The Move to Informality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Charles B. Roger
Keyword(s):  
Policy Debate ◽  
Informal Organization ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Over Time

Informal organizations are the most visible dimension of a vast informal order that has been taking shape since the 1970s and 1980s. They are, however, its least understood component. The book explores why states create these puzzling institutions and why they have grown so significantly over time and assesses what this means for states’ ability to govern cross-border issues effectively. This chapter introduces the central themes of the book and reviews the answers it offers. Specifically, this chapter explains how the book conceptualizes the idea of an informal organization, how the book accounts for the design choices of states in particular scenarios, and how the “two-step” account the book develops can be extended to offer a “dynamic” explanation of the rise of informality. The main alternative explanations are also elaborated, and the central axes of the policy debate about informality are discussed.

scholarly journals European Banking Network in Light of the Single Supervisory Mechanism from the Network Analysis Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Širaňová
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Topological Properties ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Single Supervisory Mechanism ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
European Banking ◽  
Positive Step ◽  
Over Time

In this paper we discuss the topological properties of the European banking network and its evolution over time based on the BIS consolidated banking statistics data exploiting information from complex network analysis. Our conclusions are discussed in light of the soon-to-be-launched Single Supervisory Mechanism that takes into account, among other things, the significance of cross-border activity as a precondition for specifying the systemically important European credit institutions. According to our results, the banking network of the EU13 economic space can be characterized as highly asymmetric with a tendency to create clusters based on geographic distance and cultural and social similarities. Additionally, the highly exposed countries are usually dependent on a small number of major creditors while creditor countries tend to spread their power over dependent countries more equally. We advocate that the presence of heterogeneity and asymmetry in the network and a decrease in the level of foreign banking across Europe could be mitigated by the introduction of SSM, and from this perspective it should be viewed as a positive step towards greater financial stability.

scholarly journals Cross-Border M&A Motives and Home Country Institutions: Role of Regulatory Quality and Dynamics in the Asia-Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Peter Zámborský ◽  
Zheng Joseph Yan ◽  
Erwann Sbaï ◽  
Matthew Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between home country institutions and cross-border merger and acquisition (M&A) motives of MNEs from the Asia-Pacific region, with a focus on the role of regulatory quality and dynamics. We empirically examine how M&A motives are affected by elements related to risk of the institutional environment of the acquiring firm’s home country regulatory quality over time. The study is grounded in the general theory of springboard MNEs, and the institutional views of cross-border operations, namely the institutional escapism and institutional fostering perspectives. Using data on over 700 cross-border M&As of European firms by Asia-Pacific MNEs in 2007–2017, we analyze the rationales for these deals and their relationship to the institutional characteristics of the buyers’ home countries including regulatory quality and voice and accountability. We found that the quality of home country regulatory environment is significantly related to domestic firms’ motivation for international M&As. However, the significance and sign of the effects differ for different types of motives and over time. Our findings contribute to the literature on general versus emerging MNE-specific internationalization theories (particularly the theory of springboard MNEs) by expounding on the types and dynamics of cross-border M&A motives.

Of Power and Peril

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-27
Author(s):  
Scott Radnitz
Keyword(s):  
Political Competition ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Explanatory Framework ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The World ◽  
Conspiracy Narratives ◽  
Over Time

This chapter provides an explanatory framework for why regimes promote conspiracy claims, based on the insight that because conspiracy theories are theories about power, it makes sense to foreground politics—the opportunities and constraints facing politicians as they consider what stories to tell about the world. It conceptualizes conspiracy theories as a form of propaganda and summarizes theories about conspiracism in politics. The author argues that claiming conspiracy can signal knowledge and prescience, and details three factors associated with the production and circulation of conspiracy claims: destabilizing events, political competition, and cross-border connections and alignments. Regimes may use conspiracy claims intermittently or may construct broad conspiracy narratives and strategically disseminate them over time, but there are potential hazards for regimes that rely excessively on conspiracism. Finally, the chapter outlines the features of three conspiratorial modes: sporadic official conspiracism, competitive conspiracism, and sustained official conspiracism.

The Politics of the President’s Immigration Rhetoric

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110422
Author(s):  
Matthew Eshbaugh-Soha ◽  
Eric Gonzalez Juenke
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Presidential Rhetoric ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Obama Administration ◽  
Immigration Politics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Interventions

Although research on immigration politics is extensive, few scholars have systematically connected immigration politics to the president’s rhetoric over time. This is surprising since all modern presidents have referenced immigration in their public statements and presidents play a central role in setting the policy agenda. The primary purpose of this paper is to explain the president’s immigration rhetoric since 1953. Thus, we collect all presidential speeches on immigration through the Obama Administration, calculating the president’s monthly attention to immigration, and the relative negativity of the president’s remarks. We theorize that presidents’ motivation to speak about immigration policy is driven by the attention others devote to immigration policy, and key interventions in the immigration policy debate. Rhetorical tone, we think, is a function of the changing policy definition of immigration generated by Prop 187 and the Post-911 era. Our results show that the content of presidential rhetoric on immigration is indeed a product of these factors, providing us with clear evidence as to when the president devotes public attention to one of the central issues of American politics.

The Microeconomics of Engagement

Hard Target ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Haggard ◽  
Marcus Noland
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
State Control ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
Over Time

This chapter draws on two unprecedented surveys of firms based in China and South Korea engaged in trade and investment with North Korea. It examines both the nature of cross-border exchange as well as the formal and informal institutions that underpin it and provides evidence of ongoing state control. Chinese firms in particular report that the business environment is highly corrupt; a consideration of dispute settlement and measures of trust suggest how the development of cross-border exchange is limited by the regime's overall economic strategy. South Korean firms operate in an enclave setting that imports South Korean property rights, and China my be moving to such a model over time. These findings cast doubt on the engagement model.

scholarly journals Driver Countries in Global Banking Network

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Atyabi ◽  
Olha Buchel ◽  
Leila Hedayatifar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Global Banking ◽  
Over Time

We analyze the network of cross-border bank lending connections among countries from 1977 to 2018. The network includes core countries that lend money and peripheral countries that borrow money from core countries. In nowadays highly connected banking network, financial crisis that start from a country can spread to other countries very fast and cause global affects. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to find the influential lending (core) countries in this network over the years and clusters of borrowing (peripheral) countries related to these impactful core countries. We find three clusters of peripheral countries, with some constant and some changing members over time. This can be a sign of changes in the financial or political interactions among countries. The changes in the role of core countries and how these roles get affected by the important financial crisis in the past decades is investigated. Among 31 of core countries, 7 countries have a partially or constantly important role in the network including France, United Kingdom, United States, Japan, Germany, Chinese Taipei and Switzerland.

scholarly journals Is China's Pollution the Culprit for the Choking of South Korea? Evidence from the Asian Dust

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (624) ◽  
pp. 3154-3188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixue Jia ◽  
Hyejin Ku
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
South Korea ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Asian Dust ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Meteorological Phenomenon

Abstract This paper studies the impact of air pollution spillover from China to South Korea. To isolate the effects of cross-border pollution spillover from that of locally generated pollution, we exploit within-South Korea and over-time variation in the incidence of Asian dust—a meteorological phenomenon exogenous to district–time cells in South Korea—together with temporal variations in China's air quality. We find that conditional on being exposed to Asian dust, increased pollution in China leads to increased mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in South Korean districts, with the most vulnerable being the elderly and children under five.

scholarly journals ‘Good’ Bad Jobs? The Evolution of Migrant Low-Wage Employment in Germany (1985–2015)

2020 ◽  
pp. 095001702094656
Author(s):  
Torben Krings
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Labour Market Segmentation ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Low Pay ◽  
Over Time

The article examines the evolution of migrant low-wage employment in the context of structural changes in the German labour market. By drawing on data from the Socio-Economic-Panel, it seeks to answer why low-wage jobs disproportionally rose among migrants since the late 1980s. It argues that while human capital characteristics mattered to some extent, institutional and organisational changes were more important to account for worsening earnings. When linking the findings to the broader debate about migration and labour market segmentation, several issues emerge. First, the extent of low-wage jobs is not fixed but shaped by historically specific segmentation patterns that may change over time. Second, whether less-skilled jobs are precarious and of low pay depend above all on the presence of inclusive labour market institutions and power relations between actors. Third, the growth of low-wage jobs cannot be considered independent of the available labour supply, including a rise in cross-border mobility.

The making and unmaking of teams

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1891-1919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Einola ◽  
Mats Alvesson
Keyword(s):  
Team Dynamics ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Team Structure ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Working Through ◽  
Team Task ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Temporary Teams

Contemporary expert organizations rely heavily on cross-border, often temporary teams typically working through virtual means of communication. While static aspects of teams are well researched, there have been considerably fewer studies on team dynamics and team processes. Existing process studies tend to take a cautious, entity-based approach, emphasizing team structure as much as (or even more than) processual aspects. This article represents a shift from studying teams as entities and structures changing over time to studying teams as an on-going process. Participants engage in teaming and thus in the continued making and sometimes unmaking of teams. We report on a study of three anatomically similar, self-managed teams performing the same set of complex tasks with radically different teaming processes. With more or less successful shared sensemaking, the team members collectively create (or fail to create) not only team task outputs but also the team itself.

scholarly journals The political institutionalization of the social economy in Ecuador: Indigeneity and institutional logics

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Calvo ◽  
Stephen Syrett ◽  
Andres Morales
Keyword(s):  
Social Economy ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Indigenous Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Over Time

How differing social economy traditions within the global South can combine with state and market sectors to provide alternative development paths has increasingly become a focus of political and policy debate. This paper uses an institutional logics perspective to analyse the interaction between indigenous collective traditions and other institutional logics in Ecuador’s social economy. Results demonstrate how indigenous practice has interacted with other social economy elements to produce novel organizational and institutional forms. Findings from original primary research identify processes of co-existence, accommodation and conflict in the interaction of differing institutional civil society, state and market logics and the institutionalization of the social economy. Critically, processes of conflict generated by contradictory logics have over time helped close down many of the new political spaces, limiting the ongoing inclusion of indigenous institutions and the ability to construct an alternative, pluralistic path to development.

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