On the construct state in Arabic

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-84
Author(s):  
Louisa Sadler
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Functional Position

The construct state nominal is a basic, high frequency syntactic construction in Arabic, in which two nominal expressions form a tightly-linked head-dependent construction realising a range of semantic relations. Despite its central importance in the grammar of Arabic, this construction has received very little attention to date in the LFG literature on Arabic, while Falk (2001) and Falk (2007) discuss the corresponding Hebrew construction. Outside of LFG, the majority of accounts posit some sort of movement of the head N to a higher functional position. Within an LFG perspective, a key issue concerns the grammatical function of the dependent nominal, which Sadler argues can be uniformly assigned the POSS function.

Wandala

2020 ◽  
pp. 597-610
Author(s):  
Zygmunt Frajzyngier
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Subject Pronouns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grammatical Relation

Wandala (Central Chadic) is spoken by about 45,000 people in Cameroon and northern Nigeria. The language has grammaticalized phonological means marking types of connections between the elements of the utterance, indicating an expected follow-up, a less expected follow-up, and the absence of a follow-up. The coding of some grammatical relations, such as subject and object, is distributed over a wide range of morphemes. Wandala has two tones. While in nouns both tones can be part of the underlying structure, the tones are not part of the underlying structure of verbs and carry only grammatical function. The language has a rich verbal morphology coding syntactic and semantic relations within the clause. Subject suffixes to the verb mark aspectual and modal functions different from those marked by subject pronouns preceding the verb. Inflectional markers on the verb indicate the grammatical relation of the noun phrase following the verb.

scholarly journals Evolutionary tradeoffs and the structure of allelic polymorphisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hila Sheftel ◽  
Pablo Szekely ◽  
Avi Mayo ◽  
Guy Sella ◽  
Uri Alon
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Line Segment ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pareto Front ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Epistatic Effects ◽  
Simple Geometry ◽  
Multiple Tasks

AbstractPopulations of organisms show prevalent genetic differences called polymorphisms. Understanding the effects of polymorphisms is of central importance in biology and medicine. Here, we ask which polymorphisms occur at high frequency when organisms evolve under tradeoffs between multiple tasks. Multiple tasks present a problem, because it is not possible to be optimal at all tasks simultaneously and hence compromises are necessary. Recent work indicates that tradeoffs lead to a simple geometry of phenotypes in the space of traits: phenotypes fall on the Pareto front, which is shaped as a polytope: a line, triangle, tetrahedron etc. The vertices of these polytopes are the optimal phenotypes for a single task. Up to now, work on this Pareto approach has not considered its genetic underpinnings. Here, we address this by asking how the polymorphism structure of a population is affected by evolution under tradeoffs. We simulate a multi-task selection scenario, in which the population evolves to the Pareto front: the line segment between two archetypes or the triangle between three archetypes. We find that polymorphisms that become prevalent in the population have pleiotropic phenotypic effects that align with the Pareto front. Similarly, epistatic effects between prevalent polymorphisms are parallel to the front. Alignment with the front occurs also for asexual mating. Alignment is reduced when drift or linkage is strong, and is replaced by a more complex structure in which many perpendicular allele effects cancel out. Aligned polymorphism structure allows mating to produce offspring that stand a good chance of being optimal multi-taskers in at least one of the locales available to the species.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC RELATIONS REGARDING INTEGRATION AND ASSOCIATION OF SEMANTIC NETWORK IN VOCBENCH AS AN AGRICULTURAL ONTOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Maziar Amirhosseini ◽  
Juhana Salim
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Taxonomic Relations ◽  
United Nation ◽  
Agricultural Organization

The purpose of this article is to analyze semantic relations based on graph-independent structural analysis in VocBench. The mix-method of deductive and inductive approach is adapted in operating the research methodology, especially for data collection. The research data are structural domains of semantic relations in ontologies. The data resource is the authoritative agricultural ontology, VocBench, that has been originated by Food and Agricultural organization (FAO), United Nation. VocBench includes around 40000 concepts. The sample size is around 1500 concepts. Sampling technique used is the stratified random sampling. The data analysis results are employed in the SPSS and Excel software using descriptive and proportional analysis. The research results reveal that the taxonomic relations cover a wide area in VocBench. Moreover, the overloading was not seen in the usage of non-taxonomic relations. The high frequency in the usage of the semantic relations’ output might be implied the possibility of the width (i.e., exhaustivity) in semantic network in VocBench.

A usage-based analysis of phrasal verbs in Early and Late Modern English

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
YASUAKI ISHIZAKI
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Phrasal Verbs ◽  
British English ◽  
Early English ◽  
Conceptual Relationships ◽  
Late Modern

This article presents a historical cognitive analysis of the development of phrasal verbs (PVs) with out and away in Early and Late Modern English. Semantically, PVs in Present-Day English can be classified as being (a) fully compositional (e.g. go out), (b) partially idiomatic, with the particle having an aspectual (i.e. grammatical) function (e.g. work away) and (c) (fully or highly) idiomatic (e.g. make out ‘understand’; see Quirk et al. 1985, Jackendoff 2010). As is clear from this classification, the development of PVs has, at least, involved grammaticalization and idiomatization. However, there is no consensus in recent grammaticalization research on how these two kinds of changes are related.The literature suggests that the particles used in the partially idiomatic PVs were undergoing grammaticalization in the Old and Middle English periods. Therefore, to understand the semantic and conceptual relationships between partially idiomatic and idiomatic PVs, a closer investigation of the uses of PVs after Early Modern English is in order. In this article, focusing on the distributions of away and out taken from colloquial corpora of Early and Late Modern English, namely, the Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler (CEECS) and the Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English (PPCMBE), it is shown through descriptive characterizations that the partially idiomatic and idiomatic PVs are instances of idiomatization caused by grammaticalization and by lexicalization, respectively. Based on these observations, the developments of these two types of PVs can be explained by a Usage-Based Model put forth mainly by Langacker (2000) and Bybee (2006, 2010). Specifically, the idiomatization of partially idiomatic PVs involves repeated schema extractions leading to productivity, whereas the idiomatization of fully or highly idiomatic PVs involves the ‘conserving effect’, whereby a highly entrenched linguistic expression with high frequency resists further language change.

Grammatical Function in Relation to Stuttering in Young Children

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 786-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bloodstein ◽  
Barbara F. Gantwerk
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Grammatical Functions

Samples of the speech of 13 stutterers from two to six years of age were studied to determine to what extent the distribution of stutterings was related to the grammatical functions of words. The findings were markedly different from those reported on older stutterers. For the most part the stutterings were randomly distributed with respect to the grammatical factor, but there was a tendency for stuttering to occur unusually often on pronouns and conjunctions and less often, in relation to chance expectation, on nouns and interjections. The excessive stuttering on pronouns and conjunctions appeared to be largely the effect of the high frequency of stuttering on the first word of the sentence. It was concluded that a true grammatical factor does not exist in the initial phase of stuttering, and probably emerges only with the emergence of difficult words.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN MULTIWORD PREPOSITIONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Zakharov ◽  
Anastasia Golovina ◽  
Irina Azarova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Multiword Expressions ◽  
Free Word ◽  
Heterogeneous Class

This paper is part of a larger study that aims to create the first quantitative grammar of the Russian prepositional system. The present study deals with Russian secondary multiword prepositions. Prepositions are a heterogeneous class consisting of a small group of about 25 primary prepositions and hundreds of secondary ones, the latter being motivated by content words (nouns, adverbs, verbs), which may be combined with primary prepositions to form multiword prepositions (MWPs). A strict division between secondary multiword prepositions and equivalent free word combinations is not specified. This is a task for a special corpus-based research. Prepositions are characterized as function words used to express various relationships between main and dependent members of a phrase. The difficulty is that relations expressed by prepositions are multi-sided, grammatical and lexical. Primary prepositions are said to have no real lexical meaning. It is not quite true as regards primary prepositions and even more so for secondary ones. Prepositions express semantic relations between words, and their meanings directly correspond to these relations. Multiword prepositions perform the grammatical function of a preposition in a certain position of a syntactic structure in some contexts and can be a free combination in others. This paper is devoted to the statistical analysis of the use of multiword prepositions in corpora. The features of multiword prepositions in the function of a preposition are described. Statistical data on the ratio of the use of individual multiword expressions as prepositional units and as free combinations are provided

The Microstructure of Steatite (Protoenstatite)

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
W. E. Lee ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Glassy Matrix ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Argon Ions ◽  
High Temperature Polymorph

IntroductionTraditional steatite ceramics, made by firing (vitrifying) hydrous magnesium silicate, have long been used as insulators for high frequency applications due to their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Early x-ray and optical analysis of steatites showed that they were composed largely of protoenstatite (MgSiO3) in a glassy matrix. Recent studies of enstatite-containing glass ceramics have revived interest in the polymorphism of enstatite. Three polymorphs exist, two with orthorhombic and one with monoclinic symmetry (ortho, proto and clino enstatite, respectively). Steatite ceramics are of particular interest a they contain the normally unstable high-temperature polymorph, protoenstatite.Experimental3mm diameter discs cut from steatite rods (∼10” long and 0.5” dia.) were ground, polished, dimpled, and ion-thinned to electron transparency using 6KV Argon ions at a beam current of 1 x 10-3 A and a 12° angle of incidence. The discs were coated with carbon prior to TEM examination to minimize charging effects.

Simulations of high-resolution images of amorphous silicon films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
G. Y. Fan ◽  
J. M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Fourier Transformation ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Structure Information ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Spatial Frequency Spectrum

It is well known that the structure information on the specimen is not always faithfully transferred through the electron microscope. Firstly, the spatial frequency spectrum is modulated by the transfer function (TF) at the focal plane. Secondly, the spectrum suffers high frequency cut-off by the aperture (or effectively damping terms such as chromatic aberration). While these do not have essential effect on imaging crystal periodicity as long as the low order Bragg spots are inside the aperture, although the contrast may be reversed, they may change the appearance of images of amorphous materials completely. Because the spectrum of amorphous materials is continuous, modulation of it emphasizes some components while weakening others. Especially the cut-off of high frequency components, which contribute to amorphous image just as strongly as low frequency components can have a fundamental effect. This can be illustrated through computer simulation. Imaging of a whitenoise object with an electron microscope without TF limitation gives Fig. 1a, which is obtained by Fourier transformation of a constant amplitude combined with random phases generated by computer.

SEM image sharpness analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 142-143
Author(s):  
M. T. Postek ◽  
A. E. Vladar
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Primary Electron ◽  
Image Sharpness ◽  
Critical Dimensions ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. The industry requires that an automated instrument must be routinely capable of 5 nm resolution (or better) at 1.0 kV accelerating voltage for the measurement of nominal 0.25-0.35 micrometer semiconductor critical dimensions. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at this level on a day-by-day basis is an industry need and concern which has been the object of a study at NIST and the fundamentals and results are discussed in this paper.In scanning electron microscopy, two of the most important instrument parameters are the size and shape of the primary electron beam and any image taken in a scanning electron microscope is the result of the sample and electron probe interaction. The low frequency changes in the video signal, collected from the sample, contains information about the larger features and the high frequency changes carry information of finer details. The sharper the image, the larger the number of high frequency components making up that image. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis of an SEM image can be employed to provide qualitiative and ultimately quantitative information regarding the SEM image quality.

Real Ear Sound Pressure Levels Developed by Three Portable Stereo System Earphones

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail L. MacLean ◽  
Andrew Stuart ◽  
Robert Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Test System ◽  
Output Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Frequency Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sound Pressure Levels

Differences in real ear sound pressure levels (SPLs) with three portable stereo system (PSS) earphones (supraaural [Sony Model MDR-44], semiaural [Sony Model MDR-A15L], and insert [Sony Model MDR-E225]) were investigated. Twelve adult men served as subjects. Frequency response, high frequency average (HFA) output, peak output, peak output frequency, and overall RMS output for each PSS earphone were obtained with a probe tube microphone system (Fonix 6500 Hearing Aid Test System). Results indicated a significant difference in mean RMS outputs with nonsignificant differences in mean HFA outputs, peak outputs, and peak output frequencies among PSS earphones. Differences in mean overall RMS outputs were attributed to differences in low-frequency effects that were observed among the frequency responses of the three PSS earphones. It is suggested that one cannot assume equivalent real ear SPLs, with equivalent inputs, among different styles of PSS earphones.

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