Fitting-Attitude Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-118
Author(s):  
Toni Rønnow-Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Franz Brentano ◽  
Reason Problem

‘Fitting-Attitude Analysis’ introduces fitting-attitude (FA) analysis. This pattern of value analysis has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and various iterations of it have been proposed and discussed. After having outlined some of the advantages of FA analysis, it is made clear why we should be neither too confident about its success nor too worried about the challenges it faces. A large part of the chapter deals with different challenges to FA analysis, including a recent attempt (which goes back to Franz Brentano) to handle the so-called ‘wrong kind of reason’ problem. The chapter also considers an issue that has received less attention in the literature, which again takes us back to Brentano. G. E. Moore argued that Brentano was wrong in his analysis of what it is for something to be more valuable than something else is. It is argued that Moore was wrong on this matter. In this connection, a way of understanding the strength and weight of reasons is proposed. The proposal is hard to avoid if the FA advocate understands the notion of reason to be primitive in his analysis. The chapter ends by discussing some recent challenges to FA analysis that arise in the wake of the insight that reasons are agency-dependent, but values are not. Once we modify the standard FA analysis in a certain way, these challenges turn out to be less serious than they appear.

Value analysis—the technique: State of the art and future directions

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
G R Kermode ◽  
S Sivaloganathan ◽  
T M M Shahin
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Step Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Established Technique

Value analysis is an established technique that aims to identify, quantify and rectify weaknesses in products and processes by providing a set of functions at minimum cost. An eight-step process called the ‘job plan’ implements the theory. ‘Value methods’ are widely applied and have evolved with the changing competitive environment over the past 50 years. The definition of value and function analysis are two concepts around which original value analysis was built. This paper assesses the state of the art in value analysis in the context of modern product development. The findings from this analysis are then extrapolated to identify future enhancements to this already powerful technique.

The Rate of Return to Teaching: How does it Compare to other Graduate Jobs?

2004 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 89-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dolton ◽  
Tsung-Ping Chung
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Qualified Teachers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Return To Teaching

The problem of recruiting graduates into the teaching profession and retaining them has bedevilled recent UK governments. An obvious question to ask is why is teaching so relatively unattractive for graduates. This paper presents a careful analysis of this problem. We compare the earnings of qualified teachers who choose to teach with the ‘opportunity wage’ for those who do not teach. We find that the ‘rate of return on career choice’ for teachers has been declining for both men and women over the past 25 years although teaching is still relatively well paid for women. From our net present value analysis we estimate that males who enter teaching lose, on average, earnings of £40,000 to £67,000 over their lifetime while females could stand to gain average earnings of £42,000 to £65,000 if they opted to become school teachers.

scholarly journals Jay R. Mandle. Globalisation and the Poor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. x+157 pages. Paperback. £ 12.95.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-82
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
World War I ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
World War ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Concerns ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The issue of globalisation of the world economy has taken centre-stage in discussions relating to the process of economic development and the distribution of income between the developed and developing countries. Although these are many current concerns, globalisation as such has occurred at different points in recorded human history of the past several thousand years. The Roman Empire, for instance, is quoted as one of the earlier examples of globalisation. More recently, the period leading up to World War I saw an increasingly integrated world economy under British Imperial rule. The most recent attempt at globalisation started in the late 1970s and continues to the present day.

Modified Hager–Zhang conjugate gradient methods via singular value analysis for solving monotone nonlinear equations with convex constraint

2020 ◽  
pp. 2050043
Author(s):  
Jamilu Sabi’u ◽  
Abdullah Shah ◽  
Mohammed Yusuf Waziri ◽  
Kabiru Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Gradient ◽  
Gradient Methods ◽  
Singular Value ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Conjugate Gradient Methods ◽  
Projection Technique ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Convex Constraint ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Monotone Equations

Following a recent attempt by Waziri et al. [2019] to find an appropriate choice for the nonnegative parameter of the Hager–Zhang conjugate gradient method, we have proposed two adaptive options for the Hager–Zhang nonnegative parameter by analyzing the search direction matrix. We also used the proposed parameters with the projection technique to solve convex constraint monotone equations. Furthermore, the global convergence of the methods is proved using some proper assumptions. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed methods is demonstrated using a number of numerical examples.

Ethics and Social Policy

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rapaport
Keyword(s):  
Moral Discourse ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Straightforward Application ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
English Speaking World

During the past ten years moral philosophers in the English-speaking world have executed an astonishing volte face on the question of whether philosophers qua philosophers have a role as advocates in public policy debates. The standard answer to this question a decade ago was that philosophers were peculiarly qualified to analyze the logic and meaning of moral discourse but were in no way privileged in their ability to make correct moral judgments. This doctrine was a straightforward application of the then equally standard (but of course not universal) trichotomous fact/ value/ analysis distinction. Moral discourse was divided from scientific discourse and philosophy from both. Today philosophers are more than willing to take a stand on public issues — abortion, euthanasia, violence as instrument of social change, any element of foreign policy, preferential treatment of previously discriminated against social groups, and so on. This reversal is easy enough to account for historically.

Connecting Nursing Education and Practice: A Focus on Shared Goals for Quality and Safety

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dori Taylor Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Safety Education ◽  
Major Goal ◽  
The Past ◽  
Care Systems

The gap between the worlds of nursing education and nurses in practice has been highlighted over the past four decades. Cyclical efforts to bridge this gap have met with varying degrees of success. A recent attempt to unite nursing education and practice is the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative, generously funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Cronenwett et al., 2007). The major goal of QSEN is to prepare future nurses with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of care delivery in health care systems. This article summarizes and discusses QSEN’s accomplishments and upcoming activities within a framework of the factors contributing to the separation of the education and practice worlds and makes recommendations for building on the progress derived from QSEN activities.

scholarly journals Application of Non-stationary Extreme Value Analysis to Satellite-Observed Sea Surface Temperature Data for Past Decades

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Young Lee ◽  
Kyung-Ae Park
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Extreme Value ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Extreme Value Analysis ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
The Past

Extreme value analysis (EVA) has been extensively used to understand and predict long-term return extreme values. This study provides the first approach to EVA using satellite-observed sea surface temperature (SST) data over the past decades. Representative EVA methods were compared to select an appropriate method to derive SST extremes of the East/Japan Sea (EJS). As a result, the peaks-over-threshold (POT) method showed better performance than the other methods. The Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) database was used to calculate the 100-year-return SST values in the EJS. The calculated SST extremes were 1.60–3.44°C higher than the average value of the upper 5th-percentile satellite-observed SSTs over the past decades (1982–2018). The monthly distribution of the SST extremes was similar to the known seasonal variation of SSTs in the EJS, but enhanced extreme SSTs exceeding 2°C appeared in early summer and late autumn. The calculated 100-year-return SSTs were compared with the simulation results of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) climate model. As a result, the extreme SSTs were slightly smaller than the maximum SSTs of the model data with a negative bias of –0.36°C. This study suggests that the POT method can improve our understanding of future oceanic warming based on statistical approaches using SSTs observed by satellites over the past decades.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI MODERASI AL-QUR’AN DALAM PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Ashif Az Zafi
Keyword(s):  
Moral Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Cognitive Moral Development ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Development Approach

Religious moderation is one of the themes that has been widely discussed in the past few decades. This is an anti-thesis of various intolerance attitudes that befall many circles, whether related to politics, social, or even religion. Intolerance in religion becomes the main focus of many circles. Even the younger generation practice this attitude. This attitude of intolerance is suspected to have entered primary and secondary educational institutions, while the efforts made by many parties in anticipating this movement did not reach its main essence. Intolerance in religion is influenced more by a lack of understanding of religion correctly, though al-Qur'an mentioned many principles and moderate attitudes that can be applied in the education system in schools. To get the principles and values of moderation in the Qur’an that can be applied in the education system in schools, this study uses a thematic method introduced by Fazlur Rahman. From this method, it is produced that the values of moderation in the Qur’an accumulate in aspects of justice, openness, wisdom, and balance. These values are required to always be maintained and become a guideline to achieve the universality of Islam in action. The application of these values in education can be committed with several approaches, namely the values inculcating approach, the cognitive moral development approach, the value analysis approach, the value clarification approach, and the learning approach by doing. Through this approach, moderate attitudes are instilled that can give birth to tolerance, mutual respect, and affection between people.

scholarly journals Interpretation of Sense/Meaning in the Communicative Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-210
Author(s):  
Emilia A. Tajsin ◽  
Alexei S. Gurianov
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
English Word ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
The Past ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Franz Brentano

The past century has shown the conversion of a so-called anthropological turn which began with works of Franz Brentano, into a linguistic turn (Richard Rorty’s term). The philosophy of language took the place of what once had been classical theory of cognition. It has become either a kind of epistemology, or analytical philosophy, or even a general theory of knowledge called in Greece, Germany and Russia gnoseology (from Greek: gnosis - knowledge). It is necessary to make some clarifications in understanding the current intellectual situation in the field of communication theory. Communication is a term containing a root morpheme ‘uni’ with the meaning of “one”, “unity”. For our purposes, the English word “conversation” is more suitable because, denoting a talk, it actually has the primary existential meaning of “living together”. Developing this topic, we can rely on the classic research in the field of theory and practice of communication conducted over several decades by the American specialist in the field of social psychology Deborah Tannen.

Aid Conditionality as (Partial) Answer to Antigay Legislation: An Analysis of British and American Foreign Aid Policies Designed to Protect Sexual Minorities

ICL Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kretz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Attempt ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aid Conditionality ◽  
Signaling Effect ◽  
Bisexual And Transgender

AbstractThe past decade has seen impressive gains for human rights activists desiring greater protections for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons. However, it has also seen regression: concerted attempts by leaders, particularly in Africa, the Mid­dle East, and Asia, to further criminalize sexual orientation and same-sex sexual activity while vilifying and marginalizing LGBT citizens.This Article explores the recent attempt by the United States and United Kingdom to ef­fectuate a possible solution to the rapid proliferation of these antigay statutes - threats to tie portions of foreign aid disbursements to the ways in which countries treat their LGBT citizens. After examining recent attempts at antigay legislation in a number of nations, most notably Malawi and Uganda, this Article discusses the fundamental differences be­tween the newly proposed American and British foreign aid policies, and critiques the theories underlying their development and implementation. Ultimately, this Article con­cludes that the American and British attempts to protect LGBT persons through aid condi­tionality serves as a powerful signaling effect, but will ultimately fail to convince antigay leaders and legislators from further passing these dangerous laws.

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