Rules and Regime Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-301
Author(s):  
Graeme Gill

The aim of this chapter is to examine the effect institutions have on the adoption and operation of rules. It therefore explains differences in the way the rules have worked in the different regimes by aspects of the different institutional structures. The military regime with its centralized command ethos, the electoral authoritarian regime with a party designed to compete in a competitive electoral process, the personalization of power in the personal dictatorship and the family in the dynastic monarchy, all had significant impacts on the way the rules functioned in those regimes. The findings of this chapter throw doubt on the common claim that institutions are not very important in authoritarian regimes.

Artifex Novus ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Anna Sylwia Czyż

ABSTRAKT Sprowadzone do Wilna między 1616 a 1618 r. benedyktynki utworzyły niewielką i skromnie uposażoną wspólnotę. Ich sytuacja zmieniła się w 1692 r., kiedy to dzięki bogatym zapisom Feliksa Jana Paca mogły wystawić murowany kościół konsekrowany w 1703 r. Hojność podkomorzego litewskiego nie była przypadkowa, bowiem do wileńskich benedyktynek wstąpiły jego córki Sybilla i Anna, jedyne potomstwo jakie po sobiepozostawił. Z nich szczególne znaczenie dla dziejów klasztoru miała Sybilla (Magdalena) Pacówna, która w 1704 r. została wybrana ksienią. Nie tylko odnowiła ona życie wspólnoty, ale stała się również jedną z najważniejszych postaci ówczesnego Wilna. Po pożarze w 1737 r. Sybilla Pacówna energicznie przystąpiła do odbudowy klasztoru i kościoła, którą kończyła już jej następczyni Joanna Rejtanówna. Wzniesioną wówczas według projektu Jana Krzysztofa Glaubitza fasadę ozdobiono stiukowo-metalową dekoracją o indywidualnie zaplanowanym programie ideowym odwołującym się i do tradycji zakonnej i rodowej – pacowskiej. W fasadzie wyeksponowano ideały związane z życiem benedyktyńskim sytuując je wśród aluzji o konieczności walki na płaszczyźnie ducha i ciała, włączając w militarną symbolikę także konieczność walki z wrogami Kościoła i ojczyzny oraz charakterystyczną dla duchowości benedyktyńskiej pobożność związaną z krzyżem w typie karawaka oraz zOpatrznością Bożą. Jednocześnie przypominano o bogactwie powołań w klasztorze benedyktynek wileńskich przyrównując mniszki do lilii. Porównanie to dzięki obecności w fasadzie herbu Gozdawa (podwójna lilia) oraz powszechnego w XVII i XVIII w. zwyczaju określania Paców „Liliatami” można było odnosić także do ich rodu, w tym do zasłużonej dla klasztoru ksieni Sybilli. Tak mocne wyeksponowanie fundatorów było nie tylko chęciąupamiętnia darczyńców, ale wraz z całym architektonicznym i plastycznym wystrojem świątyni wiązało się z koniecznością stworzenia przeciwwagi dla nowego i prężnie rozwijającego się pod patronatem elity litewskiej klasztoru Wwizytek w Wilnie. Przy tym charakter dekoracji fasady kościoła pw. św. Katarzyny wpisuje się w inne fundacje Paców: kościół pw. św. Teresy i kościół pw. śś. Piotra i Pawła będąc ostatnią ważną inicjatywą artystyczną rodu w stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. SUMMARY The Benedictines, who had been brought to Vilnius between 1616 and 1618, formed a small and modest community. Thanks to the generous legacy of Feliks Jan Pac, in 1692 their situation changed as they could erect a brick church, which was then consecrated in 1703. The generosity of the Lithuanian chamberlain was not a coincidence; his two daughters, Sybilla and Anna, the only offspring he left, had joined the Benedictine Sisters in Vilnius. Sybilla (Magdalena) Pac, who became an abbess in 1704, was particularly important for the history of the monastery. Not only did she renew the community life, but she also became one of the most important personalities of the then Vilnius. After the fire in 1737 Sybilla Pac vigorously started rebuilding the monastery and the church, which was completed by her successor, Joanna Rejtan. The facade which was then erected after Johann Christoph Glaubitz’s design was adorned with stucco and metal decorations with a perfectly devised ideological programme which referred to the tradition of the order and to the one of the Pac family. The facade presented ideals connected with the Benedictine life, which placed them among the hints of having to fight at the level of spirit and body, incorporating among the military symbols also the need to fight the enemies of the Church and the state, and the typical for the Benedictine spirituality piety connected with the Caravaca cross and the Divine Providence. At the same time, it reminded of the Benedictine vocations comparing nuns to lilies. This comparison, due to the presence of the Gozdawa coat-of-arms (double lilie) and the common nickname of the Pac family in the 17th and 18th cc. “the Liliats”, could also apply to their lineage, including the abbess Sybilla and her services to the monastery. Exposing founders in such an emphatic way was not only the will to immortalise them, but was also, together with the entire architectural and artistic decor of the church, connected with the need to counterbalance the new and dynamicallydeveloping Visitation Monastery in Vilnius. At the same time, the nature of the facade decoration of the Church of St. Catherine is in line with other foundations of the Pac family: St Theresa’s Church and the St Peter and St Paul Church, and was the last significant artistic initiative of the family in thecapital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania


2016 ◽  
Vol I (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adil Khan ◽  
Manzoor Ahmad ◽  
Abdul Waheed

Pakistan, since its inception, has passed through several phases of transitions to civilian rule and authoritarian reversals. Similar to the pattern of transition between civilian rule and dictatorship, there is a pattern of change within authoritarian Regimes that could be observed in all the three experiences of transition in Pakistan. This paper identifies the pattern of change from military dictatorship to civilian rule from 1958 to 1970. The key questions addressed in this paper are: firstly, how the military regime consolidated its grip on power after the October 1958 coup? Secondly, how early cracks appeared in the military's control over power and matured with the passage of time, resulting in a national crisis? Thirdly, how failure in crises management led to the transition to civilian rule, as well as, the disintegration of the state.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Graeme Gill

This chapter outlines the established view of the way leadership in an authoritarian regime operates, emphasizing its arbitrary and violent dimensions. It criticizes this literature in terms of both its assumptions and its empirical accuracy. The chapter then discusses the key concepts used in the following analysis. It identifies five regime types: single party, electoral authoritarian, military, monarchy and personal dictatorship. It then discusses the nature of authoritarian leadership, conceived in terms of an oligarchy, including the bases upon which personal power can rest. The chapter discusses the nature of rules, introducing the three types of rules identified as central to the conduct of oligarch politics: operational, relational and constitutive rules. An explanation of the structure and a chapter summary of the book follows. An appendix to this chapter lists the twenty-nine rules identified as structuring leadership politics in authoritarian regimes.


2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Alicia Valmana Ochaita

Women in Rome always took a back seat to the men; in fact and law, the woman was subordinate to her husband, or pater; she was subject to perpetual tutelage and had no political rights. The fact that right from the beginning, the roman family was not based on blood ties but rather on the common bond of being subject to the authority of a pater familias determined the place of women both in the family and within society. However, this element of potestas which kept the agnatic family together and meant that it was regarded as such, evolved alongside the changes in the way in which the family was understood and therefore, affected the legal status of those subject to the power of the pater, specifically, that of women. Indeed, over the course of the roman Republic, particularly towards the end, this situation of total incapacity of women began to crumble due, to a great extent, to the economic position of some of them and to their social status. Thus, by way of praxis, roman women gradually gained access to a certain level of autonomy.


2021 ◽  
pp. 073401682110380
Author(s):  
Eduardo Saad-Diniz

The essay aims to exam corporate complicity with authoritarian regimes of the past and contemporary practices for the purposes of developing the body of corporate criminology. The opening of Brazilian criminological research to the role of companies during the military regime shines new lights on corporate accountability and may, when investigating the corporate complicity with authoritarian dynamics, also open new avenues for the transitional justice studies. Especially with regard to the idea of Corporate Transitional Justice, it assumes the need for broader debates about the historical continuum and different forms of business contributions and aspects of harming and victimizing in the corporate field.


Author(s):  
Anthony W. Pereira

‘Dictatorship and repression’ assesses the twenty-one-year dictatorship in Brazil from 1964 to 1985. A result of tensions in the second republic of 1945–64, the coup that created the Brazilian dictatorship occurred in 1964. The subsequent authoritarian regime in Brazil was also distinctive; in the first four years, the regime oversaw a process of conservative modernization of the economy. However, the repression of the military regime reached its peak from 1969 to 1974, when disappearances, executions, and torture took place amidst the clamp-down engendered by the passage of Institutional Act Number 5 (AI-5). The chapter then looks at the legacy of the Brazilian dictatorship.


2019 ◽  
Vol 278 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Alynne Nayara Ferreira Nunes ◽  
Rafael Viotti Schlobach

<p>The extent of states’ constitution-making power according to the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court: case-law during the military regime (1964-85)</p><p> </p><p>O presente artigo objetiva examinar a jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) acerca dos limites ao poder constituinte estadual, durante o período autoritário e centralizador do regime militar (1964-85). Em seguida, pretendemos comparar os resultados com a jurisprudência atual, sob a vigência da Constituição Federal de 1988, que atribuiu maior autonomia e competências aos estados-membros, segundo a pesquisa de Schlobach (2014). Concluímos que, no período autoritário, o STF adotou jurisprudência restritiva relativa ao âmbito de atuação dos poderes constituintes, ressalvados os ministros Aliomar Baleeiro e Victor Nunes Leal, que se destacaram por ficarem vencidos e por defenderem maior autonomia aos constituintes estaduais. Ao final do regime, o STF desenvolveu argumentos para estimular o federalismo cooperativo, que, no entanto, não foi observado durante o período pós-CF/88, no qual a Corte manteve referências à jurisprudência do período militar.</p><p> </p><p>This article aims to examine the case-law of the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court about the limits to the constituent power of member States during the authoritarian and centralizing military regime (1964-1985). Afterwards, we compared the results with the current case-law, under the Federal Constitution of 1988, which attributed more autonomy and competences to the States, according to the research made by Schlobach (2014). We concluded that, in the authoritarian regime, the Supreme Federal Court developed a restrictive case-law about the scope of action of the States’ constituent powers, except for Justices Aliomar Baleeiro and Victor Nunes Leal, which stood out by their dissenting opinions and their defense of more autonomy to the constituent powers. At the end of the regime, the Supreme Federal Court developed arguments in favor of a cooperative federalism, which was not, however, observed after 1988, period when the Court still referred to the military regime case-law.</p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Costa Lopes

A long trip (2012), by Lúcia Murat, turns the screen into a postcard, video art, live cinema, installation, photo album, letter, map ... It works as a register of an era as ‘transcinema’. The film mixes past and present, reality and fiction, to recount the steps of Heitor, the filmmaker’s brother, who was sent abroad in 1969 by the family in fear that he would follow Lúcia’s footsteps in the armed struggle. It’s updates the cinematographic devices and turns the viewer into a co-author. Filled with hybrids, it enlarges the possibilities of the ‘cinema form’, expanding it. Digital features allow for a strong ‘between-the-images’, uniting projections of differents supports, temporalities, spatialities and cultures.The nine years when Lúcia and Heitor were apart _ when he took two trips around the world, while she was trying to survive under the oppression of the military regime _ function also as a way to highlights the memories of an obscure period in Brazil. It creates a paradoxical and synaesthetic immersion at the 70’s, where “getting lost seemed to be the only way to find oneself”. Under the effect of an ‘endless eye’, it generates a powerful ‘trompe l’oeil’ that broadens horizons. ‘Infinite lucarne’ lead the viewer to fill in the gaps in a psychedelic kaleidoscope and to experience the film as an observer who atones for this generation’s deeds. The goal of this work is to analyze these constructions and identify how this language helps promote immersion in the film, which works with memory.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Sreekumar Narayanan ◽  
Srinath Doss

The present paper reviews the areas where Augmented Reality (AR) has been used in Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) (Artificial Neural Networks). The focus on systems based on AR is largely on enhancing technologies in diverse application areas such as; defense, robotics, medical, manufacturing, education, entertainment, assisted driving, maintenance and mobile assistance. However, AR is now finding much usage in ANN. The research considered a review based methodology wherein most studies conducted in the past on AR and ANN were reviewed. AR with ANN has profound applications in various sectors and has been developed in an extended way but still has some distance to go afore industries, the military and the common public will receive it as a accustomed user interface. AR would modernize the way people animate and the way industries endeavor by effective utilization. There is an incredible potential in fields such as construction, art, architecture, repair and manufacturing with mediated reality and well-organized visualization through AR.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (48) ◽  
pp. 208-229
Author(s):  
Gabriel Saldanha Lula de Medeiros

Este artigo tem como finalidade investigar a respeito do uso da educação como um instrumento político de controle e legitimação de poder durante a ditadura militar brasileira a partir de 1964. A metodologia consiste em uma pesquisa bibliográfica realizada no Google utilizando palavras relacionadas a cada um dos assuntos a serem abordados, além de três livros físicos. Houve o cuidado em não coletar textos que pudessem fazer apologia ao regime autoritário. Após o levantamento bibliográfico de textos produzidos por historiadores, será realizada uma discussão a fim de elucidar a questão, baseando-se na corroboração entre os dados trazidos pelos autores consultados. Conclui-se, por fim, que o regime militar utilizou a educação como instrumento político através da implementação de novas disciplinas cívicas e ufanistas, do controle da produção do material didático, da criação de licenciaturas curtas desprovidas de conhecimento científico aprofundado e do esvaziamento do conteúdo crítico das disciplinas de humanidades. Palavras-chaves: Ditadura militar; Educação; Estudos Sociais; Moral e Cívica; Abstract: This article aims to investigate about the use of education as a political instrument of control and legitimization of power during the Brazilian military dictatorship from 1964. The methodology consists of a bibliographic search on Google using words related to each subject. addressed, as well as a physical book. Care was taken not to collect texts that could make an apology to the authoritarian regime. After the bibliographic survey of texts produced by historians, a discussion will be held in order to elucidate the issue, based on the corroboration between the data brought by the authors consulted. Finally, it is concluded that the military regime used education as a political instrument through the implementation of new civic and ufanist disciplines, the control of the production of didactic material, the creation of short degrees without deep scientific knowledge and the emptying of content. critic of the humanities disciplines. Keywords: Military dictatorship; Education; Social Studies; Moral and Civism.


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