crisis

KPGT_dlutz_1 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-274
Author(s):  
Eveline Vieira Brigido ◽  
Fabiola Wust Zibetti ◽  
Liton Lanes Pilau Sobrinho
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Migration Crisis ◽  
The Impact

This article aims to analyze the potential impact of forced internal displacement on international refugee migration, considering the relation between internal and international migration: Are today’s IDPs tomorrow’s refugees? It is likely that many refugees were forcibly displaced in their own countries before applying for asylum. Therefore, to develop this investigation, this article is divided into three sections. In the first section, it presents a general approach about internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, including definitions and the bases of its protection under international law. Afterwards, it analyzes data on international migration and on internal displacement. At the end, these data are compared and possible link between internal and international forced migration is analyzed.

The Effects of Agricultural Income Shocks on Forced Migration: Evidence from Colombia

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Palacios ◽  
Miguel A. Pérez-Uribe
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Income Shocks ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The forced migration literature has acknowledged violence as the main driver of internal displacement in the context of armed conflicts. Nonetheless, scant attention has been devoted to the role of income, a factor identified by the standard economic literature as the key driver of voluntary migration. This study aims to fill in this gap by investigating the impact of agricultural income shocks on the number of internally displaced persons fleeing from violence, in the context of the Colombian armed conflict. To address the possible endogeneity between forced migration and income, we use the standardized deviation of rainfall from its historic mean as an instrumental variable for municipal agricultural income. Our main results suggest that the elasticity of forced migration with respect to agricultural income shocks is unitary. This finding highlights the fact that forced migration is the result of a complex decision-making process where violence interacts with individual characteristics and environmental factors. Therefore, public policies aimed at reducing forced migration from rural to urban areas should develop comprehensive strategies that not only improve security conditions at the place of origin but also enhance agricultural productivity and provide access to risk-coping mechanisms for farmers.

The Impact of Social Capital and Institutional Trust on Attitudes Towards Innovation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Asiya Bakhtigaraeva ◽  
Viktor Bryzgalin
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Institutional Trust ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Technology

The article examines the impact of social capital and institutional trust on attitudes towards innovation. On a sample of 6077 respondents representing 10 Russian regions, it was found that social capital and institutional trust positively influence the attitude towards technologies in general. The analysis of a specific technology (automated judicial systems) showed that the relationship can also be reversed: the lower the social capital, the more positively the respondents refer to the introduction of new technology. These results may indicate that in conditions of poor institutional environment and in spheres that require high interpersonal and institutional trust, technologies allowing people to go to depersonalized relationships may be accepted, despite the negative attitude towards technologies in general. The findings allow us to take a fresh look at the prospects of introducing breakthrough technologies depending on the socio-cultural and institutional environment and contribute to the development of research on the impact of socio-cultural factors on the economy.

scholarly journals Scales, Dynamics and Spatial Patterns of Forced Internal Displacement of Population in the East of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Maryna Lohvynova
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Demarcation Line ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

Eastern Ukraine is a region where for the first time during the time of independent Ukraine in 2014 forced internal migration of the population arose, as well as a region that accepted almost 2/3 of all internally displaced persons (IDPs). The uneven concentration of IDPs in the Eastern region of Ukraine creates an excessive burden on the labor market, infrastructure, and local authorities. The purpose of the study is to identify and explain the spatio-temporal features of forced internal displacement in the East of Ukraine from 2014 to 2019. The study is based on statistics from the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv regional state administrations. The following research methods were used in the work: mathematical-statistical, analysis and synthesis method, generalization, description, systematization, retrospective, graphic, cartographic and cartographic modeling. The study of the dynamic aspects of IDPs in the region revealed a gradual decrease in the dynamics of the number of IDPs, which may be due to the successful integration of forced migrants into host communities, the reluctance to confirm the status of IDPs through bureaucratic procedures and periodic inspections, or with repeated displacement. Analysis of the spatial characteristics of IDPs by city, city councils and districts of the Eastern region of Ukraine allowed us to distinguish three categories of IDPs depending on their location in the region. Among them: the overwhelming majority – IDPs of retirement age, who are guided by the factor of territorial proximity, are registered in the areas closest to the demarcation line, although most of them actually live in territory beyond the control of Ukraine, and carry out periodic trips through the demarcation line; IDPs of working age, which are mainly located in cities for the purpose of employment and access to quality services; the most vulnerable and socially unprotected categories living in places of compact accommodation of IDPs, but their minority. The age structure of IDPs is considered, the predominant age group of all regions of Eastern Ukraine are pensioners. The regions with the highest share of pensioners and a large demographic burden of pensioners and IDP children on the local population are identified. In particular, in some areas of the Luhansk region, the number of IDP pensioners is almost double that of the local population of all age groups. This situation requires special attention, since an excessive concentration of IDP pensioners in these territories can lead to a deep demographic crisis. So, the socio-geographical analysis of the spatial distribution of IDPs in the Eastern region of Ukraine shows the real extent of forced internal population displacement in the region, and the analysis of the age structure of IDPs allows one to determine the options for the impact of forced migrations on the socio-economic development of host regions and serves as an indicator of the need to adopt appropriate programs or decisions regarding the improvement of the situation of IDPs.

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